UST General Santos Healthcare Waste Management PDF

PRAYER BEFORE CLASS Holy Spirit, Divine Creator, true source of light and fountain of wisdom! Pour forth your brilliance upon my dense intellect, dissipate the darkness which covers me, that of sin and of ignorance. Grant me a penetrating mind to understand, a retentive memory, method and ease of le...

PRAYER BEFORE CLASS Holy Spirit, Divine Creator, true source of light and fountain of wisdom! Pour forth your brilliance upon my dense intellect, dissipate the darkness which covers me, that of sin and of ignorance. Grant me a penetrating mind to understand, a retentive memory, method and ease of learning, the lucidity to comprehend, and abundant grace in expressing myself. Guide the beginning of my work, direct its progress and bring it to successful completion. This I ask through Jesus Christ, true God, and true man, living and reigning with You and the Father, forever and ever. Amen.  UST General Santos Medical Technology Department UNIT 6: Healthcare Waste Management PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICE 1 Outline Part I Healthcare Wastes ○ Definition ○ Categories Impact of Healthcare Wastes Part II Healthcare Waste Management System ○ Reuse, Recovery, and Recycling Legal Issues and Local Regulatory Agencies Learning Outcome At the end of the unit, the student must be able to: Classify biomedical and hazardous wastes and explain the process of proper health care waste management.  UST General Santos HEALTHCARE WASTES HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT Healthcare Wastes: Any wastes generated by the following activities: 1. Diagnosis, treatment, and immunization of humans 2. Research pertaining to diagnosis, treatment, and immunization of humans 3. Research using laboratory animals geared towards improvement of human health 4. Production and testing of biological product 5. Other activities performed by a healthcare facility that generates wastes “Healthcare facilities are tasked to ensure that there are no adverse health effects and environmental consequences resulting from their generation, segregation, collection, storage, transport, treatment, and disposal of healthcare wastes.” Healthcare Wastes 75-90% of wastes generated by healthcare activities on average are non-hazardous. 10-25% considered hazardous and may be infectious, toxic, or radioactive. Healthcare Wastes High income countries - Larger volumes of healthcare wastes (0.5 kg/bed/day) Low income countries - 0.2 kg/bed/day - Proper segregation of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes tends to be less implemented. Healthcare Waste Generators 1. Hospitals and medical centers 2. Infirmaries 3. Birthing homes 4. Clinics and other health related facilities a. Medical b. Ambulatory c. Dialysis d. Healthcare centers and dispensaries e. Surgical f. Alternative medicine g. Dental h. Veterinary Healthcare Waste Generators 5. Laboratories and research centers a. Medical and biomedical laboratories b. Medical research centers c. Blood banks and blood collection services d. Dental prosthetic laboratories e. Nuclear medicine laboratories f. Biotechnology laboratories g. Animal research and testing h. Drug testing laboratories i. HIV testing laboratories Healthcare Waste Generators 6. Drug manufacturers 7. Institutions a. Drug rehabilitation centers b. Training centers for embalmers c. Medical technology internship training centers d. Schools of radiologic technology e. Medical schools f. Nursing homes g. Dental schools 8. Mortuary and autopsy centers  UST General Santos CATEGORIES OF HEALTHCARE WASTES HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT UST General Santos HAZARDOUS OR GENERAL WASTE Waste that may pose a variety of environmental and health risks Categories of Healthcare Wastes 1. INFECTIOUS WASTE Wastes suspected to contain pathogens or toxins that may cause disease to a susceptible host EXAMPLES ○ Cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work ○ Wastes from surgeries and autopsies on patients with infectious diseases ○ Wastes from infected patients in isolation wards ○ Wastes that have been in contact with infected patients undergoing hemodialysis ○ Infected animals from research laboratories ○ Other instruments or materials that have been in contact with infected persons or animals Categories of Healthcare Wastes 2. PATHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL WASTE Tissues sections and body fluids or organs from biopsies, autopsies, or surgical procedures Anatomical wastes - Subgroup of pathological waste - Refers to recognizable body parts usually from amputations procedures EXAMPLES ○ Internal organs and tissues for histopathological examination Categories of Healthcare Wastes 3. SHARPS Waste items that can cause cuts, pricks, or puncture wounds Most dangerous healthcare waste due to potential to cause injury and infection EXAMPLES ○ Needles ○ Syringes ○ Scalpels ○ Saws ○ Blades ○ Broken glass ○ Knives Categories of Healthcare Wastes 4. CHEMICAL WASTE Consists of discarded solid, liquid, and gaseous chemicals used in diagnostic and experimental work and in cleaning, housekeeping, and disinfecting procedures. EXAMPLES ○ Laboratory reagents ○ X-ray film developing solutions ○ Disinfectants and soaking solutions ○ Used batteries ○ Concentrated ammonia solutions ○ Concentrated hydrogen peroxide ○ Chlorine ○ Mercury Categories of Healthcare Wastes 4. CHEMICAL WASTE Considered hazardous wig it has at least one of the ff: ○ Toxic (with health and environment hazards) - Chemicals that have the capacity to harm biological tissue ○ Corrosive (Acid pH 12) - Can cause severe burns ○ Flammable (with flashpoint below 37.8 degrees celsius) - Ignite easily in normal working temperature ○ Reactive - React when exposed to heat, pressure, shock, friction, catalyst, air or water ○ Oxidizing (chemicals readily give off oxidizing substance) - React chemically to oxidize combustible materials Categories of Healthcare Wastes 5. PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE Expired, split, and contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs, vaccines, and sera EXAMPLES ○ Bottles, vials, boxes with residues, gloves, masks, and connective tubing used in handling pharmaceuticals Categories of Healthcare Wastes 6. GENOTOXIC AND CYTOTOXIC WASTE Highly hazardous may have mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic properties EXAMPLES ○ Urine, feces and vomit from patients which may contain potentially hazardous amounts of cytotoxic drugs and/or their metabolites ○ Antineoplastic and cytotoxic drugs _________ waste - toxic to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) _________ waste - toxic to the cell Categories of Healthcare Wastes 6. GENOTOXIC AND CYTOTOXIC WASTE Highly hazardous may have mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic properties EXAMPLES ○ Contaminated materials from drug preparation and administration ○ Outdated drugs, excess (leftover) solutions, and drugs returned from the wards Categories of Healthcare Wastes 7. RADIOACTIVE WASTE Waste exposed to radionuclides (radioactive diagnostic materials or radiotherapeutic materials) Residues from shipment of radioactive materials and unwanted solutions of radionuclides intended for diagnostic or therapeutic use Liquids, gases, and solids contaminated with radionuclides whose ionizing radiations have genotoxic effects EXAMPLES ○ Cobalt ○ Technetium ○ Iodine ○ Iridium ○ Irradiated blood products ○ Contaminated wastes, secretions, and materials used by patients exposed to radionuclides within 48 hours NON-HAZARDOUS OR GENERAL WASTE No contact with infectious agents, hazardous chemicals, or radioactive materials Do not pose a hazard to health and environment 1. Recyclable waste 2. Biodegradable waste 3. Residual waste Categories of Healthcare Wastes 1. RECYCLABLE GENERAL WASTE Paper products Aluminum Plastics Glass Wood Categories of Healthcare Wastes 2. BIODEGRADABLE GENERAL WASTE Kitchen waste Leftover food of patients with non-communicable disease Flowers Garden waste that can be composted Categories of Healthcare Wastes 3. BIODEGRADABLE GENERAL WASTE General wastes that do not belong to the previous two categories (recyclable and biodegradable) Categories of Healthcare Wastes 3. BIODEGRADABLE GENERAL WASTE General wastes that do not belong to the previous two categories (recyclable and biodegradable)  UST General Santos IMPACT OF HEALTHCARE WASTES HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT WHO ARE AT RISK? Healthcare facility staff Patients in the healthcare facilities Visitors to the healthcare facilities Workers providing support and allied services to the healthcare facilities Workers transporting hazardous healthcare wastes Workers and operators of waste management facilities General public Impact of Healthcare Wastes Individuals exposed to healthcare wastes are potentially at risk of being injured or infected Potential hazard include drug-resistant microorganisms that can spread from health facilities into the environment Exposure of general population ○ Chronic (prolonged periods in minute quantities) ○ Acute (short periods in large quantities) Adverse Health Outcomes Sharp-inflicted injuries Toxic exposure to pharmaceutical products ○ Antibiotics and cytotoxic drugs released into the surrounding environment, and to substances such as mercury or dioxins during handling and incineration of healthcare wastes ○ Air pollution during medical waste incineration ○ Chemical burns from disinfection, sterilization, or waste treatment activities ○ Thermal injuries occurring in conjunction with open burning and the operation of medical waste incinerators ○ Radiation burns Adverse Health Outcomes Disposal of untreated healthcare wastes in landfills ○ Can lead to contamination of drinking water, surface, and ground waters Treatment of healthcare wastes with chemical disinfectants ○ Can result in the release of chemical substances into the environment if those substances are not handled, stored, and disposed in an environmentally-sound matter Incineration of healthcare waste ○ If inadequately done, can result in the release of pollutants into the air and general of ash residue ○ Only modern incinerators operating at 850-1100 degrees celsius and fitted with special gas cleaning equipment Incineration is NOT allowed in the Philippines Adverse Health Outcomes Alternatives to incineration ○ Autoclaving ○ Microwaving ○ Steam treatment Benefits of Proper and Strict Compliance with Standards on the Management of Healthcare Wastes Protection of patients, health workers, general population Contribution to the collaborative efforts around the world to protect the environment Increased compliance of healthcare institutions to the laws, regulations and guidelines on healthcare wastes Prevention of long-term liabilities and loss of reputation caused by violations  UST General Santos Medical Technology Department UNIT 6: Healthcare Waste Management PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICE 1 Assignment Answer pages 189, 190, 211, 212 of Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 by Benitez Deadline: 11/26/2024 12:00 noon References Benitez, P., Dumaoal, O., Estrella, F., Mortel, F., Nava, M. (2019). Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1. C and E Publishing, Inc. Department of Health Administrative. Health Care Waste Management Manual Fourth Edition(2020). https://www.washinhcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/DOH-Health-Car e-Waste-Management-Manual_4th-Edition_FINAL.pdf Dominican Blessing May God the Father bless us May God the Son heal us May God the Holy Spirit enlighten us Give us eyes to see with, ears to hear with, hands to do the work of God with, feet to walk with, and mouth to preach the word of salvation with; And may the angel of peace watch over us, and lead us at last by the Lord’s gift of the kingdom. Amen.