Unit II-Humanism PDF

1/21/2020 UNIT II Humanistic Psychology 2  The humanistic approach is often called the “third force” in psychology after...

1/21/2020 UNIT II Humanistic Psychology 2  The humanistic approach is often called the “third force” in psychology after psychoanalysis and behaviorism.  This approach studied people who were thriving rather than those who had psychological problems.  Theories and treatments were developed to help people to feel accepted and to reach their full potential. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 1  1/21/2020 The Focus of Humanistic Psychology 3  Focused on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth & psychological health.  It focused on the conditions that support healthy personal growth.  It is an approach which studies the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual.  It believe that an individual's behavior is connected to their inner feelings and self concept. Self concept: "The organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself". PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE Abraham Maslow: Theory of Motivation 4  The important theoretical contribution of humanistic psychology came from Abraham Maslow in the 1950s.  Maslow observed human needs in different settings and used these to construct a ‘hierarchy of needs’.  In Maslow’s view, people are motivated to keep moving up this hierarchy of needs, growing beyond getting basic needs met. Abraham Maslow  He predicted that for all people, lower-order needs (such 1908-1970 as basic needs for food, drink and warmth), must be satisfied before higher-order (intellectual) needs can be fulfilled. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 2  1/21/2020 Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy of Needs 5  From self-actualization Maslow developed a theory of the self based on a hierarchy of needs. Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological needs such as food and water 1st Level Safety needs such as safety from dangers such as crime, fire, heat, and cold, wild animals and 2nd financial disasters. Level Belonging needs concerned with love, affection and belonging 3rd level Esteem needs concerned with self-esteem, a stable, correct evaluation of self-concept, 4th including the need for achievement and self respect Level Self-actualization When all the other needs have been attained, a person reaches a stage of 5th self-fulfillment Level PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy of Needs 6 PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 3  1/21/2020 Abraham Maslow: Self-actualization 7  According to him the need of self actualization is the highest need in hierarchy of needs.  Maslow described it as the pinnacle of human achievements.  In this ideal state, a person becomes self-aware, self-accepting, open, ethical, spontaneous, loving, caring, focusing on a greater mission than social acceptance. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 8 Acknowledgement  It is actually very difficult to identify if or when someone has attained that state. Application of Maslow’s hierarchy  Maslow’s hierarchy has provided the theoretical basis for much work in the human professions, including medicine, education and management, and  Forms the basis of many theories of nursing.  However, it is not popular with academic psychologists because it lacks scientific evidence. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 4  1/21/2020 Carl Rogers 9  Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow.  However, Rogers added that for a person to "grow", they need an environment that provides them with:  genuineness (openness and self-disclosure),  acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and  empathy (being listened to and understood). Carl Rogers 1902-1987  Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should, much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE Carl Rogers 10  Carl Rogers (1959) believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize.  Like a flower that will grow to its full potential if the conditions are right, but which is constrained by its environment, people will flourish and reach their potential if their environment is good enough.  However, unlike a flower, the potential of the individual human is unique, and we are meant to develop in different ways according to our personality. Self-actualization according to Rogers refers to An innate tendency that drives all individuals to achieve their full potential within the limits of environmental or situational constraints. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 5  1/21/2020 Carl Rogers: Self-actualization 11  Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence.  This means that self-actualization occurs when a person’s “ideal-self” (i.e., who they would like to be) is congruent with their “real-self” (actual behavior). PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE Carl Rogers: Fully Functioning Person 12  Rogers describes an individual who is actualizing as a fully functioning person.  Rogers regarded the fully functioning person as an ideal and one that people do not ultimately achieve.  He considered it as a process of always becoming and changing rather than an end or completion of life’s journey. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 6  1/21/2020 Carl Rogers: Fully Functioning Person Open to 13 experience: both positive and negative emotions accepted. Creativity: Existential creative living: living thinking for the and risk- moment. taking. Fully Functioning Person Fulfilled life: person is happy and satisfied Trust with life, and feelings: trust always looking own feelings for new as the right challenges and ones. experiences. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE Carl Rogers: Client Centered Therapy 14  Used his clinical observations to develop Rogerian counseling, which is a client-centered therapy.  Rogers regarded everyone as a “potentially competent individual” who could benefit greatly from his form of therapy.  The purpose was to  increase a person’s feelings of self-worth,  reduce the level of incongruence between the ideal and actual self, and  help a person become more of a fully functioning person.  He recognized that, given freedom and opportunity, people often spontaneously reveal their own concerns and usually have sufficient insight to identify the solutions to their own problems. PSY 203 PSYCHOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE 7