Unit 1 Study Guide PDF

Unit 1 Study Guide – Chapters 1-4 Scientists – For each of the listed scientists make sure you can list their accomplishments Hippocrates – Aristotle – Claudius Galen – Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon) – Avicenna (Ibn Sina) – Andreas Vesalius – William Harvey – Robert Hooke – Antony van Leeuw...

Unit 1 Study Guide – Chapters 1-4 Scientists – For each of the listed scientists make sure you can list their accomplishments Hippocrates – Aristotle – Claudius Galen – Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon) – Avicenna (Ibn Sina) – Andreas Vesalius – William Harvey – Robert Hooke – Antony van Leeuwenhoek – Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann – Francis Bacon – Charles Darwin – Louis Pasteur – James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins – Rosalind Franklin -- 1.1 Scope of Anatomy & Physiology Core principle of Anatomy & Physiology – Structure relates to function The Studies of form – various ways of studying anatomy, including: examinations, cadaver dissections, comparative anatomy, exploratory surgery, medical imaging, gross anatomy, histology, histopathology, cytology, ultrastructure The studies of function – various ways of studying function, including: subdisciplines, comparative physiology (1.2 the scientists of Ch. 1 (see list on pg 1 of study guide) 1.3 The Origins of Biomedical Science The scientific method: know the steps and the importance of the scientific method Facts – Laws – Theories – 1.4 Human Origins & Adaptations Evolution – Natural selection – Importance of studying evolutionary relationships – 1.5 Human Structure Hierarchy of Complexity – Figure 1.5 – Molecules composed of atoms, organelles composed of molecules, cells composed of organelles, tissues composed of cells, organs composed of tissues, organ systems composed of organs, organism composed of organ systems Reductionism – Holism – Characteristics of Life Organization – Cellular composition –  Metabolism – Responsiveness – Movement – Homeostasis – Development – Reproduction – Evolution – Feedback loops Homeostasis – Negative feedback loop & examples – Positive feedback loop & examples – Medical imaging: Know the difference between xrays, CT, MRI, PET scan, and Ultrasound Lab 1: Anatomical Position – Planes of Section - frontal, sagittal, transverse Directional Terms: Ventral & Dorsal, Anterior & Posterior, Cephalic & Caudal, Superior & Inferior, Medial & Lateral, Proximal & Distal, Superficial & Deep Body Cavities: Dorsal Body Cavity: Ventral Body Cavity: Serous Membranes: Locations of the following serous membranes – Pleural Membranes: Parietal pleura & visceral pleura Pericardial Membranes: Parietal pericardial & visceral pericardial Peritoneal Membranes: Parietal peritoneum & visceral peritoneum Body Systems: Know the descriptions of the body systems; integumentary systems, skeletal system, muscular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system, circulatory system, digestive system, reproductive system Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life Biochemistry – 2.1 Atoms, Ions, Molecules Element – 6 elements that equal 98.5% body weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium & phosphorus Minerals – Ions & Electrolytes – 2.2 Water & Mixtures Mixture – Water – importance of water for our body & water properties Hydrophilic – Hydrophobic – Solutions – Colloids – Suspensions – Acids – Bases – pH & the pH scale 2.3 Energy & Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions – Decomposition reactions Synthesis reactions Exchange reactions Factors that affect reaction rates – 2.4 Organic Compounds Organic Chemistry – Features of organic compounds – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Carbohydrates – facts & features about monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Lipids – facts about fatty acids, phospholipids, steroid, “good” & “bad” cholesterol Proteins – facts about proteins, amino acids, & structures of proteins, types of proteins Nucleotides – types of nucleotides and features Lab 2: Variables – pH scale – Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function 3.1 Cellular Structure Cytology – Cell theory – Basic Components of a Cell: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, extracellular fluid Components of each of these 3.2 The Cell Surface Plasma membrane – functions & components Phospholipids Cholesterol Glycolipids Types of Membrane proteins & their functions: Receptors – Second Messenger systems – Enzymes – Channel Proteins – Carriers Cell Identity Markers – Cell – Adhesion molecules – The Glycocalyx – Cellular Extensions: cilia, microvilli, flagella, pseudopods Cilia & cystic fibrosis Membrane Transport Passive transports: filtration, simple diffusion, osmosis Active transports: carrier-mediated transport, vesicular transport examples 3.4 The Cell Interior The Cytoskeleton features Organelles: functions of each Membranous Organelles: Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi complex Non-membranous organelles: ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles Lab 3 Parts of the microscope Chapter 4 4.1 DNA & RNA – the nucleic acids DNA structure & function – Bases: A, T, C, G (and base pairing) Gene – Genome – RNA Structure & function – Bases: A, U, C, G mRNA, rRNA, tRNA 4.2 Genes and Their Actions Codon – Protein Synthesis – steps of transcription & translation Post Protein Processing steps Synthesizing other components: glycogen, fat, steroids, phospholipids, ect. 4.3 DNA Replication & Cell Cycle Steps to DNA Replication Errors & mutations The Cell Cycle: Interphase: G1, S, and G2 Mitotic phases Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Karyotype Diploid & haploid Alleles Dominant vs Recessive Types of inheritance Cancer