Unit 5 Health and Disease PDF

UNIT 5 Health and Disease Health Etymological origin: From latin: “Salus”: safety, welfare  In the past: Negative sense. Health: absence of disease – Health = absence of disease.  Actual and positive sense (1940-1950) – Healthy individual who feels well in the absence of disc • 1941 (Sigeris...

UNIT 5 Health and Disease Health Etymological origin: From latin: “Salus”: safety, welfare  In the past: Negative sense. Health: absence of disease – Health = absence of disease.  Actual and positive sense (1940-1950) – Healthy individual who feels well in the absence of disc • 1941 (Sigerist): "Health is not merely the absence of disease, it is something more, a joyful attitude and acceptance of the responsibilities that life imposes on the individual" • 1945 (Stampar): "Health is the complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" » Accepted by the WHO in 1946 These definitions consider health in a holistic* and positive way. – Features holistic health: • Health is seen in a positive light • It emphasizes the wellness instead of the disease *Holistic: comprehension of the parts of something as intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole. World Health Organization and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health” "fundamental, inalienable human right“ “includes access to all medical services, sanitation, adequate food, decent housing, healthy working conditions, and a clean environment” 5 Health CONCEPT OF HEALTH Wellness • Physical: Balance, resistance ... strength, • Mental/Intellectual: intellectual Perception of Satisfaction. physical and capacity, emotional illness balance. • Social: effective integration into the social environment. • Emotional: Control emotions. Feel comfortable expressing emotions and do it properly. • Spiritual: belief in a "supreme being"(God, science, nature, ) • Occupational: ability to carry out safely and enjoy working life. CONCEPT OF HEALTH ►1945 (Stampar): "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" WHO definition Defects Utopia FULL WELNESS? • 1975 (Milton Terris): "Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being and ability to function, and not merely the absence of illness or infirmity " CONTRIBUTIONS OF MILTON TERRIS • HEALTH is a dynamic concept!! Concepts of illness / disease Disease: “A disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors” Illness: “The ill health the person identifies themselves with, often based on self reported mental or physical symptoms. It may include health conditions that limit the person’s ability to lead a normal life” 11 Disease may occur without illness Illness: symptoms Health and illness are mutually exclusive Health and disease are not mutually exclusive 12 Illness • Etymological origin: From latin: “In firmitas” • “Loss of health” • Could be considered from 2 point of views: – The patient – The health professional. Patient experience of illness Suchman's stages of illness: 1. Experiencing a symptom 2. Assuming a sick role 3. Making contact for health care 4. Being dependent. Treatment. Patient 5. Recovering or being rehabilitated There are no illnesses but ill people 15 Health promotion and disease prevention 16 Disease prevention “Disease prevention covers measures not only to prevent the occurrence of disease, such as risk factor reduction, but also to arrest its progress and reduce its consequences once established” WHO, Geneva, 1984 17 Disease prevention • Disease prevention is considered to be action which usually emanates from the health sector. • Dealing with individuals and populations identified as exhibiting identifiable risk factors, often associated with different risk behaviours. • Modifying these risk behaviors is one of the first primary goals of disease prevention. 18 Disease prevention Disease prevention could destined for: • Society • Groups • Individuals 19 Disease prevention • Disease prevention: grouped into three categories: – Primary prevention: “Stop disease before it starts”. Pure prevention – Secondary prevention “Early detection and treatment of an existing disease before it becomes clinically apparent” – Tertiary prevention “Optimum management of clinically aparent illness so as to prevent or least minimize the development of future complications” 20 Disease prevention 21 Incidence: “new occurrences of cases of a disease in a period of time.” Prevalence: “proportion of people with a disease” Primary prevention • Education about good nutrition, the importance of regular exercise, and the dangers of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs • Education and legislation about proper seatbelt and helmet use • Immunization against infectious disease • Controlling potential hazards at home and in the workplace 23 24 Secondary prevention • Early screening and treating a certain disease: e.g. hypertension Tertiary prevention • Preventing pain and damage, • Halting progression and complications from illness • Restoring the health and functions of the individuals affected by illness 25