Unit 4: Motivation and Emotional Processes - Part 1 PDF

Unit 4: Motivation and Emotional processes - PART 1  Learning outcomes Define motivation Explain the types of motivation. Identify the components of motivation. Discuss the theories of motivation Explain the classification of motives. Discuss about conflict in motives....

Unit 4: Motivation and Emotional processes - PART 1  Learning outcomes Define motivation Explain the types of motivation. Identify the components of motivation. Discuss the theories of motivation Explain the classification of motives. Discuss about conflict in motives. Describe the methods to overcome conflicts. List the importance of motivation for health care professionals.  Introduction Motivation is a state of mind, filled with energy and enthusiasm, which drives a person to work in a certain way to achieve desired goals. Motivation is a force that pushes people to work with a high level of commitment and focus, even if things are going against them. Motivation translates into a certain kind of human behavior. In short, motivation is the driving force behind human actions.  Definition of Motivation According to Woodworth, “Motivation is the state of the individual which disposes him to certain behavior for seeking goal.” Three major components of motivation Three major components of motivation 1. Activation involves the decision to initiate a behavior. E.g. enrolling in a psychology class. 2. Persistence is the continued effort toward a goal even though obstacles may exist. E.g. taking more psychology courses in order to earn a degree although it requires a significant investment of time, energy, and resources. 3. Intensity can be seen in the concentration and vigor that goes into pursuing a goal. E.g. study regularly, participate in discussions  Two Types Of Motivation Intrinsic –A desire to perform a behavior that originates within the individual. Extrinsic - A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment.  Different Theories on Motivation Different schools of thought look at motivation through different lenses. 1. Instinct theory 2. Drive Theory 3. Incentive theory 4. Humanistic Theory 1. Instinct theory proposes that organisms are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of their genetic programming and because these behaviors lead to success in terms of natural selection. 2. Drive theory or Homeostatic theory views behavior as motivated by the need to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. This unmet need “drives” us to behave in a way that causes the intensity of the drive to be reduced. 3. Incentive theory states that behavior is motivated by the pull of external (outside) goals such as rewards. 4. Humanistic Theory The best way to describe this theory is to utilize the famous pyramid developed by Abraham Maslow (1970) called the Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow believed that humans have specific needs that must be met and that if lower level needs go unmet, we can not possible strive for higher level needs.  PRIMARY OR BIOGENIC MOTIVES 1.Hunger motive: The food we take is digested and nutritional substances are absorbed. The biochemical processes get their energy from food in order o sustain life. 2. Thirst motive: In our daily life regularly we take fluids in the form of water and beverages. These fluids are essential for our body tissues for normal functioning. When the water level in the body decreases we develop motive to drink.  3. Need for oxygen: Our body needs oxygen continuously. We get it through continuous respiration. We cannot survive without regular supply of oxygen. Lack of oxygen may lead to – damage to the brain or death. 4. Motive for regulation of body temperature: Maintaining normal body temperature is necessary. (98.6ºF or37.0ºC) The automatic mechanisms to maintain body temperature are sweating or shivering. Rise or fall in body temperature motivates us to take steps (hot - put on AC, cool drinks; cold – close windows, wear warm clothes, drinking hot beverages).  5. Need for sleep: Sleep is essential for normal functioning of body and mind. When our body and mind are tired they need to rest for rejuvenation of energy. Sleep deprivation – confusion, inability to concentrate, droopy eyes, muscle tremors etc. 6. Need to avoid pain: No organism can continue to bear pain. Whenever we experience pain we try to avoid it. e.g. sun – we go to shade, pinching – avoid the stimulus  7. Drive to elimination of waste: Our body cannot bear anything excess or anything waste. Excess water is sent out as urine & sweat. The food particles ingested after digestion are sent out as stools. 8. Sex motive: Arises in the organism as a result of secretion of sex hormones like androgen & estrogen. Sex motive is not essential for survival but for survival of species. 9. Maternal drive: Desire to have babies and protect them.  related to education, SECONDARY - PERSONAL MOTIVES occupation, income, sports, acquisition of property, public service etc. Once These are highly personalized and very the goal is he will be motivated to much individualized motives. The most ful ll that goal. important among them are 1. Force Of Habits: Different people have different habits. Some have bad habits or good habits. E.g. smoking, exercising Once these habits are formed, they act as drivers and compel the person to perform the action automatically. 2. Goals Of Life : They may be related to education, 3. Levels Of Aspirations: Aspiration is aspiring to achieve or to get something or a goal. But such aspiration depends upon the level of motivation the individual has. 4. Attitudes and interest: Our attitudes and interest determine our motivation. Whenever we have positive attitudes, we will have motivation to attain. In negative attitude, we will be motivated to avoid.  SECONDARY - SOCIAL MOTIVES These are the ones which are learned as a result of interaction with the family and society. They differ from person to person. They play an important role in human beings and on their development. Some social motives persist, they are not satisfied. 1. Affiliation It is the desire to associate oneself with the members of the same group. The individual will be interested in establishing, maintaining and repairing friendly relationships and will be interested in participating in group activities. 2. Need for power People with power motive will be concerned with having an impact on others. They try to influence people by their reputation. Usually people with high power motive choose jobs, where they can exert their powers. They expect high prestige and recognition. e.g. politician 3. Need for exploration Curiosity is a tendency to explore and know new things. People want to extend their knowledge and experiences by exploring new things. Adults because of exploration – discoveries, inventions. 4. Need for achievement People with need for achievement struggle hard. They are task oriented and do works that are challenging which can be compared with others.  CONFLICTS IN MOTIVES Conflict is a result of choice between two motives. There are four types of conflicts: 1. Approach avoidance conflict: This is the strong tendency to approach and avoid the same goal. e.g. a person is approaching to accept a job offer, because the salary is attractive – but at the same time he is repelled back as the job is risky. Analyze this example 2. Approach approach / double approach conflict: The organism is forced to choose between two desirable outcomes that are mutually exclusive (i.e. only one can be picked). e.g. selection between two good colleges. Analyze the example in the picture. 3. Avoidance avoidance / double avoidance conflict The organism is forced to choose between two different undesirable outcomes. e.g. women must work at a job she dislikes or risk to remain unemployed. Analyze the example in the picture. 4. Multiple approach - avoidance Here the goals have both desirable and undesirable quality. e.g. Job The office is Office far near away his house From home Low salary High salary  OVERCOMING CONFLICT Task oriented Ego defense mechanisms mechanisms 1. Task oriented mechanisms a. Attack – the individual tries to remove his/her obstacles that blocks his goal either directly or indirectly. b. Withdrawal: when all measures become ineffective, individual develops feelings of helplessness, inadequacy and inferiority. These negative feelings make him to withdraw from the situation. c. Compromise: since most of the stress situation cannot be dealt with success either with withdrawal or attack it becomes necessary to work out some sort of compromise to overcome stress. e.g. a student who is not financially stable may opt to study in a less reputed college in the home town to cut down expenses.  2. Defense mechanisms These are psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings. Denial of reality Unconscious refusal to admit an unacceptable idea or behavior. e.g. person informed about a disease Fantasy A way of escaping reality. Ex: An individual who is living in poor area spends his spare time imagining him living in Sweden Acting Out Acting Out is performing an extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or feelings the person feels incapable of otherwise expressing. Ex: A student learns he failed a course, then smashes a window in the classroom. Repression A person forgets any thoughts that painful by pushing down into unconscious. Ex: An adult make that was sexually abused as child has no recollection of the events. Rationalization A person attempts to explain or create excuses for an event or action in rational terms. In doing so, they are able to avoid accepting the true cause or reason resulting in the present situation. e.g. student who failed in exam because of not studying may blame the teacher. Projection Blaming other for one's own difficulties. For example, a husband may be angry at wife for not listening, when in fact it is the husband who does not listen. A businessperson values punctuality is late for meeting states that “ sorry I am late, my secretary forgot to remind me”. Reaction formation Replacing unacceptable feelings with their exact opposites. Ex: A person who is angry with the colleague may appear to be very friendly with him. Displacement Discharging pent up feelings to a less threatening object. e.g. A man angry with boss may shout at his family Intellectualization The person uses his intellectual powers of thinking , reasoning and analyzing to blunt or avoid emotional issues. E.g. when somebody dies - life is short, it was good for the person Identification Unconscious adoption of the personality characteristics, attitudes, values and behavior of another person. e.g. Boy identifies with father, teacher, actor Regression Regression is the reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable thoughts or impulses. Ex: An adolescent under stress curls up on his bed with a stuffed teddy bear, sucks his thumb, and doesn’t speak. Compensation An individual who is weak in some activity or ability may feel inferior. In order to overcome this inferiority he may compensate his weakness by achieving some goal or exceling in some other ability e.g. Dull in studies – good in sports. Motivation and health care professional: Knowledge of these motives will help the health care professional to adopt necessary measures for their satisfaction. Biological motives are quite essential for survival. It is the duty of the health care professional to meet the basic needs of the patient. For example a patient with diarrhea needs fluids, asthma patient need oxygen. Social and personal motives are also more important. The safety and security needs, love and belongingness needs will have a bearing on treatment aspect. Satisfaction of these needs will help for better and quick recovery of patients.  reference https://www.slideshare.net/professorjcc/psychology-m otivation-and-emotion-web Bernstein, D.A. Penner, L.A. Stewart, A. & Roy, E.J. (2006). Psychology, 7th edition.. Houghton – Mifflin: Boston. Reddy, A N V. Essentials of Psychology for nurses.1st edition, Jaypee: New delhi..