Cellular Energy and Plants - Biology Notes PDF

Unit 5 Cellular Energy and Plants  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Concept 1 Adenosine Triphosphate = ATP Background: Your body needs energy to run your cells. Your body cannot directly use your food for energy. The energy you CAN use in the food you ea...

Unit 5 Cellular Energy and Plants  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Concept 1 Adenosine Triphosphate = ATP Background: Your body needs energy to run your cells. Your body cannot directly use your food for energy. The energy you CAN use in the food you eat is stored in its chemical bonds. To convert this energy into a form your body can directly use, those bonds have to be broken, and new bonds formed. Once energy is converted into a more usable form, ATP carries it to be used for cell functions. ATP = an energy-carrying molecule that carries/stores energy for cell functions. - It is the MAIN energy currency for the cell!!  Structure Nitrogen base (adenine) Sugar ring (ribose) 3 phosphate groups held together with high energy bonds  ATP-ADP Cycle A lot of energy is stored in the bond between the last two phosphates. - Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed (and added to another molecule.) - ADP becomes ATP when a phosphate group is added. - ADP is recycled.  Summary When ATP is broken down, it releases energy for the cell to use and becomes ADP and a phosphate. – ATP → ADP + P + energy – Because more energy is given off than required, this is overall an exothermic reaction. To make ATP, cells must join together ADP and a phosphate using energy from food. – ADP + P + energy → ATP – Because energy is taken in, this is an overall endothermic reaction. Note: ATP is formed in this way during cellular respiration, which we will learn more about later Where does the energy come from again? Carbon-based molecules in your food! Remember macromolecules? – Carbohydrates: most commonly broken down for ATP Can get ~36 ATP from 1 glucose molecule Store 4 cal/g of energy – Lipids (fats): broken down after carbs Store 9 cal/g of energy – Proteins: least likely to be broken down for energy Store 4 cal/g of energy  ATP: Putting it all together Assignment Complete the assignment and submit the worksheet in Schoology for a mastery grade. This is to be completed individually Photosynthesis Concept 2 Brain Dump  Overview All organisms need a constant supply of energy to survive. For most life on earth, the ultimate source of energy is the sun. Converting that energy source into something usable is accomplished by photosynthesis.  Overview Photosynthesis: the overall process by which sunlight (solar/light energy), water, and carbon dioxide are chemically converted into chemical energy stored in glucose (a sugar/carbohydrate.) It can be represented by the following chemical equation: Solar energy 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2  Overview Solar energy 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Reactants = ingredients CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water) Products = results C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen) Note: Solar energy from the sun is necessary for photosynthesis to happen (as well as some enzymes) but isn’t considered a reactant or product.  Structure of a Chloroplast Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast grana which has 2 main parts: - Grana: pancake-like stacks of thylakoid membrane - Stroma: fluid-like substance that fills the Thylakoid space between the grana membrane  Two Stages of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis can be divided into two sets of reactions: 1. Light-dependent (“photo”) Reaction Requires solar energy. 2. Light-independent (sometimes called “dark” reactions) (“synthesis”) Reaction Does not require any solar energy.  Light-Dependent Reaction Purpose = Capture energy from the sun and store energy in “energy-carrying molecules” (ATP and NADPH) Location = occurs in the grana (specifically the thylakoid membrane) where the chlorophyll is stored (chlorophyll is the pigment that captures sunlight)  Light-Dependent Reaction Summary = Energy from sun is passed down the Electron Transport Chain and is stored in the bonds of ATP and NADPH Water molecules are split into hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is released as a waste product. ATP, NADPH, and Hydrogen (H+) leave the grana and go into the stroma for the next stage! Light-Dependent Reaction  Light-Independent Reaction Purpose = use the energy from the “energy- carrying molecules” from the light-dependent reaction to make sugar (glucose) Location = occurs in the stroma  Light-Independent Reaction Summary = Calvin Cycle Chemical reactions powered by ATP and NADPH combine hydrogen (from water) with carbon dioxide to form sugar molecules (glucose = C6H12O6) Uses CO2 (and H from water) and makes glucose!!  What is the purpose of photosynthesis? o Photosynthesis: the overall process by which sunlight (solar/light energy), water, and carbon dioxide are chemically converted into chemical energy stored in glucose (a sugar/carbohydrate.) What are the two stages called? o Light dependent reactant and light independent reactants Where does Photosynthesis take place? oIn the chloroplast Light-Independent Reaction Light-Independent Reaction  Reminder… Chemosynthesis = process of an organism making its own food using chemicals (“chemo”) instead of sunlight (“photo”) like in photosynthesis. This is the process that producers who can’t do photosynthesis do to get energy. Photosynthesis visual assignment Photosynthesis Concept Map  Evaluate Imagine you are a research scientist and it is 100 years in the future. An enormous volcanic eruption has recently sent huge quantities of dust and ash into the atmosphere. Make a list of how this event will affect each of the following: 1. Photosynthesis 2. Plant life 3. Animal life 4. Human societies  Activity: Photosynthesis Relay  Cellular Respiration Concept 3  Overview Goal of cellular respiration = to convert the chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP. We use carbohydrates 1st for energy, but any food can be processed/broken down as a source of energy. Chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy (ATP)  Overview C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Reactants = ingredients C6H12O6 (glucose) and O2 (oxygen) Products = results CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water) Note: Energy is released in the form of ATP from this process but isn’t considered a product.  Structure of Mitochondria Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria which has 2 main parts: Inner membrane: folded membranes Matrix: fluid-like substance that fills inner the space membrane  Glycolysis The first stage in cellular respiration is glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose. Purpose = split the 6-carbon molecule of glucose in half to form 2 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate. This occurs in the cytoplasm, and requires no oxygen, meaning it is anaerobic. Produces 2 ATP total and a 2 NADH.  Decision Time After glycolysis, the cell must make a decision. If oxygen is present, then the cell will go through a two-step process known as aerobic respiration to obtain energy. If oxygen is NOT present, then the cell will go through the process of anaerobic respiration, aka fermentation, in order to obtain energy. Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Anaerobic Respiration  O2 is Available: Aerobic Respiration 1. Citric Acid Cycle (aka Krebs Cycle) Location = Mitochondrial Matrix Process: 2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are chemically converted in this cycle to make 2 ATP (and some NADH and FADH2) - Releases CO2 as a waste product  O2 is Available: Aerobic Respiration 2. Electron Transport Chain Location = Inner membrane of the mitochondria Process: - A series of reactions using the e- and hydrogens formed in the Krebs Cycle - Makes 34 ATP and H2O (when hydrogen bonds to oxygen) - **Most ATP comes from this step!!**  Think about it… What similarities are there between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) Type of Rxn Endothermic Exothermic Reactants Water and Carbon Dioxide Glucose and Oxygen Products Glucose and Oxygen Water and Carbon Dioxide Step One Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Occurs in Grana (membrane stacks Occurs in Mito. Matrix (fluid in the in chloroplasts) mitochondria) Uses/splits water Uses glucose (as pyruvate after glycolysis) Makes oxygen Makes carbon dioxide Step Two Calvin Cycle Electron Transport Chain Occurs in Stroma (fluid in the Occurs in Inner membranes of the chloroplasts) mitochondria Uses carbon dioxide Uses oxygen Makes glucose Makes water  O2 is Unavailable: Anaerobic Respiration In the absence of oxygen, a cell will go through anaerobic respiration and a process called fermentation. There are two main types of fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation Alcohol fermentation  Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in some bacteria and animal cells (like your muscles) Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into lactic acid and 2 ATP  Alcohol Fermentation Occurs in yeast when oxygen is not available Pyruvate from glycolysis is broken down into alcohol, CO2, and 2 ATP  Total ATP Produced: Aerobic Respiration = 36-38 ATP 2 ATP from Glycolysis 2 ATP from Krebs Cycle 34 ATP from Electron Transport Chain Anaerobic Respiration = 2-4 ATP  Cellular Respiration Visual Activity  Cellular Respiration Concept Map  Photosynthesis and cellular respiration comparison Assignment To complete this assignment, you will fill in the chart and show the differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration. You can use your notes to complete this assignment. This is to be completed INDIVIDUALLY. Submit on Schoology for a mastery grade. Plants Concept 4  Review What do all living things have in common? How do plants obtain and use energy? In what process do plants create their own food? Structure dictates. What do plants need to do photosynthesis?  Commonality among Plants Made of plant cells Cell wall Chloroplasts Central vacuole Organelles common to all eukaryotes (such as a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.) Multicellular organisms Photosynthesis = the metabolic process for converting solar energy into chemical energy for plants to use Diversity among Plants PLANTS NONVASCULAR VASCULAR Nonvascular vs. Vascular Do not have vascular tissue Contain vascular tissue – Smaller b/c they can’t (xylem and phloem) transport water up stems Allows these plants to – Water is absorbed via transport water and sugars osmosis instead throughout – Lack true leaves, stems or Have specialized organs roots Roots, stems, and leaves – Have a thallus body and rhizoids (root-like structure)  Diversity among Plants PLANTS NONVASCULAR VASCULAR Mosses Liverworts Hornworts  Types of Nonvascular Mosses: Small and dense Look like green carpet Can live in any biome Critical b/c they help prevent erosion Liverworts: Have liver-shaped lobes Can live in any biome, but prefer tropical Like dim light and damp soil Do not have stomata for gas exchange (other two do) Hornworts: Have horn shaped structures that protrude Can live in any biome, but prefer tropical Only have 1 chloroplast per plant cell (unlike the other two) Nonvascular Vascular  Vascular Plant Structure 2 organ systems = root system and shoot system 3 organs: Roots: absorb water and nutrients; keep plant anchored Stem: transport fluids and store nutrients; specialized cells create new growth and support leaves Leaves: collect sunlight in chloroplasts; have stomata for gas exchange; do photosynthesis Vascular Plant Structure All 3 of these structures (roots, stems, and leaves) contain the following 3 tissues: – Dermal tissue – Ground tissue – Vascular tissue  Vascular Plant Structure Dermal tissue: used for protection and to prevent water loss – Includes epidermis (mostly) and periderm (like bark) Cuticle = a waxy layer  Vascular Plant Structure Vascular tissue: used for transport – Xylem: transports water from roots → shoot – Phloem: moves minerals from roots → shoot and sugars made during photosynthesis from leaves in shoot → other parts of plant. The primary function of the Phloem is to transport sugars/food Bundles of xylem and phloem  Vascular Plant Structure Ground tissue: used for metabolism, storage and support (any tissue that isn’t dermal or vascular) – Types = Parenchyma: traditional plant cells Collenchyma: support, like cellulose Sclerenchyma: wooded and durable (like what makes up an apple core) Diversity among Plants PLANTS NONVASCULAR VASCULAR Angiosperms Gymnosperms Seedless  Types of Vascular Angiosperms Gymnosperms Seedless – Have seeds - Have seeds – No seeds (Ex. – Flowering plants - No flowers or fruit Ferns and club mosses) – Reproductive - Reproductive structure = structure = cones – Reproduce most flowers similarly to - Seed dispersal via nonvascular plants – Seeds enclosed in wind using spores an ovary (fruit) – Spore dispersal – Seed dispersal via via water animals  Parts of a Flower The reproductive structure of angiosperms Sepal: green tissue that covers the flower when it is a bud Petal: Colorful structure used to attract specific animal pollinators Pistil: female organs – Ovule is the female germ cell that becomes a seed after the egg is fertilized Protected by the ovary which, when ripened, becomes a fruit – Stigma is the opening at the top of the style which is a ”neck” that sperm will travel down  Parts of a Flower The reproductive structure of angiosperms Stamen: male organs – Anther makes pollen and sits on the end of the filament – Pollen is made by gymnosperms (in cones) and angiosperms (in flowers) Powdery substance made of pollen grains = the male gametophyte that gives rise to sperm cells Diversity among Plants PLANTS NONVASCULAR VASCULAR Angiosperms Gymnosperms Seedless Monocots Dicots  Types of Angiosperms Monocots: Dicots: – 1 cotyledon (seed leaf) in the – 2 cotyledons in the seed seed embryo embryo – Parallel leaf veins – Branching leaf veins – Flower petals in multiples of – Flowers petals in multiples 3 of 4 or 5 – Net-like/fibrous root system – Taproot root system Ex. Grass, lilies, bananas, Ex. Dandelions, daises, daffodils, asparagus, orchids, apples, peaches, roses tulips, wheat, sugarcane, etc. tomatoes, carrots, etc.