History 101 Notes PDF

(Play rise of kingdoms) Paleolithic Age ​ Greek, “Old Stone Age” ​ Ca. 1 million years ago to 10,000 BCE ​ Hunters, Gatherers, & Fishers ​ Nomadic ​ Small groups ​ Egalitarian societies ​ Gendered division of labor ​ The transitional period begins with the end of the...

(Play rise of kingdoms) Paleolithic Age ​ Greek, “Old Stone Age” ​ Ca. 1 million years ago to 10,000 BCE ​ Hunters, Gatherers, & Fishers ​ Nomadic ​ Small groups ​ Egalitarian societies ​ Gendered division of labor ​ The transitional period begins with the end of the last ice age, CA 10,000 BCE. Lascaux Rock Art CA. 15,000 BCE​ Southern France Venus of Wildendorf CA 27,000 BCE Willendorf, Austria Gobekl Tope CA 10,000 BCE Southeastern Turkey Neolithic Age ​ Greek “New Stone” ​ CA 8000 BCE to 3000 BCE ​ More precise tools ​ Domestication of animals ​ Domestication of plants ​ Permanent dwellings Catal Hayuk CA 7400-6000 BCE in Turkey population around 6000 people looks like pueblos from fort Catal Hayuk Figurine CA 5,000 BCE Agricultural revolution Wheat, barley, and alcohol Large-scale irrigation systems Ziggurat at urik Biggest city Epic of Gilgamesh Nice poem about Gilgamesh wanting people to show up to their beautiful city kinda like Vegas The third dynasty of UR is established in the Akkadian empire, CA 2125 BCE. King Hammurabi ​ Babylonian empire ​ Standardized systems of weight and measures ​ Code of Hammurabi Code of Hammurabi ​ 3 if anyone brings an accusation of any crime before the elder's death sentence ​ 137 If a man wish to separate from a woman who has borne him children, or from his wife who has borne him children: then he shall give that wife her dowry, and a part of the usufruct (right to use) of field, garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has brought up her children….she may then marry the man of her heart… ​ 198 put out eye of man or break bone pay one gold mina ​ 199 If he put out the eye of a man’s slave, or break the bone of a man’s slave, he shall pay one-half of its value ​ 202 If anyone strike the body of a man of higher rank than he, he shall receive sixty blows with an ox-whip in public ​ 220 If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death Early river valley civilizations Nile river-upper Egypt to the Mediterranean sea Ancient Egypt: Paleolithic period- Nile valley was used for hunting, fishing, and gathering wild grains Ca. 5500 BCE Sahara begins to dry out Ca. 5000 BCE farming villages emerged Commerce and communication: Nile River serves as a major highway connecting Upper and Lower Egypt Early Dynastic Period 3000-2700 BCE: Emergence of Egyptian civilization Ca 3000 BCE, the final drying out of the lands around the Nile complete Unification of Lower and Upper under pharaohs Pharaohs, “great house”, king and a god Ma’at- ideal of order, justice, truth Vizier-superintendent of All the works of the Pharaoh Nomarchs- Nobles who administer the nomes Capital at Memphis in Lower Egypt The book of the dead The dead had to pass judgment before they joined the gods, such as Osiris “Be a scribe” Let me also expound to you the situation of the peasant, that other tough occupation. (Come) the inundation and soaks him…, he attends to his equipment. By day he cuts his farming tools; by night he twists his rope. Even his midday hour he spends on farm labor. He equips himself to go to the field as if he were a warrior…When he reaches his field he finds (it?) broken up. He spends time cultivating, and the snake is after him. It finishes off the seed as it is cast to the ground. He does not see a green blade. He does three plowings with borrowed grain. His wife has gone down to the merchants and found nothing for barter… If you have any sense be a scribe. If you have learned about the peasant, you will not be able to be one…Look, I instruct you to…become one whom the king trusts; to make you gain entrance to treasury and granary. To make you receive the shipload at the gate of the granary. To make you issue the offerings on feast days. You are dressed in fine clothes; you own horses. Your boat is on the river; you are supplied with attendants. You stride around inspecting. Your mansion is built in your town. You have a powerful office, given you by the king. Male and female slaves are about you. Those who are in the fields grasp your hand, on plots that you have made…Put the writings in your heart, and you will be protected from all kinds of toil. You will become a worthy official.” Revolutions in thought and religion 800-200 BCE ​ China, India, Palestine and Greece, ca. 800-200 BCE Common characteristics 1.​ Developed in ancient river valley civilizations 2.​ All born of crisis 3.​ Set foundations for later development Hebrew bible(old testimony) Monotheistic Revolution of the Hebrews Stage one: -​ Ca. 1900-1600 BCE Hebrews arrive in Palestine -​ Abraham of Ur makes a pact with the god EL -​ Some Hebrews settle in Palestine and others go to Egypt Stage two: -​ References to Ha-bi-ru or “the dusty ones” in Egypt -​ Ca. thirteenth century BCE, Yahweh (YHWH) commands Moses to lead Hebrews out of Egypt -​ Israelites finalize covenant with Yahweh and promise to worship no other god before him -​ Kingdom of Israel reaches peak under king David (r. Ca. 1000-970 BCE) (captures Jerusalem)  -​ Under King Solomon (r. Ca. 970-930 BCE) the kingdom of Israel becomes an urbanized and politically centualized nation -​ King solomon oversees trade and a vast army -​ After the death of King Solomon the kingdom of Israel splits into: 1.​ The kingdom of Israel (north) 2.​ The kingdom of Judah (south) Stage Three: -​ 722 BCE- northern kingdom of Israel falls to the Assyrian Empire -​ 586 BCE- Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II defeats Judah; begins “Babylonian captivity” -​ 539 BCE Persians defeat the Babylonians and allow the Jews to resettle in their homeland -​ Age of the prophets: 1.​ Significance of history in the divine plan 2.​ Yahweh as transcendent and connected to justice and goodness -​ Later: development of the idea of a future Messianic Age - Messiah to bring golden age with Kingdom of God on earth - Possible Zoroastrian influence -​ Neolithic china 1.​ Ca. 4000 BCE Farming begins along the southern bend of the Yellow River Bronze Age Civilization ​ Shang Dynasty (1766-1050 BCE) ​ City-states ​ Social Statification -​ King and his officials -​ Military aristocracy -​ Argicultural workers Oracle Bone from Shanf Dynasty -​ “Deity Above”: supreme deity with authority over the human world Late Bronze Age Civilization -​ Western Zhou -​ Ca. 1050 BCE conquered the Shang -​ Political, social, and cultural continuity -​ Political legitimay through the Mandate of Heaven -​ 771 BCE the western capital overrun by barbarians Crises ​ Territorial states emerge, sixth century BCE ​ Age of the warring states, ca. 500-256 BCE Revolution of Thought and Religon in China Confucianism -​ Confucius (551-479 BCE), Latin Kong Fuzi, Master Kong -​ Analects, “The Master said…” -​ Five Confucian relationships: ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, older brother- younger, friend-friend -​ Transmitter of tradition, not an innovator  -​ Junzi- “the son of the ruler” -​ Education key to moral behavior -​ Sage-king The Analects, ca. 479- 221 BCE -​ The Master said, “A youth, when at home, should be filial, and abroad, respectful to his elders. He should be earnest and truthful. He should over- flow in love to all, and cultivate the friendship of the good. When he has time and opportunity, after the performance of these things, he should employ them in polite studies.” -​ The Master said, “The superior man, extensively studying all learning, and keeping himself under the restraint of the rules of propriety, may thus likewise not overstep what is right.” Daoism -​ Emphasis on Nature -​ Laozi, ca. Sixth-fifth century BCE -Daodejing “the way and it’s Power”, ca. 500 BCE -​ Dao, or Way -​ Knowledge is bad because it create distinctions Laozi, Daodejing, ca. 500 BCE 1. The Dao that can be told of is not the eternal Dao. The name that can be named is not the eternal name. The Nameless is the origin of Heaven and Earth. The named is the mother of all things. 2. (T)he sage manages affairs without action (wu-wei) and spreads doctrines without words. All things rise, and he does not turn away from them. He produces them, but does not take possession of them. He acts, but does not rely on his own ability. He accomplishes his task, but does not claim credit for it. It is precisely because he does not claim credit that his accomplishment remains with him. 48. The pursuit of learning is to increase day after day. The pursuit of Dao is to decrease day after day. It is to decrease and further decrease until one reaches the point of taking no action. No action is undertaken, and yet nothing is left undone. An empire is often brought to order by having no activity. If one likes to undertake activity, he is not qualified to govern the empire. Legalism -​ Strong unified state with clear laws -​ Han Fei Zi (ca. 280-233 BCE) -​ Need strong state and rules because humans are stupid and selfish -​ Rule by rewards and punishments -​ Most beneficial members of society: farmers and soldiers -​ The Qin destroyed the Zhou in 256 BCE and unified China