Unit 10 Cognitive Psychology History of Psychology PDF

Unit 10 Cogni&ve Psychology History of Psychology Lucila Pascua Suárez Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology INDEX CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. F. C. Bartlett 3. Soviet School: Vygotsky (1896- 1934) 4. Geneva School: Jean Piaget (1896- 1980) 5. Early developments in Cognitive Psychology 6. A...

Unit 10 Cogni&ve Psychology History of Psychology Lucila Pascua Suárez Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology INDEX CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. F. C. Bartlett 3. Soviet School: Vygotsky (1896- 1934) 4. Geneva School: Jean Piaget (1896- 1980) 5. Early developments in Cognitive Psychology 6. Artificial Intelligence 7. Information Processing Theory 8. Methods of Cognitive Psychology 2 1. Introduction v It currently dominates the landscape of Academic Psychology. v Interest in cogni7on: Wundt, Ebbinghaus, Structuralism, Func7onalism, Gestalt. Watson and Skinner behaviourism rejected cogni7on as an object of study. v Behaviourism predominated in USA, mentalis7c research was developed in Europe. v European psychology in the first half of the 20th century was dispersed and unconnected schools emerged in different places: most important Soviet School and Geneva School. 4 2. F. C. Bartlett (1886- 1969) Theory: SCHEMAS OF THE MIND. Remembering and thinking are reconstructive processes. Focused the research on real-life situations and memory. 1932 he published: ‘The remembrance experimental and social study’ He introduced the concept of ‘SCHEMA’ as an active organisation of past experiences. 5 3. Soviet School: Vygotsky (1896- 1934) Formulated the theory of the social origin of intelligence, thought and language. Accepts the study of consciousness, rejects introspection and prefers objective methods. Consciousness does not determine behavior, social behavior shapes consciousness. Conducts cross-cultural studies to demonstrate the influence of the social on consciousness. His main contribution is about ‘Child Development’. He said Higher functions (thinking, language) emerge from interaction with adults and other more competent children. 6 3. Soviet School: Vygotsky (1896- 1934) He considers that learning makes development possible. From an evolu8onary point of view, language is prior to thought. Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development in Social Relationships - VIDEO  Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory It focuses on how culture—the values, beliefs, customs, and Too difficult to skills of a social group—is achieve alone transmi?ed to the next genera8on. Zone of Proximal ZPD Development According to Vygotsky, social interac8on—in par8cular, Can be coopera8ve dialogues with achieved more knowledgeable alone members of society—is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community’s culture. 8 4. Geneve School: Jean Piaget (1896-1980) His biggest disciplinary project was ‘The General Theory of Knowledge’. Cognitive development according to Piaget: Logical-rational thinking does not depend on language, but is closely linked to action. Development is an adaptive process in which the child tunes his or her behaviour to the way the world works. It’s because 2 processes: Assimilation: the child absorbs external reality by adapting it to the structures of the organism. Accommodation: the organism adapts to external demands. 9 4. Geneve School: Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development 10 4. Geneve School: Jean Piaget (1896-1980) 11 Differences between Vygotsky and Piaget 12 Vygotsky vs Piaget 13 5. Early development in Cognitive Psychology George A. Miller (1920) The first psychologist to recognise the importance of ’Information Theory’ to psychology. He studied about the MEMORY publishing one of the most citated papers called: ‘"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information” For him, people organise information in packages he called ‘CHUNKS’. 14 Herbert SIMON and Allen NEWELL: invented a thinking machine capable of solving problems that proved to be a key work in the development of Ar8ficial Intelligence. Donald BROADBENT (1923-1993) developed the first theory of aCen8on (1954). He proposed the existence of a FILTER SYSTEM (that prevented the satura8on of our cogni8ve system by a large amount of informa8on). 1960 MILLER, GALANTER AND PRIBRAM: ‘Behavioural plans and structures’; Cyberne8c concepts such as feedback explain goal-directed human behaviour beCer than the s-r model. 15  6. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Influences the development of information processing theory. Created by Alan Turing in 1950. In the article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", where he asks "Can machines think? Developed the Turing test to answer the question. Positions on the results of the Turing test: WEAK AI: computer can simulate human attributes. Strong AI: the computer does not simulate human mental processes but duplicates them. Can you tell the difference between AI and human? 16 7. InformaRon Processing Theory It develops from AI. The arWcle by Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and Herbert Simon wriYen in 1958 is considered to mark the passage from AI to IPT. Like the computer, the human being receives an input (sWmulus) which is processed using schemas, strategies, memories, and then produces an output (response, behaviour). They follow a raWonalist tradiWon and are influenced by Kant, Gestalt, Piaget's theory of intellectual development and methodological behaviourism. 17 7. Information Processing Theory Resurgence of the mind-body problem. In the 1970s, cognitive science emerged from the multidisciplinary work of IPT psychologists, philosophers, linguists, neuroscientists and computer scientists. In 1976 Ulric Neisser published Cognition and Reality, in which he proposed replacing IPT with an ecological psychology, advocating the study of human cognition in real life situations. Interest in AI was rekindled by the use of the brain as a model for cognitive function. From here the development of PSYCHOBIOLOGY and BEHAVIOURAL GENETICS as one of its branches can be understood. 18 8. Methods of cognitive psychology Cogni8ve psychology rescues At the beginning they They reject introspec8on, the mind as an object of assumed some behaviourist which assumes that not all study, incorpora8ng the methods for the study of mental mechanisms are contribu8ons of learning (ap. of lists or accessible to consciousness. methodological behaviourism. associated pairs). The most widely used method Computational simulation: has been the analysis of testing whether a model execution times of different works on a computer. tasks. 19 9. The influence of Noam Chomsky CriWcism of Skinner's book on verbal behaviour. The grammar of language is very complex and cannot be learned from the mechanisms proposed by Skinner. He defends the innate character of a universal grammar of which the particular grammar of each language is a concrete example. Even if we do not understand the "colourless green ideas sleep furiously" meaning of a sentence, we know how "green sleep the colourless furiously to recognise its grammaticality: ideas". 20  10. Development in Psychobiology and Behavioural Gene@cs Psychobiology aims to explain mental events from their biological foundaWons. This claim was embodied in authors such as Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen, Helmholtz, Pavlov. As behaviourism lost momentum, interest in psychobiology grew. The pioneer in the modern development of psychobiology was Karl Lashley (1890-1958). He criWcised the associaWonism explanaWon of behaviourism and argued that the brain acts as a unified whole. Other notable authors were Donald Hebb and Roger Sperry. 21 10. Development in Psychobiology and Behavioural Genetics Behavioural gene7cs is a branch of psychobiology that studies gene7c influences on cogni7on and behaviour. Within it, the following are noteworthy: Ethology: the study of ins7nc7ve animal behaviour. Socio-biology: gene7c predisposi7on to cultural crea7on. Human behaviour is explained by a combina7on of biological and socio-cultural factors. 22 “We can only see a little of the future but enough to know that there is a lot to do” Alan Turing 23 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An Introduc8on to the History of Psychology. Belmont: Wadsworth. 24  Lucila Pascua Suárez [email protected] UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia © UCAM