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Veterinary Zootechnics 53 (VZT53) Principles of Animal Nutrition 1st Semester, S.Y. 2023-2024 C AT H E R I N E T. A L BA N O, D V M D E LW I N D. C A P U YO, D V M , L P T D E PA R...
Veterinary Zootechnics 53 (VZT53) Principles of Animal Nutrition 1st Semester, S.Y. 2023-2024 C AT H E R I N E T. A L BA N O, D V M D E LW I N D. C A P U YO, D V M , L P T D E PA RT M E N T O F M E D I C I N E , S U RG E RY & Z O OT EC H N I C S CO L L EG E O F V E T E R I N A RY M E D I C I N E C E N T R A L M I N D A N A O U N I V E RS I T Y UNIT I Introduction to Animal Nutrition: The Animal and its Food Course Objective CO1. Determine the basic principles behind the animal and its food, different nutrients and their functions, different feeds for animals, feeding management and practices. Unit Objectives 1. Describe the role of nutrition in animal industry; 2. Define foods & feeds, nutrients, and nutrition; 3. Determine the functions of feed nutrients; 4. Enumerate the major components of a food and describe its general functions. 5. Enumerate and characterize the classes of feeds. Food/ Feed Is it Why do animals important? F need food? E Can we eat If I give feed in excess, will it E everything around us? be toxic for my D How much shall I give to my animals? S animal? Definition of Terms Food/ Feed ◦ any material that, after ingestion by animals, is capable of being digested, absorbed, and utilized. Nutrition processes by which a living organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, uses, and excretes nutrients (food and other nourishing material) primarily concerned with the properties of food that build sound bodies and promote health Definition of Terms Nutrient chemical element or compound that is essential for normal body metabolism any feed constituent or group of feed constituents of the same general chemical composition that aids in the support of animal life dietary essential for one or more species of animals (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins, and water) Functions of Nutrients Making up the structure of the animal body. Maintaining health and wellness Controlling metabolic processes, such as growth, cell activity, enzyme production and temperature regulation. Providing energy which can be stored in the body or transformed for vital activities. Can be used by the body for its immediate needs or they can be stored for later use. Animal Nutrition on the Animal Industry Contributes to nutrient efficient livestock production Fostering the safety and dietary quality of animal products for human consumption Enhancing the animal health and welfare status of farm animals Example: Reduction of the feed conversion rate for the production of poultry meat, which decreased by more than 20% in the last 40 years. Definition of Terms Essential or Indispensable Nutrients required in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amount to satisfy metabolic needs. Non-essential Nutrients one that isn’t needed in the diet because it’s manufactured by the body. Definition of Terms Nutrient Requirements ◦ minimum amounts of nutrients (energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins) necessary to meet an animal’s real needs for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation or work https://www.msdvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/nutrient-requirements-of-broilers Definition of Terms Nutritive Value (NV) ◦ feed’s protein, mineral and energy composition, availability of energy, and efficiency of energy utilization. https://www.menusano.com/the-benefits-of-nutrition-facts-labels/ Definition of Terms Ration ◦ Ration refers to the 24-hour feed allowance for an individual animal. Balanced Ration ◦ complete feed formulated to provide a specific animal species and class with appropriate amounts of all nutrients required for maintenance and a given level of performance. Where can we get nutrients??? Nutrient Absorption and Formation by Plants though some animals eat meat as a source of nutrition, these prey animals may somehow directly obtain their nutrition from plants most feed ingredients comes from plant sources plants incorporates simple substances (CO2, water) into complex substances (e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and vitamins) brought largely by photosynthesis Definition of Terms Concentrates ◦ animal feeds that are rich in energy and/or protein but low in fiber, such as corn, soybean meal, oats, wheat, molasses, etc. Supplement ◦ feed or feed mixture used to improve the nutritional value of the ration complementing the nutrients in the base feed. ◦ rich in one or more of protein, energy, vitamins or minerals, and, in combination with the base feeds, produces a more complete feed. Definition of Terms Ensiled ◦ plant materials preserved by anaerobic fermentation and typically stored in a bag, bunker, wrapped bale or upright silo. Silage ◦ feed preserved by an anaerobic fermentation process (e.g., corn silage, haylage, high moisture corn) in which lactic acid and volatile fatty acids (produced by fermentation) lower the pH of the silage. The low pH preserves the silage Dry Matter- Organic ◦ Carbohydrates- main form of energy storage in plants ◦ Lipids- formed from carbohydrates after photosynthesis ◦ Concentrated in plants seeds ◦ Proteins- combination of amino acids ◦ Incorporation of N (absorbed by plants) to other elements (e.g C,H,O) Water Water Major item in most animal’s diet water content of animal body varies with age new born or neonates contains 750–800g water per kg body weight, but this reduces to about 500g in mature fat animal vital to life and its contents should be maintained Functions of Water 1. It acts as solvent in which nutrients are transported about the body. 2. Solvent in which waste products are excreted. 3. Many of the chemical reactions brought about by enzymes takes place in solution and involves hydrolysis. 4. Water helps in maintaining and/or regulating body temperature because of its high latent heat of vaporization. Sources of Water 1. Drinking water 2. Water present in the food 3. Metabolic water ◦ formed during metabolism by the oxidation of hydrogen containing organic nutrients. Animals will normally drink water that is required for their daily activities Water There is no evidence that under any normal condition that an excess of drinking water is harmful. Water content of foods (60g/g in concentrates to over 900g/kg in some root crops), water content of growing plants is related to the stage of growth, being greater in younger plants. Water Requirements of Animals nature of the nitrogenous end products of protein metabolism excreted in urine influences water requirement Mammals ◦ excrete urea which is toxic to the tissues unless in dilute solution ◦ high protein diets increase the amount of water required for dilution of urea ◦ ruminants require large quantities of water to form a suspension of ingesta in the rumen, and thus have higher water requirement than non-ruminants Water Requirements of Animals Birds ◦ have lower water requirement than mammals because they excrete uric acid in a nearly solid form. Fish ◦ excrete ammonia directly from the gills and many have such low water requirement that they never drink. Water Requirements of Animals Water requirements are increased in cold weather because feed intake is increased. Mature beef cattle and sheep can rely solely on snow as a water source but more productive feedlot and dairy animals must have free access to drinking water. Feedstuffs with high water absorbing characteristics (wheat bran and alfalfa hay), increase the water requirements. Water Requirements of Animals Animals are more sensitive to lack of water than food. The first noticeable effect of moderate restriction of water is a reduced intake in feed. Severe restriction of water intake will result in rapid weight loss and body dehydrates. Water consumption is related to heat production. Other Factors Affecting Water Intake Dietary Factor ◦ dry matter intake is highly correlated with water intake at moderate temperature. ◦ Water content of feed consumed also affect total feed intake. ◦ High level of protein intake and fats may also increase may also increase water intake. ◦ Consumption of common salt or other salts increase consumption and excretion of water greatly. Environmental Factor ◦ heat stress i.e the higher the heat the higher the water intake and vice versa. References Cunningham, M., & Acker, D. (2001). Animal Science and Industry, 6th Edition. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 3 (3.1-3.2, 3.9) Hynd, P.I. (2019). Animal Nutrition From Theory to Practice. Claytown South, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 1-5 Jurgens, M. H. & Bregendahl, K. (2007). Animal Feeding & Nutrition, 10th Edition. Iowa, USA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. pp. 3-8 Reference McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., Greenhalgh, J. F. D., & Morgan, C. A., Sinclair, L.A. & Wilkinson, R. G. (2011). Animal Nutrition, 7th Edition. United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited. pp. 3-4 Perry, T. W., Cullison, A. E., & Lowrey, R. S. (2000). Feeds & Feeding, 5th Edition. Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. Chapter 1-2 The 1999 Livestock Feed Formulation Committee. The Philippines recommends for livestock feed formulation. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD-DOST and PARRFI, 2003. 208p. – (Philippines Recommends Series No. 64-A).
