Unit 6 Slides_Personality PDF
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University of Doha for Science and Technology
2024
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These are lecture slides on unit 6: personality, from an introductory psychology course at the University of Doha for Science & Technology. The slides cover topics like historical perspectives, psychodynamic perspectives, neo-freudian, biological, trait, learning approaches to personality, and also measuring personality.
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03/21/2024 Introductory Psychology Unit 6: Personality Outline for Unit 6: Personality 6.1 What is 6.2 Freud and 6.3 Neo- 6.4 Learning personality? psychodynamic Freudians approaches...
03/21/2024 Introductory Psychology Unit 6: Personality Outline for Unit 6: Personality 6.1 What is 6.2 Freud and 6.3 Neo- 6.4 Learning personality? psychodynamic Freudians approaches perspective? Adler and Behaviorist perspective Definition Assumptions of Jung Cognitive perspective Early theories psychodynamic Social cognitive perspectives perspective Id, ego, and superego 6.7 Trait theories 6.8 Other topics 6.5 Humanistic 6.6 Biological Cattell & Personality and approaches approaches Eysenck culture Maslow and C. Minnesota twin Assessment of Roger studies The Big Five personality 1 03/21/2024 What is personality? How do you define it? 6.1 What is Personality? DEFINITION Personality – the long-standing traits and patterns that make individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways. - Comes from the Latin word persona (a mask worn by an actor). Its - semi-permeable In ancient times,membrane allows smaller theatrical molecules masks wereor molecules used to without an electrical charge to represent/project a pass through it, while specific stopping larger or highly charged molecules. personality trait. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. 2 03/21/2024 6.1 What is Personality? HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Hippocrates (370 BCE) theorized that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments associated with four fluids (“humors”) of Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while the body. stopping larger or highly charged molecules. 1. Choleric Incoming – yellow electrical signals frombile otherfrom theareliver. neurons received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. 2. Melancholic – black bile from the kidneys. 3. Sanguine – red blood from the heart. 4. Phlegmatic – white phlegm from the lungs. 6.1 What is Personality? HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Galen believed both diseases and personality differences could be explained by imbalances in the humors and that each person exhibits oneorofmolecules Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules the four temperaments. without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. Choleric – passionate and ambitious. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Melancholic – reserved, anxious, and unhappy. Sanguine – joyful, eager, and optimistic. Phlegmatic – calm, reliable, and thoughtful. 3 03/21/2024 6.1 What is Personality? HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Franz Gall : Phrenology Proposed that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person’s personality traits, character, and mental Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while abilities. stopping larger or highly charged molecules. Incoming electrical signals Discredited forfrom other lack ofneurons are received empirical by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. support. Gall developed a chart that depicted which areas of the skull corresponded to particular personality traits or characteristics. 6.1 What is Personality? HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Wilhelm Wundt Suggested that personality could be described using two major axes: Emotional/non-emotional Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller– molecules separated or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or strong highly charged emotions molecules. choleric) from (melancholic, theelectrical Incoming weak signals emotions (phlegmatic, from other neurons aresanguine). received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Changeable/unchangeable – divided the changeable temperaments (choleric, sanguine) from the unchangeable ones (melancholic, phlegmatic). 4 03/21/2024 6.2 Freud and Psychodynamic Perspective PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Sigmund Freud: First comprehensive theory of personality explaining both normal and abnormal behaviors. Proposed that Its semi-permeable unconscious membrane drives allows smaller influenced molecules by sexwithout or molecules and aggression an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or influence highly charged molecules. personality. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Neo-Freudians: Agreed that childhood experiences matter. Focused on the social environment and effects of culture on personality. 6.2 Freud and Psychodynamic Perspective PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES Unconscious – mental activity that we are Freudian slip - unaware of and are unable to access. Freud suggested According to Freud: that slips of the We are only aware of a small amount (about tongue (saying a Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to word you did not one-tenth) of our mind’s activities and most pass through stopping larger or highly charged molecules. it, while intend to say) are of it remains hidden from us in our sexual/aggressive Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. unconscious. urges accidently Unacceptable urges and desires are kept in slipping out of our our unconscious through repression. unconscious. The information in our unconscious affects our behavior, although we are unaware of it. 5 03/21/2024 6.2 Freud and Psychodynamic Perspective ID, EGO & SUPEREGO Freud posited that personality results from efforts to balance two competing forces. 1. Biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking Its semi-permeable membranedrives. allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. 2. Internal (socialized) control over Incoming electrical these signals from other drives. pleasure-seeking neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Freud described this process as an interaction between three systems: Id superego ego 6.2 Freud and Psychodynamic Perspective ID, EGO, & SUPEREGO Effects on personality: Balanced id and superego → healthy personality. Imbalanced id and superego → neurosis (tendency to experience negative emotions), anxiety disorders, Its semi-permeable or allows membrane unhealthy smallerbehaviors. molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. 6 03/21/2024 6.2 Freud and Psychodynamic Perspective\\ DEFENSE MECHANISMS Mechanism Definition Example Denial Refusing to accept real events Someone refusing having and alcohol problem even tough extensively drinking alcohol everyday. Displacement Redirecting inappropriate urges or behaviors towards Feeling angry at your manager but directing it a more acceptable or non-threatening target. towards your least-experienced coworker. Projection Attributing unacceptable desires to others You are cheating on the exam because you believe Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while that everyone else cheats. stopping larger or highly charged molecules. Rationalization Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable Failing on exam for not studying but blaming your Incoming electrical signalsforfrom reasons other neurons less-acceptable realare received by the dendrites reasons which then instructor send the for asking signal difficult down the axon. questions. Reaction Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your Showing excessive friendliness towards someone formation own beliefs you dislike Regression Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages Sucking your thumb when you are stressed of development Repression Suppression painful memories and thoughts Not remembering the earthquake that destroyed your home. 6.3 Neo-Freudians Alfred Adler Focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority. Inferiority complex – A person’s feelings that they lack worth and don’t measure up to the standards of others or of society. Social motives Its semi-permeable thought membrane to smaller allows be themolecules force Its behind thoughts, orsemi-permeable molecules membrane without allows an electrical smaller charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or and emotions, highlybehaviors. charged molecules. molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Placed focus on social connections during larger or highly charged molecules. childhood development. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which Theorized that birth order shapes our personality. then send the signal down the axon. Oldest child: reliable, cautious, controlling, perfectionist, etc. Youngest child: fun-loving, outgoing, attention-seeker, etc. Middle child: peace-maker, independence, social, etc. 7 03/21/2024 6.4 Neo-Freudians Carl Jung Extroversion vs Introversion Jung’s most important contributions to the field of personality psychology was the idea of extroversion and introversion to explain different attitudes towards life. Introverts Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller Extroverts molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. Energized by being alone Energized by being with others Avoidsare Incoming electrical signals from other neurons attention received by the dendritesSeeks whichattention then send the signal down the axon. Speaks slowly & softly Speaks quickly & loudly Thinks before speaking Thinks out loud Prefers written communication Prefers verbal communication Pays attention easily Distractible Cautious Acts first, thinks later 6.4 Learning approaches THE BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE Learning approaches to personality focus on observable, measurable phenomena. Skinner We learn to membrane Its semi-permeable behave inallows particular ways. Itsorsemi-permeable smaller molecules membrane molecules without allows an electrical smaller charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. molecules or molecules without an electrical Personality is shaped by reinforcementscharge and to pass through it, while stopping Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. consequences in the environment. larger or highly charged molecules. Incoming electrical signals from other Personality develops over our entire life. neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Personality can vary as we experience new situations. 8 03/21/2024 6.4 Learning approaches THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Bandura Social-cognitive theory – emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual difference in personality. Factors in personality development: Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller moleculesItsorsemi-permeable molecules withoutmembrane allows an electrical smaller charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. molecules Observational learning – or molecules without an electrical Reciprocal Self-efficacy – level of charge to pass through it, while stopping Incoming Determinism – from otherlearning electrical signals neurons areby observing received others’ by the dendrites larger or highly which then send the signal down the axon. charged molecules.confidence in our own cognitive behavior and Incoming it’s consequences. abilities, developed electrical signals from other processes, Teaches us which neuronsbehaviors are receivedareby the dendrites which acceptable/rewarded and then send the through social signal down the axon. behavior, and experiences. context all interact. which ones are unacceptable/punished in our Affects how we culture. approach challenges. 6.4 Learning approaches RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller moleculesItsorsemi-permeable molecules withoutmembrane allows an electrical smaller charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Beliefs, expectations, larger or highly charged molecules. contextual/environmental factors such as culture, personality characteristics Incoming electrical signals from other climate, neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other and this interaction shapes our personality. 9 03/21/2024 6.4 Learning approaches COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE LOCUS OF CONTROL Beliefs about the power we have over our lives. Proposed as a cognitive factor that affects learning and personality development. Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller moleculesItsorsemi-permeable molecules withoutmembrane allows an electrical smaller charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. larger or highly charged molecules. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Perform better academically, achieve more in careers, more independent, healthier, less depressed. 6.4 Learning approaches COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Walter Mischel and the Person-Situation Debate Behavior was inconsistent across different situations but more consistent within situations. Behavior is consistent in equivalent situations across time. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yo4WF3cSd9Q Marshmallow Study: https://www.yout ube.com/watch?v Study on self-regulation (aka will power) – ability to delay gratification. =Yo4WF3cSd9Q Children that had more self-control (waited for two marshmallows) in preschool were more successful in high school. Children that had poorer self-control (took the one marshmallow) in preschool were more likely to have academic and behavioral problems. 10 03/21/2024 6.5 Humanistic approaches Carl Rogers Linked personality to self-concept (thoughts and feelings about ourselves). Divided the self into the ideal self and the real self. Its semi-permeable Ideal selfmembrane allows smaller – the person molecules you would likeorto molecules be. without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. Real self – the person you actually are. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Believed we needed to find congruence between the ideal and real self High congruence → greater sense of self-worth and a health, productive life. Incongruence → maladjustment. 6.6 Biological approaches Perspective that differences in our personalities can be explained by inherited predispositions (genotype) and physiological processes. Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart: Found that identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have Its semi-permeable very similar membrane personalities. allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. Suggests the heritability of some personality traits. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. Traits with more than a 0.50 heritability ratio: leadership obedience to authority a sense of well-being resistance to stress fearfulness. 11 03/21/2024 6.6 Biological approaches Temperament Temperament appears very early in life Babies can be categorized into one of three temperaments: Easy: calm, adaptable, and predictable in their behavior. Difficult: intense Its semi-permeable reactions, membrane irregular allows smaller biological molecules rhythms, without or molecules and a generally an electrical charge to pass through it, while negative stopping larger ormood highly charged molecules. Slow Incoming to warm electrical up: signals cautious from and hesitant other neurons whenbyencountering are received the dendrites new which then send the signal down the axon. people, situations, or environments Two dimensions of temperament important to adult personality: 1. Reactivity – how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli. 2. Self-regulation – ability to control responses. 6.7 Trait Theories How would you Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while describe yourself with stopping larger or highly charged molecules. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. just one adjective or word? 12 03/21/2024 6.7 Trait Theories Trait theorists believe that people have certain traits (characteristics or ways of behaving). For example, optimistic or pessimistic, sociable or shy. Gordon Allport Found Its 4,500 words semi-permeable in the membrane English allows smallerlanguage tomolecules molecules or describe people without and charge to pass through it, while an electrical stopping organized larger or highly them intocharged threemolecules. categories. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. 1. Cardinal traits – dominates entire personality (rare). 2. Central traits – make up our personality and consistent across situations. 3. Secondary traits – less obvious or consistent, present under certain circumstances (e.g., preferences, attitudes). 6.7 Trait Theories Secondary traits a) Attitudes and preferences b) Not consistent across situations. electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. 13 03/21/2024 6.7 Trait Theories Cattell’s 16 Personality factors Raymond Cattell (1946, 1957) narrowed down the list to about 171 traits. Saying that a trait is either present or absent does not accurately Its semi-permeable reflect membrane a person’s allows uniqueness, smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. because all of our personalities are actually made Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. up of the same traits; we differ only in the degree to which each trait is expressed. Cattell (1957) identified 16 factors or dimensions of personality. Cattell’s 16 Personality factors 6.7 Trait Theories Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. 14 03/21/2024 6.7 Trait Theories HANS & SYBIL EYSENCK They focused on temperament and believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance. 2 specific personality dimensions: Extroversion/Introversion. Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping Highorinhighly larger extroversion – sociable, outgoing. charged molecules. Incoming High in signals electrical introversion from other–neurons high need to bebyalone, are received engage the dendrites in then send the signal down the axon. which solitary behaviors. Neuroticism/Stability. High in neuroticism – anxious, overactive sympathetic nervous system. High in stability – more emotionally stable. HANS & SYBIL EYSENCK 6.7 Trait Theories Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules. Theelectrical Incoming Eysencks described signals from two other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. factors to account for variations in our personalities: extroversion/introversion and emotional stability/instability. 15 03/21/2024 FIVE FACTOR MODEL Each person has five traits, known as the Big Five personality traits. Each trait is scored on a continuum from high to low. 6.7 Trait Theories Its semi-permeable membrane allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while The first letter of each stopping larger or highly charged molecules. trait spells the mnemonic Incoming electrical signals from other neurons are received by the dendrites which then send the signal down the axon. OCEAN. 6.8 Other Topics: Culture and personality Are personality Culture is one of the most important environmental factors traits the same that influences personality. across cultures Culture – beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society. or are there There are both universal and culture-specific aspects that variations? account for variation in personalities. Are personality traits the same across cultures or are there variations? Examples: Asian cultures – more collectivist, tend to be less extroverted. Central and South American cultures – tend to score higher on openness to experience. Europeans – tend to score higher on neuroticism. 16 03/21/2024 6.8 Other Topics: Measuring personality Personality testing is often used: To screen applicants for employment and job training. In criminal cases and custody battles. To assess psychological disorders. Self-Report Inventories Are personality traits Objective testthe tosame across assess cultures or are there variations? personality. Often use multiple-choice items or numbered scales (Likert scales). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): Originally developed to assist in diagnosing psychological disorders. Newest version (MMPI-2-RF) has 338 questions. Scored on 10 scales: depression, hysteria, paranoia, schizophrenia, hypomania, etc. 6.8 Other Topics: Measuring personality If you’ve ever taken a survey, you are probably familiar with Likert-type scale questions. Most personality inventories employ these types of response scales. Are personality traits the same across cultures or are there variations? These true/false questions resemble the kinds of questions you would find on the MMPI. 17 03/21/2024 6.8 Other Topics: Measuring personality PROJECTIVE TESTS Projective testing relies on projection (defense mechanism) to assess unconscious processes. Ambiguous cards are shown to individual who is asked to tell a story, interpret an image, or complete a sentence. Individual will project feelings, impulses, and desires onto the cards. Are personality traits the same across cultures or are there variations? These tests are less reliable. Rorschach Inkblot Test – individual interprets a series of symmetrical inkblot cards, revealing unconscious feelings and struggles. 6.8 Other Topics: Measuring personality PROJECTIVE TESTS Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – individual tells a story about 8- 12 ambiguous cards, giving insight into Are their traits personality social world, the same acrossrevealing cultures or are there variations? hopes, fears, interests, and goals. 18 03/21/2024 6.8 Other Topics: Measuring personality PROJECTIVE TESTS Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB) – Individual is asked to complete 40 incomplete sentences as quickly as possible to reveal desires, fears, and struggles. Are personality traits the same across cultures or are there variations? These incomplete sentences resemble the types of questions on the RISB. How would you complete these sentences? Thank you +974 4495 2222 [email protected] Location University of Doha for Science & Technology 68 Al Tarfa, Duhail North P.O. Box 24449 Doha, Qatar 19