Unit2Quiz.docx

Microbial diversity is a critical aspect of a healthy microbiome. An individual has, on average, how many bacterial species in their microbiome?  A) 10 -- 25 species  B) 30 ‐ 75 species ** C) 150 -- 160 species**  D) 1000 -- 1500 species   Humans are a holobiont, a network of human cells and v...

Microbial diversity is a critical aspect of a healthy microbiome. An individual has, on average, how many bacterial species in their microbiome?  A) 10 -- 25 species  B) 30 ‐ 75 species ** C) 150 -- 160 species**  D) 1000 -- 1500 species   Humans are a holobiont, a network of human cells and various microorganisms. What is the estimated ratio of human cells to bacterial cells in our bodies?  A) 1000 human cells : 1 bacterial cell  B) 500 human cells : 1 bacterial cell ** C) 1 human cell : 1 bacterial cell**  D) 500 bacterial cells : 1 human cell  E) 1000 bacterial cells : 1 human cell   Which of the following mechanisms translate the long-term effects of antibiotics on the human microbiome?  A) Selection of \"resistant\" organisms  B) Horizontal gene transfer  C) Long-term alteration of the microbiome ** D) All of the above**   The next proposed phase of the Human Microbiome Project seeks to explore which of the following areas? ** A) The role of the microbiome in disease diagnosis and activity as well as utilizing the microbiome in disease treatments.**  B) The evolution of the microbiome over the human lifespan.  C) Codification of the shared human microbiome  D) The role of evolution in determining the modern day human microbiome.   The genera colonizing infants born of vaginal delivery differ from the general colonizing infants born after surgical caesarian section in the following ways: ** A) The colonizing bacteria in vaginally born infants include a predominance of Lactobacillus spp.**  B) The colonizing bacteria in vaginally born infants include an initial predominance of Staphylococcus spp.  C) Infants born by Caesarean section have increased bacterial diversity than do infants born vaginally.  D) Infants born by Caesarean section stabilize their microbiota much quicker than do infants born vaginally.   Which of the following factors influence the composition of the human microbiome across one\'s lifespan?  A) Diet  B) Antibiotic usage  C) Medication usage  D) Place of residence  E) General health of the host ** F) All of the above**   Older adults who live in long-term residential care are at increased risk of frailty which is associated with which change in the microbiome?  A) Significantly increased microbial diversity  B) Predominance of the genus Staphylococcus in their microbiome ** C) Increased ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes**  D) Decreased abundance of Lactobacillus   The microbiome of older adults differs from younger adults in several ways. Which of the following statements best describes these changes?  A) The microbiome of the older adult is more diverse and includes a greater number of pathogenic bacteria.  B) The microbiome of the older adult is less diverse and is characterized by an increased ratio of Lactobacillus to Bifidobacteria. ** C) The microbiome of the older adult is less diverse and is characterized by a decreased Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes ratio along with a shift to a more pro-inflammatory host response.**  D) The increasing diverse microbiome of the older adult increases host immune anti-inflammatory cytokines response.   *Helicobacter pylori* can be a normal commensal, contributing factor to the development of peptic ulcer disease, and protective against which of the following neuroinflammatory diseases?  A) Alzheimer\'s disease  B) Depression ** C) Multiple sclerosis**  D) Parkinson\'s disease   Which of the following has been found to be altered in breast tumor tissue compared to healthy breast tissue?  A) Phosphorylation kinetics ** B) Endogenous microbiome**  C) Bacterial to Viral ratio  D) Toll-like receptor expression