UNIT-34-REVIEWER PDF

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS Faculty of Arts and Letters 2nd Term, AY 2024-2025 _______________________________________________________________________________...

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS Faculty of Arts and Letters 2nd Term, AY 2024-2025 _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2JRN1 REVIEWER FOR THY3 FINALS TOPICS: THE PHILIPPINE CHURCH & THE …. PRINCIPLES AND MODERN SOCIAL HISTORICAL POLITICAL SPHERE ECONOMIC SPHERE SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES TEACHINGS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPHERE CHURCH CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHINGS The foundation of all The Church's social The development of The Church's vision The PH Church During the time of the Catholic Social teaching is a rich the Catholic Social and role regarding addresses economic Spaniards three Teaching is the treasure of wisdom Teachings highlights politics and society in inequality and century long inherent dignity of the about building a just the Church’s the Philippines. It corruption by colonization of the human person, as society and living lives Commitment to addresses issues like promoting CST, Philippines, they created in the image of holiness amidst the justice, charity, and political interference, emphasizing care for introduced and likeness of God. challenges of modern solidarity, influenced guiding principles of the poor, workers' Catholicism to us and The Church, society. Modern by Christ’s example as human dignity and rights, and ethical have adapted to it as therefore, calls for Catholic social a teacher and option for the poor. It governance while our own. Being Integral Human teaching has been liberator. This topic also analyzes encouraging active Catholic and God- Development, which articulated through a addresses the social problems in Philippine citizen involvement fearing are two of the concerns the tradition of papal, challenges focusing on politics like for a fairer society. most known wellbeing of each conciliar, and the common good, corruption, political attributes to being a person in every episcopal documents. human dignity, and dynasties and culture. Filipino. Many of the dimension: economic, the pursuit of justice festivals Filipinos political, social, in society. celebrate proudly ecological, and revolve or involve the spiritual. saints of the Roman Catholic religion. TOPIC 1: PRINCIPLES AND VALUES This principle believes that the human person is both sacred and social. DIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON Our dignity can only be realized and be This principle is grounded in the idea that the developed through proper relationship with person is made in the image of god or the wider society. “Imago Dei”. Belief in the inherent dignity of the human UNIVERSAL DESTINATION OF GOODS person is the foundation of all Catholic social teaching. The principle that calls to facilitate the conditions that will be necessary for integral COMMON GOOD AND COMMUNITY human development.  Rooted in our understanding of common - Participation in economic, political, and humanity. cultural life is a fundamental right for all individuals. This right is rooted in justice and OPTION FOR THE POOR is essential for upholding human dignity. It looks beyond government policies and Ensuring that everyone has a minimum level looks on how our decisions affect the of participation in the community is crucial, marginalized sections of the community and it is considered unjust to exclude any Essential part of society’s effort to achieve person or group unfairly from societal the common good. involvement. Everyone is called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the GLOBAL SOLIDARITY AND DEVELOPMENT poor. - Humanity is united as one family, with responsibilities that transcend national, GOVERNMENT AND SUBSIDIARITY racial, economic, and ideological This principle is the instrument to promote boundaries. We are called to pursue global human dignity, protect human rights, and justice collaboratively. Authentic build the common good. development should encompass comprehensive human development, ECONOMIC JUSTICE respecting and promoting personal, social, Prioritizes labour over capital economic, and political rights for individuals, All workers have a right to do productive nations, and peoples alike. work, have fair wages, and have safe working conditions THE FUNDAMENTAL VALUES OF SOCIAL LIFE The whole purpose of the economy is to provide man the essentials of life. TRUTH - In "Caritas in Veritate," the text cautions STEWARDSHIP OF GOD’S CREATION against the dangers of eclecticism This principle emphasizes our responsibility (relativism) and the loss of identity. It to care for our “common home”. emphasizes the importance of witnessing to The goods of the Earth are gifts from God, our Christian vocation, which includes the thus how we treat the environment is a commitment to speak the truth, even when measure of our stewardship. it is inconvenient or challenging. Christians are encouraged to proclaim Christ's message PROMOTION OF PEACE AND DISARMAMENT within a culture that values openness and - Catholic teaching emphasizes peace as an dialogue while remaining steadfast in the active and constructive concept, rather than pursuit of justice and truth. merely the absence of conflict. St. John Paul II articulated that true peace encompasses FREEDOM mutual respect, confidence, collaboration, and binding agreements among peoples and - The Compendium (199) teaches us that nations. Additionally, Catholic doctrine links freedom is the highest sign in man of his peace closely with justice, asserting that being made in the divine image and, peace is a result of justice and relies on the consequently, is a sign of the sublime dignity proper order among individuals. of every human person. - The social teaching of the Church believes PARTICIPATION that human freedom requires that we  should be allowed to exercise our autonomy. Form of address varies widely, often At the same time, however, Christian designates a wider audience freedom is aware of its limitations and responsibility. Why pay attention to encyclicals? JUSTICE AND LOVE It’s for everyone, not strictly related to Catholic - The Christian tradition opposes the Speaks for the marginalized tendency to oppose justice from love. In the Inspire and motivate people to take action Christian perspective, there is no authentic on the said issues justice without love. - Christian understanding of justice goes Social Role of the Church Based on Social Encyclicals beyond the understanding of justice as The Church as a Voice retributive. Christian justice is - The church’s responsibility is to speak on transformational and liberative. Justice has issues affecting religion and morality, which to lead to the CONVERSION of both the are the fundamentals of encyclicals. victim and the oppressor; but CONVERSION ↳ Use gospel principles = unify and is best guaranteed by the act of love. harmonize social classes ↳ Educate people = to act justly SOCIAL TEACHINGS OF THE CHURCH Christians are called to: 1. It is true that the world is not a perfect place. ↳ Fair civil institutions = equal rights This is the City of Man, tainted by sin, and and prospects where people are prone to fall into the ↳ Promote human dignity = value temptation of sinning. and respect for every person 2. The Church, however, reminds us that we regardless of their race, gender, are not fully disgraced. The human person etc. is, by nature, good, and such goodness could ↳ Foster unity = promote peace and never be totally corrupted. remembering our shared humanity 3. There is, then, the invitation to continuously ↳ Key concept: Faith doing justice = attempt to build a civilization of love, and our faith encourages us to promote make our world a better place to live in. justice. _______________________________________ Church’s Duty: ↳ Humanization of Life TOPIC 2: MODERN SOCIAL TEACHINGS OF THE ↳ World Justice CHURCH ↳ Preferential option for the poor = prioritize the marginalized to Herald - bringing/bringer of news alleviate their agony. ↳ Against social apathy Encyclicals Encyclicus (greek) = general or encircling Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum, 1891 Background Papal encyclical - Written in 1891 during the Industrial A letter sent by the Pope Revolution, an era of massive economic Treating some aspect of Catholic doctrine change and inequality. Addressed to Bishops - Leading to the exploitation of workers.  - The first comprehensive document on social Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum, 1891 (Of New Things) justice Encyclical which examines the condition of Message salaried workers, which was particularly - Defends workers’ rights on natural law distressing for industrial laborers who suffer - Right to: in inhumane misery ↳ Work Has the theme of property issues and the ↳ Private property inequalities among people ↳ Just wage Also vocally criticized the unequal ↳ Form workers’ associations distribution of wealth, and the huge gap Other themes: between the rich and the poor Property issues and the Inequalities among people Examines the condition of salaried workers Pius XI, Quadragesimo Anno, 1931 (The Fortieth Languished in inhumane misery Year) 40th anniversary of Rerum Novarum Wage and Protection of Workers Great Depression underway Argues that divide between people can be Dictatorship growing in Europe addressed with the improvement of workplace ➔ Message: Government must intervene with wages, State needs to reform greedy capitalist where workers receive what is truly due to systems them Communism is dangerous because it Duty of employers is to be just condones violence and abolishes private property Solidarity and Workers’ unions Labor and capital need each other Supports the workingmen’s unions as Workers need just wage to acquire private supported by natural rights property Criticizes the state’s tendency to suppress International economic cooperation urged unions Principle of “subsidiarity” Workers’ union ensure the condition of workers ➔ Themes: a. Economic Dictators Pius XI, Quadragesimo Anno, 1931 Refer to monopolies and powerful states, Background like U.S., which dictated the global economy - Written in 1931 Its presence make the capitalist system - 40th anniversary of Rerum Novarum hypocritical - Dictatorship growing in Europe Message b. Totalitarian Governments - State needs reform on greedy capitalist Governments whose common life is decided systems only by the government with very minimal - Dangers of communism participation from the people - Labor and Capital ned each other - Workers need just wage to acquire property ➔ The Principle of Subsidiarity - International economic cooperation is urged It is an injustice and at the same time a grave - Principle of Subsidiarity is urged evil and disturbance of right order to assign to a greater and higher association what lesser and subordinate organizations can do  Every social activity ought of its very nature citizens and public authorities, between to furnish help to the members of the body governments, and among nations. social, and never destroy and absorb them THEMES: Pacem in Terris has primarily contended that talks about 'peace' should be anchored on our understanding of moral order. JOHN XXIII, Mater et Magistra, 1961 (Mother and Teacher) Disarmament and Mutual Trust According to MM, everyone should have access to Reading PT should bring our attention to its call for basic needs regardless of their social standing, hence disarmament. The encyclical argues that the arms the community must take responsibility for ensuring race that was happening in the world of the late 50s that everyone is adequately assisted in pursuing until the 60s is contrary to the call for social order. these necessities. In order to ensure that there are agencies that would look into the delivery of Pope Paul VI released the encyclical Populorum fundamental services to all citizens, socialization must Progressio on March 26, 1967. The encyclical is well- be carried out in areas where institutions must be known for emphasizing the discussion of built. development; in fact, some groups refer to it as the "magna carta on development of Catholic social THEMES: Mater et Magistra its contribution of teaching.” cooperatives and the empowerment of the workers and in enhancing balance within the economy Paul VI, Populorum Progressio, 1967 (On the towards common good Development of Peoples) The interdependence of nations was already THEMES: Attention to Poor Nations One important emphasized in the encyclical as early as the 1960s. call from the encyclical is the attention it gives to the The solidarity that unites all men as part of a shared plight of poor nations and it questions the rapid Families prevent rich countries from ignoring the progress among rich nations and the slow poverty, hunger, and suffering of other countries development among their poorer counterparts. whose people lack access to even the most basic human rights Call for Authentic and Integral Human Development CONTEXT: John XXIII released Pacem in Terris, another PP reminds us that authentic development could encyclical, on April 11, 1963, two years after Mater et never be solely measured by economic and material Magistra. At the height of the period of the Cold War, progress. PP calls for an evaluation of the values that the encyclical had been released. The Cuban Missile we hold dear. Crisis in October 1962 nearly drove the United States and Russia to yet another major war, as the Berlin Paul VI, Populorum Progressio, 1967 (On the Wall was built in March of the same year. Development of Peoples JOHN XXIII, Pacem in Terris, 1963 (Peace on earth) Call for Global Solidarity The world must acknowledge women's rights. Arms Solidarity PP urges humanity to evolve as a whole and race is incompatible with justice, reason, and human reminds wealthy countries of their triple duty to: dignity. The United Nations must be strengthened. Peace is guaranteed by social rights and 1) Solidarity amongst responsibilities—between individuals, between 2) Equity in society 3) Global altruism  Published on September 14, 1981, offering Paul VI, Populorum Progressio,1967 (On the comprehensive treatment of human work in development of Peoples) Catholic social teaching. Pope Paul VI published the encyclical Populorum Progressio Message: The encyclical is renowned for its focus on Work is a part of man's vocation and dignity. development, often referred to as the It has a spiritual dimension. "Catholic social teachings" magna carta on Workers deserve decent wages, rights, and development.The encyclical is renowned for benefits. its focus on development, often referred to Work should serve the family, especially as the "Catholic social teachings" magna working mothers. carta on development. Disabled individuals should participate in work. Themes: a. Attention to Poor Nations Themes: The encyclical emphasizes the need to a. Objective and Subjective Components of address the challenges faced by poor work nations, questioning the rapid progress of The subjective dimension refers to the rich nations and the slow development of aspect of work that enables individuals to their less developed counterparts. fully realize themselves. b. Call for Authentic and Integral Human Objective work is a type of work that a Development person undertakes, primarily based on its PP stresses that authentic development monetary returns. cannot be solely measured by economic and material progress, and calls for an evaluation b. A warning against Economism of our dear values. LE advises caution in 'the error of economism', which involves comparing the c. Call for Global Solidarity dignity and value of work with the financial The PP highlights the common development incentives it provides. among mankind and reminds wealthier nations of their threefold responsibility for c. The Role of Indirect Employers mutual solidarity, social justice, and It highlights the existence of 'indirect universal charity. employers', including individuals, instructions, collective labor contracts, and d. Development, the New Name for Peace their principles of conduct, which shape the The PP emphasizes the need for equal entire socioeconomic system. development opportunities for all nations to achieve lasting peace. d. Family Wage as Just Wage Just wage is defined as family wage, John Paul II, Laborem Exercens, 1981 (On Human providing sufficient compensation for adults Work) responsible for establishing, maintaining, Highlights high unemployment rates and and providing security for a family's future. exploitation of migrant workers. Discusses capitalist and communist systems' e. Support for Workers’ Unions exploitative practices.  Unions must avoid becoming partisans in Published to commemorate the 100th politics and avoid being used for the political anniversary of Rerum Novarum. gain of others. Reflects on the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and its implications for f. Spirituality of Work Catholic social teaching. LE emphasizes that our work not only serves ‘self-realization’ but also allows us to Message: participate in the Paschal mystery of Christ, Critiques the atheistic foundation of including his suffering, death, and communism as a fundamental error. resurrection. Offers cautious support for the free market, acknowledging it as the most efficient economic system while affirming its John Paul II, Solicitudo Rei Socialis (1987) recognition of human freedom. Warns against the dangers of consumerism Message: and the potential dehumanization of Critiques the economic disparity between capitalism when it becomes an all- the northern and southern hemispheres and encompassing ideology. the global debt crisis. Advocates for global unity, emphasizing that Themes: East-West tensions hinder international The New Things of Today: cooperation and solidarity. Acknowledges the diminished opposition Criticizes consumerism, waste, and between socialism and liberal capitalism in exploitative international trade practices the post-Cold War era. that disadvantage developing nations. Notes the significance of events like the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) and the imminent Themes: dissolution of the USSR in 1991 as indicators Super Development and of changing global dynamics. Underdevelopment: Highlights the moral implications of extreme John Paul II, Centesimus Annus, 1991 (The wealth disparities. Hundredth Year) Option for the Poor: Subsidiarity and Solidarity (themes) Emphasizes that private ownership should ❖ Insists that an economic program not only enhance individual well-being but will hardly be just if it does not pave also empower individuals to serve others. the way for subsidiarity and Structures of Sin: solidarity. The economic system, Identifies systemic political, economic, and which aims to ensure individual’s social practices that obstruct solidarity and well-being, will remain ineffective foster corruption. and immoral until an authentic Notes the normalization of corrupt practices measure of social inclusion is as a barrier to community development and realized. an invitation to perpetuate sin rather than Benedict XVI, Caritas in Veritate, 2009 (Charity in resist it (SRS, §36). Truth) Context John Paul II, Centesimus Annus (1991) ❖ Benedict XVI’s first encyclical (a commemoration of Paul VI’s Context: Populorum Progressio.)  ❖ Supposed to be published in 2007, ❖ Reminds us that we are caretakers but due to the circumstances that of this world. year, specifically the economic ❖ Abuse to the environment is the recession, it was delayed and neglect of humanity and ourselves. moved on June 29, 2009. _______________________________________ ❖ Worldwide economic crisis Weakness in financial TOPIC 3: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CATHOLIC institutions. SOCIAL TEACHINGS Collapse of the housing market. Justice: virtue in which we render to God and to man Message what is due to them in the form of love, service, and ❖ True human development gratitude. requires… Micah 6:8 Charity lived in truth. The Lord requires us to do justice, to love mercy, and Respect for the common to walk humbly with God good. Religious freedom. 2 Primary Active roles of Christ in Society Sanctity of human life. 1. As a TEACHER ❖ Sufficient response to the economic - Provides emphasis on importance and financial crisis… of ‘person’ over the law; charity Economy of communion. over legal code Business ethics centered - Metanoia (conversion of heart) on persons and not profit. - Conversion should be non-violent The Phenomenon of Globalization - Hopeful preparation for future (themes) realizations ❖ Globalization brings both 2. As a LIBERATOR advantages and disadvantages and - Liberation equates to restoration in corresponding challenges. both personal and communal - Christ heals and liberates people in Francis I, Laudato Si, 2014 (“Mi Signore”, Praise be to aspects both physical and spiritual you, my Lord) A. Warning Against our Neglect of our The Christian Community should Endeavor within Environment. the examples of Christ to ❖ Second encyclical of Pope Francis. Duty to share and give (Act 2:44-45; 20:35; ❖ Primarily intended to denounce the harms contemporary society does Tim 6:17-19) to the environment. ○ “It is not right for one to live in ❖ Humanity’s prosperity for short luxury while others live in want” - term but easy gains become the Clement of Alexandria reason for neglect and abuses to the environment. Deposits of Piety ❖ It warns us about the dangers of our ➔ In Tertullian’s words it is utilized to attitude towards the environment. support the youth, the needy, the  destitute, the deprived, in feeding Capitalism promotes social mobility and their needs, care, and relief of the self-direction - social mobility refers to the shipwrecked. ability to rise in social status through effort, Establishment of unity and solidarity (Gal while self-direction means taking 3:28; Col 3:11) responsibility for one's own future. The Middle Ages and the continuing Catholic Social Emerging Ideologies of the modern time were highly Teaching tradition influenced from the Industrial revolution, in which led Despite being institutionalized within the to the rise of capitalism, and socialism ( 2 alternative Roman Empire, the Church remained an principles) active agent for social justice. Common Ownership - Replacing and abolishing the St. Thomas Aquinas: discussed the distribution of concept of private property wealth and the requirements for a just war. Common Good According to Aquinas, a just war requires - Centered on personal freedom over legitimate authority, a just cause, and a right government control intention. Socialism - emerged as a critique of Capitalism. The Dark Ages (Medieval Period) with the Age of Socialism advocated for common ownership Enlightenment to replace private property and government Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason control to implement the common good and autonomy over faith and obedience. Socialists argued that the principles of self- They believed that the Church's values direction and social mobility were myths during the Middle Ages led to ignorance and that only benefited the wealthy and able. oppression. They believed that capitalism ignored, tolerated, and perpetuated unjust resource The Industrial Revolution distribution, resulting in inequality and a gap introduced new technology, leading to the between the rich and poor. rise of factories, salaried workers, and mass Pope Pius XI coined the phrase "social production. This results in surplus and profit, doctrine" to refer to the doctrinal "corpus" giving birth to capitalism. pertaining to socially relevant topics. (The Capitalists - aim for profit, and markets are Church's Compendium of Social Doctrine, constructed to benefit those with capital, 87) who use it to generate more income and enlarge their initial capital.  The modern social teaching of the Church began with APOSTOLICAM ACTUOSITATEM 15 & CATECHISM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH 2246: Rerum Novarum, the first social encyclical. Highlights the Church's commitment to Rerum Novarum - This encyclical was written carrying out Christ's mission by in response to the new social conditions participating in and transforming the secular realm, particularly politics. brought about by the Industrial Revolution Is essential for achieving the restoration of and the competing ideologies of Capitalism humanity and creation, aligning all aspects of life with God's divine plan. and Socialism. ○ However, the Church's social I. PRINCIPLE OF HUMAN DIGNITY: Emphasizes that the Filipinos’ challenges and concern predates Rerum Novarum, disenchantment are stemmed from a lack of and its social doctrine has a long acknowledgment and respect for the dignity of the individual. history. Implies that self-interests overshadow ○ Rerum Novarum marked a fundamental moral principles which lose their effectiveness. significant development in the Church's teaching on social II. INTEGRAL EVANGELIZATION Religious Filipinos need to reflect on the matters. contrast between their faith and both ○ Rerum Novarum was hardly the personal and communal existence. only example of the Church's social III. POLITICS HAS A MORAL AND RELIGIOUS concern. History makes it clear that DIMENSION "the Church has never failed to Politics is a sacred responsibility meant for service, with all authority and power show interest in the society." originating from God. _______________________________________ IV. SALVATION OF THE HUMAN PERSON IS NOT ONLY FROM PERSONAL BUT ALSO FROM TOPIC 4: POLITICAL SPHERE SOCIAL SIN Humans are not only spiritual because we are A. The Issue on ‘Political Interference’ of the also social in nature. Church We should keep in mind that our actions or ‘POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT’: The act of the Church sins reflect the society we have. Are we the fulfilling her mission—to represent Christ and His only ones benefitting from it? Church. PASTORAL PRUDENCE AND THE LAW OF THE V. OPTION FOR THE POOR CHURCH: Prohibiting the clergy from taking on The Philippine politics have played a huge role public positions involving engaging in exercising in keeping the majority of the Filipinos in governmental authority. poverty. ‘CRITICAL COLLABORATION OR SOLIDARITY ’ The poor have limited choices in life. Hence, WITH THE STATE: The connection between church the church attempts to elevate them as much and state should be seen as a relationship as they can. characterized by mutual independence and collaboration, not as distinct entities. C. The Church Assessment on Philippine Politics CATECHISM FOR FILIPINO CATHOLICS 732: B. Church Realization and Guiding Principles in The current Filipino political environment is Philippine Political Involvement characterized by its continuous corruption of  valus. Hence, still perceived as the “biggest bane in C. After Elections the Philippine society as a nation and the most - The degradation of politics to a superficial serious obstacle in achieving full and exploitative level development.” D. Signs of Hope in Philippine Politics I. THE PHILIPPINE POLITICAL SCENE SOUND INDIVIDUAL FILIPINO VALUES “Political Peddling” - Moral outrage (justifiable anger or - It is all about connections. Ex. When one frustration) toward inhumanity and politician supports another. inequity. - Using political influence in government in - Formation of circles of discernment. authority to obtain favorable treatment or acquire something in return. CATECHISM FOR FILIPINO CATHOLICS 1139: In times of violence, injustices, and chaotic II. THE PHILIPPINE POLITICAL CULTURE: political situations, it is only through courage Pertains to common patterns of thought, and the spirit of the people that bring about corresponding behaviors, underlying value hope systems, and the lifestyle that emerges from them. I. URGENT CALLS OF THE CHURCH IN Patronage Politics PHILIPPINE POLITICAL LIFE: As the shepherd - A system based on a feudal-like hierarchy, and teacher of the flock, the Church, vows to where public officials assume the role of continue building the three (3) C’s among patrons providing favors and protection, while the faithful: ordinary citizens act as clients offering loyalty 1. Character: To strengthen the Filipino and support in return. values of honesty and integrity, Political Dynasty service and responsibility, - The succession of political power by individuals stewardship and solidarity. from the same lineage, or multiple members of 2. Capability: Everyone must a single family holding various positions within consistently develop their ability to the governance structure of a province or city. be capable of exercising control over Politics of Personalities themselves and ensure leadership - A system where a candidate’s popularity accountability. outweighs their knowledge and competence in 3. Community: The importance of determining political success. fostering a spirituality of citizenship, Pay-Off Politics which is a particular process of - A system where political positions and practicing the social virtue of decisions are influenced by the benefits that solidarity. supporters or funders expect in return for their backing of a candidate. II. ACTIVE POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT OF THE LAITY: Laity and those who are part of the III. PHILIPPINE ELECTORAL PROCESS Church who are “competent, with integrity, A. Before Elections and principled,” are encouraged to be part - Variety of electoral strategies of the country’s political domain. - Campaign periods reduced to entertainment or superficial displays III. EDUCATION ON POLITICS AS PUBLIC - Spread of misinformation and deceit SERVICE: Politics should be a place where trust and transparency should be fostered. B. During Elections The pastoral letter underscored the vital role - Cultural factors that compromise the of public service to the development of the integrity of Philippine elections country, and why dishonesty and corruption - Various forms of corruption influencing should be abolished. electoral outcomes IV. ON THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT OF  SUFFRAGE Patronage Politics: politicians appoint 10 Commandments for Responsible Voting: people to positions based solely on a 1. Vote according to the dictate of your preexisting patron-client relationship conscience. (familial or personal ties) 2. Respect the decision of others in choosing their candidate. ○ HARM: Prevents fair distribution of 3. Seek to know the moral integrity, capabilities, resources and other qualities of the candidate you will Political Dynasties: members of a certain vote for. family fill multiple positions at or around the 4. Strive to understand the issues, platform, and same time program of candidates and parties campaigning ○ HARM: The dominance of political for your vote. families perpetuates selfish 5. Do not sell your vote. 6. Do not vote for candidates using guns, gold, and interests & restricts social mobility glitter. Politics of Personalities: politicians 7. Do not vote for candidates tainted with graft emphasize popularity over competence and corruption. ○ HARM: Leads to ineffective 8. Do not vote for candidates simply because of leadership & poor economic utang na loob, popularity, good looks, or policies pakikisama. Pay-Off Politics: Political decisions driven by 9. Do not vote for candidates who are living an immoral life. the interests of financial backers 10. Always put the welfare of the country as top ○ HARM: Fuel corruption & priority in choosing the candidate you will vote undermine genuine public service. for. _______________________________________ The Church calls for a multi-faceted approach to address the Philippines’ economic challenges: TOPIC 5: ECONOMIC SPHERE Evangelization of Politics ○ Christian values should be The Philippine Church’s stance on economics integrated into politics since politics Deeply concerned about the country's is a "divine trust for service" and all economic challenges authority ultimately comes from Advocates for workers’ rights & a just, God. equitable economic system rooted in ○ Recognition of the moral and Catholic Social Teachings (CST) religious dimension of politics. "Moral bankruptcy" (corruption via ○ Develop a spirituality of citizenship dishonesty, manipulation, & selfishness) in based on solidarity. Philippine political systems blocks genuine ○ Address personal sins (e.g. pride, development that will improve the selfishness, & greed) that economic welfare of Filipinos contribute to the creation of sinful Our economy is worsened by electoral social structures. manipulation and a lack of transparency. Active Participation of the Laity Growing moral outrage against injustice & ○ Morally upright individuals should the rise of groups committed to positive engage in politics and work towards change can transform politics & build a more positive transformation just society ○ Education is a public service ○ Responsible exercise of suffrage The Church also critiques parts of Philippine politics based on an informed and mature that contribute to economic inequality: social conscience.  ○ Careful discernment in choosing provisions for sickness, old age, political candidates, considering disability, unemployment qualities such as competence, Promoting Profit Sharing integrity, concern for the poor, ○ Fosters community, loyalty, equity, patriotism, and environmental & productivity stewardship. ○ Builds a more just & harmonious Promoting CST Principles work environment. ○ Preferential Option for the Poor: Prioritize the needs of the most vulnerable members of society due _______________________________________ to income inequality in the TOPIC 6: SOCIO-CULTURAL SPHERE Philippines (wealthiest 10% earn significantly more than the poorest Pastoral Exhortation on Philippine Culture 10%); THose more privileged should embrace the universal Filipinos have traditional family values like.. destination of goods ○ Universal Purpose of Created Family-centeredness (Familism) Goods: Goods are intended to Hospitality benefit all people & should be Debts of gratitude (utang na loob) distributed justly. Perseverance (tiyaga) ○ Recognition of the Meaning and God-fearing (takot sa Diyos) Dignity of Work: Work is essential Power of influence (lakas) for human fulfillment but there are Reciprocity of interpersonal relationships objective & subjective aspects of (pakikisama ) work. ○ Priority of Labor over Capital: Some have positive and negative aspects to them: prioritize the welfare of workers over profit through a "community Too much emphasis on Family ties or of persons" based on solidarity and Family-centeredness can lead to mutual respect. clannishness and the inability to think Upholding the Rights of Workers beyond family interests (eg: political ○ Right to Decent Work: freely dynasties, nepotism, and corruption to chosen employment, protection protect family interests) from discrimination, the ability to support a family, right to organize, Hospitality can lead to extravagance, & a decent standard of living in showiness, and more emphasis on retirement appearance rather than substance (eg: ○ Right to Fair Wages: family wage prioritization of returning favors over (single income can sustain a family), fulfilling community duties, worker's contribution, national & universal common good, fair Pakikisama undermines our ability to compensation adhere to rules and legal structures, which ○ Safe Working Environment: right tends us to view rules and regulations as to safe working conditions, negotiable protection of morals, & security Church and Cultures  Pope Paul VI, in his Apostolic Exhortation Christianity and cultural values in the Evangelii Nuntiandi, saw the divorce Philippines between faith and culture in our age as “the drama of our time” (EN, 20) Black Nazarene St. John Paul II would say that he - Called as Nuestro Padre Hesus “considered the Church’s dialogue with Nazareno (Our Father Jesus Christ) culture of our time [as] vital area, one in - Brought from Mexico by which the destiny of the world at the end of Augustinian Recollects in the this twentieth century is at stake” (Letter seventeenth century creating the Pontificial Council for Culture, - The translacion, the procession of 28 June 1982) the image held every the 9th of January annually - Devotees claimed that the Black Nazarene grants their petitions Inculturation whether material or spiritual while for others, it is a vow (panata) A process by which an ecclessial community which was inherited from their lives its Christian faith and experience within ancestors. a given cultural context, in such a way that - Devotees call him Ama or Tatang, these not only find their expression in emphasizing authoritarian image in elements of local culture, but also become a Philippine context force that animates, reshapes and profoundly renews that culture, so as to - Authoritarian image is one who create new patterns of communion and provides, guides, and protects the communication with that culture and family. beyond it (Christ and Cultures, Center “Cultures and Religion”, Pontifical Gregorian - The Authoritarian image were University, 1983) projected to Christ Inculturation intends to not salvage cultures Santo Nino of the past, but through an appropriate The earliest Christian image in the recognition of past gains, to prepare Philippines. Given by Magellan to the queen christians to live out their faith in a of Cebu in 1521. continuously changing cultural context (Christ and Cultures, Center “Cultures and Celebrated every last Sunday of January Religion”, Pontifical Gregorian University, where the traditional image is dressed as 1983) king. Filipino Images of Christ Tradition has stories of how the Santo Nino St. John Paul II describes inculturation as defeated enemies in the battle, repulsed “the intimate transformation of authentic invaders, extinguished fires, provided food cultural values through their integration of etc. Christianity in the various cultures” The images of Christ in the Philippines The Santo Nino image was attractive among suggest a deep level of integration of Filipinos because of its baby face.  through a transformative process to bring Filipinos by nature are malambing (tender), the values of the Kingdom to various aspects vulnerable, maramdamin and matampuhin of society, including politics, economics, (sulky). family, and other social relations. These traits make the Filipinos identify - The Filipino people have to work harder to themselves with the child-image of Christ in correct excesses and defects in them Santo Nino. especially if those excesses and defects have become part of way of life Summary - These images of Christ are products of Filipino culture and how people worked as the best agents of inculturation - As such the Filipino Christ has given meaning to the people. These sustained the Filipinos in their trials and joys of life Recommendations for the continuing work of inculturation in the PH Church of Communion - Ph Church needs to be a true “Community of Disciples” in her work of evangelization through inculturation. Engaged Church - The church needs to undergo a long process of interaction with the Filipino culture and be relevant and effective in the work of evangelization Discerning Church - Christian faith involves a dynamic process of reflection. Egalitarian Quality of Culture - If the Church always condemns abuses and injustices, and struggles for the defense of the weak and marginalized, then no toleration for any sort of discrimination should be leveled on the Filipino Community. Conclusion - Despite the deep religiosity among Filipinos, there's a need for continuous inculturation