Environment: An Introduction PDF

Environment: An Introduction Dr. Dipakshi Sharma What We Have Done! They are not the same Environmental Studies – It is a broad interdisciplinary field which studies the interaction of human beings with the environment. Environmental Science – It is an interdiscipli...

Environment: An Introduction Dr. Dipakshi Sharma What We Have Done! They are not the same Environmental Studies – It is a broad interdisciplinary field which studies the interaction of human beings with the environment. Environmental Science – It is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, chemical and biological sciences to address the environmental problems. Environmental Engineering – It is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the quality of environment to provide healthy living conditions. Importance of Environmental Studies To get basic knowledge of our surroundings. To develop skills for identifying and solving environmental problems in our surroundings. – World population is increasing at an alarming rate especially in developing countries. – The natural resources endowment in the earth is limited. – The methods and techniques of exploiting natural resources are advanced. – The resources are over-exploited and there is no foresight of leaving the resources to the future generations. Importance of Environmental Studies The urban area, coupled with industries, is major sources of pollution. The pollution and degraded environment seriously affect the health of all living things on earth. Education and training are needed to save the biodiversity and species extinction.  To maintain ecological balance and to strive to achieve sustainable development. To educate people for their duties towards environmental protection. Scope of Environmental Studies Ecosystem and Biodiversity protection Natural resource conservation Environmental pollution control Environmental management Industry Research and development Social development Environmental journalism Environmentalist/Consultant Green advocacy Green marketing Why we are studying this subject? “Environmental Studies” is a Multidisciplinary subject. Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies What is environment? Everything that surrounds and affects living organism is called Environment. It is the sum total of all social, ecological, biological, physical and chemical factors which constitute the surroundings of humans, who are both the creators and molders of the environment.  Types of Environment Natural Environment Components such as air, water, soil, land, forest, wildlife, flora , fauna, etc. constitute the Natural Environment. Anthropogenic Environment Alteration of the natural environment to serve specific uses by the human beings is termed as Anthropogenic Environment. For eg agricultural field is an anthropogenic environment and so are the gardens and aquaculture farms.  Spheres of Earth Lithosphere (Land) Solid land mass on the earth’s surface, the semi-solid rocks (molten materials) underneath the earth crust, and the liquid rocks in the inner core of the earth. Classification of Lithosphere:  Crust  Mantle  The Outer Core  The Inner Core. Division of Solid Mass on basis of formation:  Igneous rocks  Sedimentary rocks  Metamorphic rocks. Hydrosphere (Water) Spheres of Earth The sum of Earth’s water, in the ocean, the ground, on the surface, and in the air.  It exists on the surface in the form of oceans, lakes, and rivers, groundwater (wells and aquifers), Water vapor (clouds and fog), and The frozen form i.e. Cryosphere (glaciers, ice caps and icebergs).  Spheres of Earth Atmosphere (Air) The atmosphere is a mixture of Solid, Liquid and Gaseous particles. Nitrogen-78.08% Oxygen- 20.95% Other gases- 1% i.e. Carbon dioxide- 0.039% Argon- 0.93% and trace gases like Krypton, Neon, Helium, Xenon. Division of Atmosphere: Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere.  Spheres of Earth Biosphere- (Living Things) It is also called the Ecosphere. The continuous interactions occur between the biotic region (biosphere) and the abiotic regions (atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere) of the earth. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Dr. Dipakshi Sharma What is Sustainability? Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. What is Sustainability? Three pillars of Sustainability Unsustainable Sustainable Development Does it protect our biodiversity? Does it prevent soil erosion? Does it slow down population growth? Does it increase forest cover? Does it cut off the emissions of CFC, SOx, NOx and CO2 ? Does it reduce waste generation and does it bring benefits to all?  The key aspects of Sustainable Development Inter-generational equity – Minimize any adverse impacts on resources and environment – Stop over-exploitation of resources, reduce waste discharge and emissions and maintain ecological balance Intra-generational equity – Minimize the wealth gaps within and between nations – The technology should address to the problems of the developing countries – Producing drought tolerant varieties for uncertain climates – Vaccines for infectious diseases – Cean fuels for domestic and industrial use  Measures for Sustainable Development Using appropriate technology. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle approach. Prompting environmental education and awareness. Resource utilization as per carrying capacity. Implementing effective planning for Population Control. Less dependence on natural resources.  Sustainable Development Goals 1. No poverty 2. Zero hunger 3. Good health and well-being 4. Quality Education 5. Gender equality 6. Clean water and sanitation 7. Affordable and clean energy 8. Decent work and economic growth 9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure 10. Reduced inequalities 11. Sustainable cities and economies 12. Responsible consumption and production 13. Climate action 14. Life below water 15. Life on land 16. Peace, justice and strong institutions 17. Partnership for the goals Carrying capacity The carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment. Carrying capacity has two basic components – Supporting capacity (the capacity to regenerate) – Assimilative capacity (the capacity to tolerate different stresses) Urban Problems Related To Energy Residential and commercial lighting. Transportation means including automobiles and public transport for moving from residence to workplace. Modern life-style using a large number of electrical gadgets in everyday life Industrial plants using a big proportion of energy. A large amount of waste generation which has to be disposed off properly using energy based techniques Control and prevention of air and water pollution which need energy dependent technologies WATER RESOURCE Distribution of water on Earth  Properties of water and its effects It has the highest specific heat. It has a high latent heat of vaporization. It is an excellent solvent for several nutrients. It can serve as a very good carrier of nutrients. It can also easily dissolve various pollutants and become a carrier of pathogenic microorganisms. Due to high surface tension and cohesion it can easily rise through great heights through the trunk. It has an anamolous expansion behaviour.  Importance of Water Water is the basic component of every living cell. Water is one of the input required for agriculture. Industries consume water for cooling, heating and other processes. Electricity generation Waterways are used for inland transport. Water may be used for obtaining common salt. Water provides habitat to aquatic flora and fauna.  Water Usages Agriculture- 36.7% Municipal- 12.1% Industrial- 4.6% Power plants- 41.3% Others- 4.2%. Average requirement is 20-40 liter per head per day (Twice of the usage 50 years ago) About 30% of fresh water is used by USA (4% of world population) whereas, Middle East Nations (5% of world population use only 1% of fresh water). More than 1 billion people don’t have fresh water supply. Presently 17 countries facing water scarcity. By 2025, 48 countries will face water shortage (including India). By 2050, 4 billion people will suffer water shortage. Water Resource Distribution  Water crises -17 countries facing water shortage are Qatar, Israel, Lebanon, Iran, Jordan, Libya, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Eritrea, United Arab Emirates, San Marino, Bahrain, India, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Oman, and Botswana. -52 percent of the world’s population 9.7 billion people will live in water-stressed regions by 2050  Conflict over water Tigris and Euphrates conflict (Turkey – Syria – Iraq) Nile River- (Egypt – Ethiopia – Sudan) Jordon river conflict (Israel - Lebanon – Jordon – Palestine) Aral sea conflict (Kazakhstan – Uzbekistan – Tajikistan – Turkmenistan) Indus water treaty (Jhelum - Chenab: Pakistan, Satluj, Ravi, Beas: India) Ganga River- India vs Bangladesh Brahmaputra river- India vs China National conflicts over water resources Cauveri water- Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Pudducherry- Bay of Bengal Satluj-Yamuna Link (SYL) canal dispute- Punjab vs Haryana Godavari river- Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and Andhra Pradesh. Krishna River- Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh- Bay of Bengal Water cycle  Source of water Surface water – Rainfall, snow Ground water – Confined aquifer – Unconfined aquifer  Over Exploitation of Ground Water Ground subsidence Lowering water table Reduced surface water flow Increased power consumption Water logging Ground water pollution  Types Water calamities (Flood)  Coastal flood: Hurricanes, tropical cyclone, tsunami  River flood: Precipitation over large catchment area, melting of snow  Flash flood: Heavy rainfall, dam failure, river obstruction  Urban Floods  Ponding Floods Causes  Upslope factors Melting of snow, Intense rainfall  Downslope factors Dams and reservoirs, Tides, Natural events: Tsunami, Storm  Effects of Flood Loss of life and property Damage to crops Damage to power transmission Communication loss Water-borne diseases Difficulty in medical facilities Decline in tourism activities  Drought Drought is a prolonged dry period in the natural climate cycle that can occur anywhere in the world. It is a slow-onset disaster characterized by the lack of precipitation, resulting in a water shortage. Types  Meteorological drought: Less rainfall  Hydrological drought: Low stream flow  Agricultural drought: Low soil moisture Causes  Dry season  Climate change  Erosion and human activity Effects of Drought Decrease in crop growth Dust storm Famine and mal-nutrition in masses Habitat change Mass migration Wild fire Biodiversity loss Reduced electricity Economic losses  Dams Advantages  Electricity generation  Employment  Irrigation water supply  Drinking water supply  Reduction in famine  Flood control  Dams Disadvantages  Displacement of people  Loss of forest  Changes in aquatic environment  Waterlogging near reservoir  Microclimatic changes  Reduced water flow  Flash flood  Salt water intrusion  Sediment carrying nutrients get deposited in reservoir.  Outbreak of vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue and diarrhea etc. Water Conservation Decreasing run-off losses. Reducing evaporation losses. Storing water in soil. Reducing irrigation losses. Re-use of water. Preventing wastage of water. Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting Modern Rainwater Harvesting  Rainwater Harvesting Objectives of Rain Water Harvesting:  Rain water harvesting fulfill the demand of water in domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors.  It helps to raise the water table by recharging ground water.  It helps in minimizing ground water pollution.  Reduces soil erosion, flooding and run off. Techniques of Rainwater Harvesting This can be done by constructing special structures like dug wells, percolation pits, lagoons, check dams, tanks, etc. Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater: (i) Surface runoff harvesting (ii) Roof top rainwater harvesting Watershed Management A watershed is an area of land that drains to a common location. A watershed can vary in size, they can represent the area draining to a small stream to the entire area draining to an ocean  Advantages of Watershed Management  Ensure ecological balance  Stabilize income even under unfavorable weather conditions.  Minimize the risks of drought, landslides, floods and help to reduce erosion and sediment production.  Proper utilization of marginal or waste lands through alternate land use systems  Maximize productivity per unit area, per unit time and per unit of water.  Scope for beneficial developmental activities like domestic water supply, irrigation, hydropower generation, etc.  Develop rural areas in the region with clear plans for improving the economy of the region LAND RESOURCES Dr. Dipakshi Sharma  Soil Soil is a dynamic natural body capable of supporting a vegetative cover. It is composed largely of weathered rocks, water, oxygen and organic materials. Soil formation – Processes Physical weathering Chemical weathering Biological weathering – Factors Parent material Living organisms Climate Topography Time  Soil forming Rocks Igneous rock- Solidification of molten magma Extrusive Rocks Intrusive rocks Sedimentary rocks- settling of sediments through the action of wind and water Residual Soils Transported Soils Metamorphic rocks- formed under the influence of heat, temperature, chemically active liquids and gases. Soil Profile Functions Soil  Facilitates nutrient cycle  Food and biomass production  Stores water and regulates water supply  Filter ground water  Pollutants Sink  Biological habitat  Platform for man-made structures: buildings, highways  Land- A Resource The study of soils in their natural environment is called “pedology”. Land is a renewable but limited resource Problems related to land resource  Improper land-use planning  Population density  Reaching the carrying capacity  Saltwater intrusion  Land degradation  Soil erosion  Land Degradation Natural causes Heavy rainfall High speed winds Natural disasters: earthquake, landslide, flood and drought Expansion of desert Anthropogenic causes  Mining Mining  Urbanization  Deforestation  Overgrazing Deforestation  Water logging Deforestation  Construction of dams  Extensive use of chemical fertilizers  Dumping of industrial and municipal wastes Urbanization Overgrazing Excess use of Agrochemicals Land degradation: Indian Status  Soil Erosion Soil erosion may be defined as the detachment and removal of the top soil layers from soil mass Types – Normal erosion or geologic erosion – Accelerated or Anthropogenic erosion Climatic agents  Water induced erosion – Splash erosion – Sheet erosion – Rill/Gully erosion – Stream bank erosion  Wind induced erosion – Suspension – Saltation – Surface creep  Biotic agents  Control of Soil Erosion  Conservational till farming  Stubble mulching  Contour farming  Contour bunding  Construction of check dams  Terracing  Strip Farming  Alley cropping (Agro-forestry)  Wind breaks Conventional Till Farming Stubble Mulching Contour Bunding Contour Farming Strip farming Terracing Alley cropping Wind breaks (Agroforestry) Desertification A process under which the productive potential of arid and semi-arid land under the rain fed conditions falls by10% or more Types  Moderate- 10 - 25%  Severe- 25 - 50%  Very severe- more than 50% Causes of Desertification Natural causes Anthropogenic causes Very low rain fall High salinity Excessive evaporation Deforestation Vast difference in diurnal temperature Overgrazing Conversion of pasture into arable Excessive use of fertilizer land  Effects Effects of land Degradation of Desertification Poor soil quality Decreased productivity of land Expansion of desert Deposition of soil in water bodies Rapid soil erosion Unfavorable climate Low water table, salty and hard water Economic and human cost  Control of Desertification  Large scale plantation  Sustainable agricultural practices  Development of pasture land and control of overgrazing  Development of water catchment areas  Rainwater harvesting  Construction of water sheds FOREST RESOURCE  Forest A forest, a biotic community with predominance of trees as an important Renewable natural resource. Land covered with more than 10% tree canopy 80% rural and 48% urban people use fuel wood. Types of Forest % Forest Cover Open Forest 10-40% Moderately Dense 41-70% Very Dense Above 70%  Functions of Forests-Commercial Use  Timber, pulpwood, fuel wood  Raw materials: oil, bamboo, cotton, jute, rubber, gum, fibers etc.  Edible products: Fruits, condiments, spices, Beverages, fodder  Manure  Medicines  Minerals  Employment opportunity  Recreation: Tourism  Functions of Forests- Environmental  Regulation of hydrological cycles  Produces oxygen  Soil conservation  Pollutants moderators  Driving energy flow and nutrient cycle  Wild life habitat  Reducing Greenhouse gases  Classification of Forests On the basis of Canopy (Crown cover): Dense forest- More than 40% crown cover density Open forest- 10-40% crown cover density Scrub land- Less than 10% Total forest cover = dense forest + open forest On the basis of Characteristics of leaves: Needle leaf forest-Coniferous forest/Softwood Forest. Broad leaf forest- Hardwood forest.  Classification of Forests On the basis of Shedding of leaves: Deciduous forest- (shed leaves in particular season) Evergreen forest- (shedding and new leaves go side by side ) On the basis of climate, soil and moisture content: Boreal forest Temperate deciduous forest Temperate evergreen forest Savannas Tropical rain forest Tropical seasonal forest Global Forest Resources Global Forest Goals  Types of Forests Coniferous Forests grow in the Himalayan mountain region, where the temperatures are low. These forests have tall stately trees with needle like leaves and downward sloping branches so that the snow can slip off the branches. They have cones instead of seeds and are called Gymnosperms.  Broad leaved Forests have several types, such as evergreen forests, deciduous forests, thorn forests, and mangrove forests. Broadleaved forests have large leaves of various shapes. Evergreen Forests grow in the high rainfall areas of the Western Ghats, North Eastern India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The trees overlap with each other to form a continuous canopy. Thus very little light penetrates down to the forest floor. Only a few shade loving plants can grow in the ground layer in areas where some light filters down from the closed canopy. The forest is rich in orchids and ferns. The barks of the trees are covered in moss.  Wet Evergreen Wet evergreen forests are found in the south along the Western Ghats and the Nicobar and Andaman Islands and all along the north-eastern region. It is characterized by tall, straight evergreen trees. These trees often rise to a great height before they open out like a cauliflower. The more common trees that are found here are the jackfruit, betel nut palm, Jamun, Mango. The trees in this forest form a tier pattern: shrubs cover the layer closer to the ground, followed by the short structured trees and then the tall variety. Beautiful fern of various colours and different varieties of orchids grow on the trunks of the trees.  Semi-Evergreen: Semi-evergreen forests are found in the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Eastern Himalayas. Such forests have a mixture of the wet evergreen trees and the moist deciduous trees. The forest is dense and is filled with a large variety of trees of both types. Deciduous Forests are found in regions with a moderate amount of seasonal rainfall that lasts for only a few months. Most of the forests in which Teak trees grow are of this type. The deciduous trees shed their leaves during the winter and hot summer months. In March or April they regain their fresh leaves just before the monsoon, when they growing  Thorn Forests are found in the semi- arid regions of India. The trees, which are sparsely distributed, are surrounded by open grassy areas. Thorny plants are called Xerophytic species and are able to conserve water. Some of these trees have small leaves, while other species have thick, waxy leaves to reduce water losses during transpiration. Thorn forest trees have long or fibrous roots to reach water at great depths. Many of these plants have thorns, which reduce water loss and protect them from herbivores. Mangrove Forests grow along the coast especially in the river deltas. These plants are able to grow in a mix of saline and fresh water. They grow luxuriantly in muddy areas covered with silt that the rivers have brought down. The mangrove trees have breathing roots that emerge from the mud banks.  Deforestation- Causes  Extensive wood cutting and logging  Deforestation due to road construction  Clearing forest for agriculture  Overgrazing  Mining activities  Big hydropower projects  Forest fire  Deforestation- Effects  Threatens the existence of wildlife species  Biodiversity loss  Disturbance in Hydrological cycle  Soil erosion and loss of soil fertility  Siltation of river and lakes  Natural disasters- Floods, landslides, droughts etc.  Global warming  Loss of revenue  Socio-economic problems: Relocation, threat to culture and tradition  Deforestation- Control  Mining activities should be prohibited in protected forests  Cutting of trees should follow massive plantation  Environmental laws and legal provisions must be strictly followed  Social forestry, agro-forestry, recreational forestry, extension forestry  Public awareness  Participation in forest conservation programs  Control of Deforestation Reforestation Reforestation is the re- establishment of forest cover, either naturally or artificially in a deforested area. Afforestation Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. ENERGY RESOURCE Earth Energy Balance  Energy resource What is energy – capacity to do work Source of energy India (2017) – Coal – 72 %-76.5% – Large hydro plant – 9.9% – Small hydro plant – 0.6% – Wind – 3.7% – Solar – 1% – Biomass – 1.1% – Nuclear – 3.1% Only 18% of that total world energy was in the form of electricity. Most of the other 82% was used for heat and transportation. Energy Consumption Renewable and Non-renewable energy Non-renewable – Sources: Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy – Problems Leakage during transportation – water pollution Accidental fire – air pollution Refinery waste – solid waste, salt, grease, cleaning of oil tankers Vehicular emission Renewable – Solar energy, wind energy, hydro-power, Tidal energy, Ocean thermal energy, Geo thermal energy, biomass energy, biogas, biofuel, hydrogen fuel  Non-renewable resources Coal- Coal is the world's most abundant fossil fuel Types of coal Anthracite: The highest rank of coal. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Bituminous: Bituminous coal is a middle rank coal between subbituminous and anthracite. Bituminous usually has a high heating (Btu) value and is the most common type of coal used in electricity generation in the United States. Bituminous coal appears shiny and smooth when you first see it, but look closer and you may see it has layers. Subbituminous: Subbituminous coal is black in color and dull (not shiny), and has a higher heating value than lignite. Lignite: Lignite coal, aka brown coal, is the lowest grade coal with the least concentration of carbon. Peat. Peat is not actually coal, but rather the precursor to coal. Peat is a soft organic material consisting of partly decayed plant and, in some cases, deposited mineral matter. When peat is placed under high pressure and heat, it becomes coal.  Emissions from Burning Coal Principal emissions from coal combustion Sulfur dioxide (SO2), which contributes to acid rain and respiratory illnesses Nitrogen oxides (NOx), which contribute to smog and respiratory illnesses Particulates, which contribute to smog, haze, and respiratory illnesses and lung disease Carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the primary greenhouse gas produced from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) Mercury and other heavy metals, which have been linked to both neurological and developmental damage in humans and other animals Fly ash and bottom ash, which are residues created when power plants burn coal Petroleum-Non-renewable resources  Petroleum is a complex mixture of alkane hydrocarbons specifically propane, n-butane and isobutane or propane and ethane.  Petroleum products- Petroleum gas, kerosene, petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, paraffin, wax, asphalt, plastic etc.  It is purified and refined by the process of fractional distillation.  Petroleum is a cleaner fuel as compared to coal.  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) consists of 13 countries (Founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria and having 67% of worlds petroleum reserve). Natural gas- Non-renewable resources – Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel. – composed of 95% methane, small amount of propane and ethane. – It has been formed by decomposing remains of dead plants and animals. – It has high calorific value (about 50 KJ/g) – Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): It is used as an alternative to petrol and diesel in many cities including Delhi. – Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): It is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Low grade coal is first transformed into synthetic gas, then into methane by catalytic conversion.  Nuclear energy History: Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity for decades. Nuclear fission was first experimented on by Enrico Fermi in 1934. The idea to use nuclear energy to produce electricity was not realized until 1951. A station near Arco, Idaho, was the first to produce electricity from a nuclear reactor in that year. In the years after, several countries were using nuclear energy to produce electricity. Types of nuclear reactions – Fission: Splitting of large nucleus into smaller nuclei. – Fusion: Joining of small nuclei into a large nucleus. Elements used in nuclear energy production: Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium Advantages – Less fuel offers more energy. – The cost of nuclear fuel is only 20% of the cost of energy generated. Currently, there are 450 nuclear reactors in operation – The production of electric energy is continuous in 30 countries around the world. One of the largest (almost 90% of annual time). plants is situated in France, where about 70 percent of Disadvantages total electricity generation was derived from nuclear sources in 2018. Most of those reactors are operating – Risk of unexpected event or nuclear accidents. within a few countries, namely, the United States, – Difficulty in the management of nuclear waste. France, Japan, Russia and Korea. – Nuclear plants have a limited life. As of March 2018, India has 22 nuclear reactors in operation in 7 nuclear power plants, with a total installed capacity of 6,780 MW. Nuclear power produced a total of 35 TWh and supplied 3.22% of Indian electricity in 2017.  Nuclear Power Plants in India S.No Name of the power station State Operator Total capacity 1. Tarapur Atomic Power Station Maharashtra NPCIL 1,400 2. Kakrapar Atomic Power Station Gujarat NPCIL 440 3. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant Tamil Nadu NPCIL 2,000 4. Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant Karnataka NPCIL 880 5. Madras Atomic Power Station Tamil Nadu NPCIL 440 6. Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Rajasthan NPCIL 1,180 Uttar 7. Narora Atomic Power Station NPCIL 440 Pradesh  Renewable Energy- Hydro-electric Energy The potential energy in the water stored in dams is converted into electrical energy by releasing the water flow and rotating the turbine Advantages – Low operating and maintenance cost – Non-polluting – Reliable – Flexible – Safe Disadvantages – High setup cost – Affects fish population – Limited reservoirs – Affected by draught – Probable seismic activity  S.No. Name of Plant River State 1. Koyna Hydro Electric Power plant Koyna Maharashtra 2. Hirakund Hydro Electric Power plant Mahanadi Odisha 3. Idukki Hydro Electric Power plant Periyar Kerala 4. Nagarjuna Hydro Electric Power plant Krishna Andhra Pradesh 5. Tehri Hydro Electric Power plant Bhagirathi Uttarakhand 6. Bhakra Nangal Hydro Electric Power plant Sutlej Himachal Pradesh 7. Sardar Sarovar Hydro Electric Power plant Narmada Gujarat 8. Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Electric Power plant Sutlej Himachal Pradesh 9. Srisailam Hydro Electric Power plant Krishna Andhra Pradesh 10. Indirasagar Hydro Electric Power plant Narmada Madhya Pradesh 11. Sharavathi Hydro Electric Power plant Sharavathi Karnataka 12. Dehar Hydro Electric Power plant Beas Himachal Pradesh 13. Kalinadi Hydro Electric Power plant Kalinadi Karnataka 14. Teesta Hydro Electric Power plant Teesta Sikkim 15. Baira-Siul Hydro Electric Power plant Baira Himachal Pradesh 16. Salal Hydro Electric Power plant Chenab Jammu and Kashmir 17. Machkund Hydro Electric Power plant Machkund Andhra Pradesh, Orissa 18. Balimela Hydro Electric Power plant Sileru Odisha 19. Subarnarekha Hydro Electric Power plant Subarnarekha Jharkhand 20. Shivanasamudra Hydro Electric Power plant Kaveri Karnataka 21. Loktak Hydro Electric Power plant Leimtak Manipur 22. Rihand Hydro Electric Power plant Rihand Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh 23. Rangit Hydro Electric Power plant Rangit Sikkim 24. Bansagar Hydro Electric Power plant Sone Madhya Pradesh 25. Uri Hydro Electric Power plant Jhelum Jammu and Kashmir  Renewable Energy- Solar Energy 1 hour solar energy can be used for 1 year Uses of solar energy – Solar heating of home (sunspace) – Solar water heating, solar cooker, solar furnace – Solar desalination system Photovoltaic energy: Silicon -> PV cells -> PV modules -> PV array -> solar panel Advantages – Easy to install – No pollution, no noise – Can be installed anywhere Disadvantages – Doesn’t work when light is not available – Requires energy storage device – Low efficiency – Damage easily Solar power in India is a fast developing industry. The country's solar installed capacity reached 33.730 GW as of 31 December 2019. In 2015 the target was raised to 100 GW of solar capacity (including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by 2022, targeting an investment of US$100 billion.  Renewable Energy- Wind Energy Conversion of the kinetic energy of air in motion into electricity One of the earliest renewable energy/sustainable resource Factors that influence power output-wind speed, air density, and blade radius India is the 4th largest producer of wind energy (after China, US and Germany). Advantages – Unlimited, free, renewable resource – Low maintenance cost – No pollution Disadvantages – High setup cost – Birds and bats get killed – Noise and signal reception problem India has the 4th largest installed capacity in wind power after China, U.S and Germany. The total installed capacity of wind power in India as on March 2017 is around 32 GW. A recent study by National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) has shown wind energy potential of 302 GW at 100 m hub-height in India.  Renewable Energy- Tidal Energy Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into electricity. To capture sufficient power from the tidal energy potential, the height of high tide must be at least five meters (16 feet) greater than low tide Advantages – Tides are more predictable than the wind and the sun – Uses less area. – No emission of gaseous or particulate pollutants – longevity of equipment Types  Tidal stream Disadvantages generator  Dynamic tidal power  Tidal barrage  Tidal lagoon – Electro-magnetic emission affects the aquatic life. – High construction cost Ministry of New and Renewable Energy estimated that the country can produce 7000 MW of power in the Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat, 1200 MW of power in the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat and about 100 MW of power in the Gangetic delta of Sunderbans in West Bengal. The largest facility is the Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station in South Korea. China, France, England, Canada, and Russia have much more potential to use this type of energy.  Renewable Energy- Geothermal Energy The energy harnessed from the hot rocks present inside the earth is called geothermal energy. Sometimes natural geysers or artificially drilled holes can be used to released the water vapour underneath the earth surface. Advantages – No pollutant emission – Reliable source of renewable energy – Less operating cost – Less maintenance cost Disadvantages – Possibility of emissions of H2S, CO2, CH4 during extraction – High Investment Costs In India, by the time, geothermal energy installed capacity is experimental however, the potential capacity is more than 10,000 MW. Following are the six most promising geothermal energy sites in India − 1. Tattapani in Chhattisgarh 2. Puga in Jammu & Kashmir 3.Cambay Graben in Gujarat 4.Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh 5. Surajkund in Jharkhand 6. Chhumathang in Jammu & Kashmir  Renewable Energy- Ocean-thermal Energy The energy available due to the difference in temperature of water at the surface of tropical oceans and deeper levels is called ocean-thermal energy. Ocean thermal energy conversion, or OTEC, uses ocean temperature differences from the surface to depths lower than 1,000 meters, to extract energy. A temperature difference of only 20°C can yield usable energy. The heat is used to vaporize ammonia (closed cycle) and rotate the turbine sing the vapour. Advantages – Continuous source of energy – No pollutant emission – Output shows very little seasonal variation Disadvantages – Capital investment is very high – High maintenance cost – Low efficiency – Pipes could damage coral reefs The total OTEC potential around India is estimated as 180,000 MW, considering 40% of gross power for parasitic losses. However, the cost estimates of ocean energy as against conventional energy is still being worked out, as the country is still in a nascent stage of development of the technology and start generation. Chennai-based National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) is setting up the world’s first self-powered desalination plant using the technology of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) in Kavaratti Island in Lakshadweep.  Biomass Energy Log burning is a simple way use biomass energy Wood is the largest source of biomass energy. It can also be used in electricity production in wood-based power stations. Energy crop – An energy crop is a plant grown as a low-cost and low-maintenance harvest used to make biofuels, such as bioethanol, or combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat. Example: Jatropha, Sunflower etc. Energy trapped inside biomass Biofuels – Biodiesel – Biopetrol – Biogas – Bio-ethanol – Bio-methanol  Energy Recovery Getting energy by burning the waste Advantages – Reduced number of coal fired power plants – Reduced airborne particles – Improved air quality – Lower fuel bills on transport – Longer availability of crude oil – Reduction of waste volume (up to 90%) – Less requirement of landfill space Disadvantages – Release of toxic substances – Residual ash may contain heavy metal  Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) RDF consists largely of combustible components of such waste, as non recyclable plastics , paper cardboard, labels etc. These fractions are separated by different processing steps in order to produce a homogeneous material which can be used as substitute for fossil fuels Dehradun based Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), a constituent laboratory of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in 2014, developed a unique process of converting plastic waste like polyethylene and polypropylene, both together accounting for 60 per cent of plastic waste, can be converted to either gasoline or diesel. The technology is capable of converting 1 kg of plastic to 750 ml of automotive grade gasoline. Due to nearly nil presence of Sulphur in the produced fuel, IIP’s plastic converted fuel is pure and meets the Euro-III standards. IIP also stated that a vehicle using this fuel would be able to run for at least two kilometres more per liter. The technology was developed by IIP after nearly a decade of research in hope of commercializing it for industrial usage.