Unit I_5.Software_OS_Types.pdf

Unit I Fundamentals of Computers and Computing Computer Memory & Storage Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Topics : Unit I Computer Basics Number Systems  Generation of Computers  Different Number Systems  Classificat...

Unit I Fundamentals of Computers and Computing Computer Memory & Storage Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Topics : Unit I Computer Basics Number Systems  Generation of Computers  Different Number Systems  Classification of Computers  Conversions  Processing Units  Binary Arithmetic  Memory & Storage  Software Types  Operating System – Functions & Types Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Software Types Logical Thinking and Problem Solving System Software  Interface between application software and the system.  Low-level languages are used to write the system software.  Maintains the system resources and gives the path for application software to run.  Without system software, the system can not run.  It is general-purpose software. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Functions of System Software  Memory Management  Processor Management  File Management  Security  Error-detecting Aids  Scheduling Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Types of System Software  Operating System (OS): Manages hardware and software resources and provides common services for applications (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux).  Device Drivers: Enable communication between the operating system and hardware devices (e.g., printer drivers, graphics card drivers).  Utility Software: Performs maintenance tasks to ensure the smooth operation of the system (e.g., antivirus programs, disk cleanup tools, backup software).  Firmware: Low-level software embedded in hardware devices to control them (e.g., BIOS, UEFI, embedded systems firmware). Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Types of System Software  Language Translators: Converts programming code into machine code, including compilers, assemblers, and interpreters (e.g., GCC, Java Virtual Machine).  System Management Software: Tools that monitor, manage, and optimize system performance (e.g., task managers, system monitoring software).  Shells: Provide an interface for users to interact with the operating system, either graphical (GUI) or command-line (CLI) (e.g., Bash, PowerShell). Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Application Software  Type of software that runs as per user request.  It runs on the platform which is provided by system software.  High-level languages are used to write the application software.  It’s a specific purpose software.  Application software requires more storage space than system software.  Only a single task is performed by each application software.  Application Software is easy to build in comparison to system software. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Types of Application Software 1. General Purpose Software: This Application Software is used to perform tasks that are used for a variety of tasks, just not limited to a specific task only. For Example, MS Word, MS Excel, etc. 2. Customized Software: It is used to perform tasks that are designed for specific organizations. For Example, Railway Reservation System, Airline Reservation System, etc. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Types of Application Software - Activity  List out some examples of Utility Software.  Create a Table of 15 different types of Application Software and its purposes / usage. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving System Software & Application Software Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Conceptual View of Computer System Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Operating Systems  An Operating System (OS) is the software that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer system.  It acts as an interface between the user and the hardware, and it controls the execution of programs and system resources. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Functions of Operating System Process Memory File System Management Management Management Device Security Management Management Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Process Management Process management is one of the core responsibilities of an OS, which involves managing the execution of processes (programs in execution). This includes the creation, scheduling, and termination of processes. Key Functions:  Process Scheduling: Determines the order in which processes are executed by the CPU.  Multitasking: Allows multiple processes to run concurrently by switching between them quickly.  Process Synchronization: Ensures processes do not interfere with each other, especially when accessing shared resources.  Deadlock Handling: Detects and resolves deadlock conditions where two or more processes are blocked, each waiting for the other to release resources. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Memory Management Memory management is responsible for handling the computer's memory resources, ensuring efficient allocation and deallocation of memory spaces. Key Functions:  Memory Allocation: Allocates memory to processes and deallocates it when no longer needed.  Virtual Memory: Uses disk space to simulate additional RAM, allowing the execution of large programs or multiple programs simultaneously.  Memory Protection: Ensures one process cannot access the memory space of another, maintaining data integrity.  Paging and Segmentation: Techniques used to manage how processes are stored in memory. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving File System Management File system management is the OS function responsible for storing, organizing, retrieving, and managing data on storage devices. Key Functions:  File Organization: Creates, reads, writes, and deletes files and directories.  File Access Control: Manages file permissions and controls access based on user roles.  File Storage: Organizes how files are stored on storage devices such as hard drives, SSDs, or cloud storage.  File Hierarchy: Provides a logical structure to organize files, typically in a hierarchical directory or folder system. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Device Management Device management refers to the OS’s role in managing hardware peripherals, such as printers, disk drives, keyboards, and monitors. Key Functions:  Device Drivers: Provides a software interface to communicate with hardware devices.  I/O Scheduling: Manages the input/output operations of various devices and ensures efficient processing.  Buffering and Spooling: Temporarily stores data for devices that operate at different speeds (buffering) or manages data by holding it in a queue (spooling). Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Security Management Security is critical in protecting system resources from unauthorized access and ensuring the integrity and privacy of data. Key Functions:  Authentication: Ensures that only authorized users can access the system by verifying user credentials (username/password, biometrics, etc.).  Access Control: Defines and enforces policies that limit user access to system resources.  Encryption: Protects sensitive data by encoding it so that only authorized users can decode and access it.  Virus Protection and Firewalls: Protects the system from malware, viruses, and unauthorized network access. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Types of Operating Systems  Operating systems can be classified into several types based on their use case, architecture, and functionality.  Below are the main types of OS:  Desktop Operating Systems  Mobile Operating Systems  Networking Operating Systems (NOS)  Distributed Operating Systems  Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)  Embedded Operating Systems Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Desktop Operating Systems Desktop operating systems are designed for personal computers (PCs), laptops, and workstations, providing a user-friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. Examples:  Microsoft Windows: Widely used desktop OS with a graphical user interface (GUI), used by most personal computers.  macOS: Developed by Apple, used in Macintosh computers, known for its sleek design and seamless integration with other Apple products.  Linux: Open-source OS available in multiple distributions (Ubuntu, Fedora, etc.), known for flexibility, security, and customization. Key Features:  Support for multiple users.  Graphical User Interface (GUI) for ease of use.  File and device management, security, and networking features. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Mobile Operating Systems Mobile operating systems are designed for smartphones, tablets, and other handheld devices, optimized for touchscreen input, connectivity, and lightweight applications. Examples:  Android: Developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel, and widely used in smartphones and tablets.  iOS: Developed by Apple, exclusive to iPhones and iPads, known for smooth performance and secure ecosystem. Key Features:  Touchscreen support and optimized UI for small screens.  Efficient power and resource management to extend battery life.  Strong security and privacy features for mobile data protection. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Networking Operating Systems A networking operating system manages network resources, including file sharing, printers, security, and connectivity in a multi-user environment, such as a corporate network. Examples:  Windows Server: A specialized version of Windows designed for server use.  Linux-based NOS (e.g., Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Ubuntu Server): Known for their stability and ability to handle large-scale server operations. Key Features:  File and Resource Sharing: Allows multiple users to share resources like files, printers, and databases.  Centralized User Management: Provides the ability to control multiple users from a central location.  Network Security: Ensures protection against unauthorized access and threats like viruses and malware. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Distributed Operating Systems A distributed operating system coordinates multiple computers or nodes to appear as a single cohesive system, distributing tasks across a network. Examples:  Microsoft Azure: A cloud-based platform that acts as a distributed OS for virtual machines and cloud services.  Apache Hadoop: A framework that allows for distributed storage and processing of large datasets. Key Features:  Resource Sharing: Resources (memory, storage, CPU) are shared among distributed systems.  Transparency: Users experience the system as a single entity, even though tasks are distributed.  Scalability: Capable of handling large-scale operations by adding more nodes. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Real-time Operating Systems Real-time operating systems are used for applications that require real-time, deterministic processing of data, where specific tasks must be completed within strict time constraints. Examples:  VxWorks: A real-time OS used in embedded systems for critical applications.  FreeRTOS: A lightweight real-time OS used in IoT devices and embedded systems. Key Features:  Predictability: Task execution times are predictable, and the system can meet strict deadlines.  High Reliability: Designed for critical tasks where failures are unacceptable (e.g., medical devices, industrial automation).  Low Latency: Minimizes delays in task execution. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Embedded Operating Systems Embedded operating systems are designed to run on small, dedicated devices with limited hardware resources. These systems are typically embedded into the device's firmware and designed for a specific function. Examples:  Embedded Linux: A streamlined version of Linux used in embedded devices.  RTOS for Embedded Devices: Like FreeRTOS or QNX, designed specifically for real-time embedded systems. Key Features:  Resource Efficiency: Optimized for low-power and low-memory environments.  Specific Functionality: Tailored to perform dedicated tasks (e.g., operating a microwave, router, or automotive systems).  Real-Time Capabilities: Some embedded systems are real-time, ensuring they meet time-critical performance. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving Conclusion  Operating systems are the backbone of computer functionality, managing hardware resources and providing an interface for users to interact with the system.  They come in different forms, from desktop OSs like Windows and macOS to specialized systems like real-time and embedded operating systems.  Each OS is designed with specific capabilities, from resource sharing and multitasking to ensuring data security and real-time processing.  As technology evolves, operating systems continue to play a critical role in enabling devices to function efficiently and securely. Logical Thinking and Problem Solving  THANK YOU Logical Thinking and Problem Solving