UNIT 2. BASIC CONCEPTS IN TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning Unit 2- BASIC CONCEPTS IN TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT "Sustainable tourism planning must focus on preserving the cultural and natural heritage of destinations while providing economic opportunities for...

Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning Unit 2- BASIC CONCEPTS IN TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT "Sustainable tourism planning must focus on preserving the cultural and natural heritage of destinations while providing economic opportunities for local communities." David L. Edgell Sr.: Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, you will be able to: students will develop a comprehensive tourism plans that integrate sustainable practices and address the economic, social, and environmental needs of destinations. Students will formulate policies and strategies that balance the interests of tourists, local communities, and the environment. Content TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Tourism planning - is the process of envisioning and organizing the future development of a destination's tourism industry. It involves strategic thinking and coordinated actions aimed at managing tourism in a way that balances economic, social, and environmental objectives. This process includes the assessment of current tourism resources, the identification of potential opportunities and challenges, the formulation of policies and strategies, and the implementation of specific actions to achieve sustainable tourism growth. Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning Importance of Tourism Planning: Sustainable Development: Ensures tourism growth does not compromise the destination's environmental and cultural integrity. Economic Benefits: Maximizes economic returns by enhancing visitor experiences and increasing tourist spending. Community Involvement: Engages local communities in the planning process, ensuring their needs and perspectives are considered. Risk Management: Identifies potential risks and develops strategies to mitigate negative impacts. Strategic Direction: Provides a clear roadmap for tourism development, helping stakeholders align their efforts towards common goals. New Zealand's Tourism Recreation Research and Education Centre (TRREC) provides these definitions: 1) Vision - a desired future state of the destination 2) Goals - broad-based targets for tourism (e.g., to modernize the international airport) 3) Objectives - targets that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time- bound (e.g., to increase passenger handling capacity of X Airport to two million a year, starting in 2016) 4) Strategies - the method by which objectives will be achieved (e.g., public-private partnership arrangement) TOURISM PLANNING DIMENSIONS The complexity of tourism plans varies according to level, time frame, scope, and space. In the context of tourism planning, the concepts of level, time frame, scope, and spatial unit are important for organizing and categorizing the planning process. Here’s an explanation of each LEVELS refers “to the scale at which tourism planning is conducted”. This can range from broad, overarching strategies to more detailed, localized plans. Depending on the scope and detail involved, a tourism plan may be carried out at the international, national, regional, provincial, municipal/city, or site level. International Level: Planning that involves multiple countries, often coordinated by international organizations or treaties. Examples include cross-border tourism initiatives and international tourism agreements. National Level: Planning conducted by a country’s central government. It involves setting national tourism policies, strategies, and frameworks. Regional Level: Planning within a specific region of a country, often encompassing multiple local jurisdictions. It addresses regional tourism development strategies. Local Level: Planning focused on a specific locality, such as a city, town, or community. It involves detailed plans for local attractions, infrastructure, and services. Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning TIME FRAME The time frame refers to “the duration over which tourism plans are designed to be implemented. It dictates how long the planning process and the resulting plans will cover”. Short-Term Planning: Typically spans 1 to 3 years. Focuses on immediate actions and objectives. Medium-Term Planning: Usually covers 4 to 10 years. Balances short-term actions with long- term goals. Long-Term Planning: Extends beyond 10 years. Aims at achieving broad, visionary goals and sustainable outcomes. SCOPE The scope refers to “the breadth and depth of the tourism planning process, including the range of issues, stakeholders, and areas it addresses”. Comprehensive Scope: involves planning that covers a wide range of factors, including environmental, economic, social, and cultural aspects, to create a holistic tourism strategy. It aims to integrate multiple components and ensure that all relevant issues are addressed. It involves a wide range of issues including economic, environmental, social, and cultural aspects of tourism. It aims at an integrated approach to tourism development. A tourism plan may be comprehensive in scope, or focused on one or just a few aspects of tourism planning. A comprehensive tourism plan is also known as Master Plan. A master plan is actually composed of several smaller plans. The Bohol (Province) Tourism Master Plan (2007) has six principal components: namely, physical (structure plan and the transportation infrastructure plan); environmental management plan; conservation management plan; entrepreneurship development plan; various sustainable development proposal; and the implementation plan. Other master plans may include institutional framework plan, human resource development plan, marketing plan, and investment promotion plan. Thematic Scope: Thematic scope refers to the specific focus or subject area within tourism planning that a plan or strategy addresses. It defines the central theme or issue around which the tourism development efforts are organized. Focuses on specific themes or issues within tourism, such as ecotourism, cultural tourism, adventure tourism, or sustainable tourism. Ecotourism: Focusing on nature-based tourism that emphasizes environmental conservation and sustainability. Cultural Tourism: Centered on promoting and preserving cultural heritage, traditions, and arts. Adventure Tourism: Concentrating on providing thrilling outdoor activities such as climbing, hiking, and water sports. Sustainable Tourism: Aimed at minimizing the environmental impact of tourism and ensuring that tourism benefits local communities and preserves natural resources. Sectoral Scope: Sectoral scope involves concentrating on individual segments of the tourism industry, such as accommodation, transportation, or attractions, rather than addressing tourism as a whole. Each sector is analyzed and developed according to its specific requirements and potential. Addresses particular sectors within tourism, such as accommodation, transportation, or attractions. SPATIAL UNITS Spatial unit refers “to the geographical area covered by the tourism plan. It defines the physical boundaries within which the planning activities and policies apply”. Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning Macro Spatial Unit: Large geographical areas such as regions, countries, or continents. Involves broad strategies and policies that affect extensive areas. Meso Spatial Unit: Intermediate areas such as provinces, states, or large cities. Balances broader policies with more specific local needs. Micro Spatial Unit: Small, localized areas such as towns, communities, neighborhoods, or specific attractions. Focuses on detailed, site-specific planning and management. The space covered in tourism planning is called a tourism development unit. The Department of Tourism-Japan International Cooperation Agency (DOTJICA) and the (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) UNESCO provide the following spatial concepts. Tourist site Tourist development area (TDA) Tourism cluster Tourism circuits Tourism corridor TOURIST SITE A tourist site is an area that contains one or more tourist attractions. A tourist attraction is defined by Tourism Western Australia (2006) as either "a physical or cultural feature of a particular place that individual travellers or tourists perceive as capable of meeting one or more of their specific leisure -related needs, or positive or favourable attributes of an area for a given activity or set of activities as desired by a given customer or market, including climate, scenery, activities, and culture. There are four categories of attractions (World Heritage Center in Stange et al. n.d.; Swarbrooke 1995) geophysical-landscape-aesthetic, ecological-biological, cultural-historical, and recreational 1. Geophysical-landscape-aesthetic This category includes: mountains, gorges/Canyon ,big rocks; rock formations; caves; rivers; water bodies; scenic views; unusual cloud formations; unusual meteorological conditions (e.g., high velocity wind behavior); thermal waters; volcanic activity; and unusual celestial events (e.g., Northern Lights, Perseid Meteor Showers, exceptionally clear night views for stargazing). 2. Ecological-biological. These include the following: organisms (their parts, behaviors, aggregations, or associations in communities with other organisms); and ecological events or processes (decomposition, reproduction, predation, migration, and fossil remains). Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning 3. Cultural-historical Included in this category are: human constructions, practices, and remains (archeological); manifestations of human evolution and cultural expression; ideas of particular individuals or events that are interpreted through objects and places like a house or a person's possession (e.g, the house of a national hero); and buildings which may be tourism-specific and/or not tourism-specific attractions (Swarbrooke 1995). Buildings include: churches, historic houses; archeological sites;ancient monuments;amusement parks; theme parks; open air museums; marinas; exhibition centers; craft centers; casinos; health complexes; and picnic sites; 4. Recreational These are attractions that are built or created by humans for the purpose of entertainment or education. Examples are: theme parks; botanical gardens; sports fields; motion-based attractions (such as roller coasters); ZOOS;museums; theaters; shopping malls; and events (eg., sports events, festivals, sales, and exhibitions). TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AREA A tourism development area is an area designated for possessing an important site or groups of tourist sites. Any town or city that has one or more tourist sites can be considered as a TDA. For instance, Baguio City, which has several important tourist sites is an example of a TDA. There is Session Road for shopping, dining and entertainment, the Mines View Park, Philippine Military Academy, Wright Park, and several others. A TDA may also cover more than one town or city, such as Vigan-Laoag TDA. TOURISM CLUSTER A tourism cluster is composed of two or more TDAs. The Central Visayas Tourism Cluster in the NTDP consists of five TDAs, namely: Northern Cebu-Bantayan-Malapascua, Metro Cebu-Mactan-Olango Island, Southern Cebu, Negros Oriental-Dumaguete-Siquijor, and Tagbilaran-Panglao Island. In this example, a city, town, or province, in whole or in part may be combined with other cities, towns, or provinces to form a cluster. However, a single province may also be a cluster on its own, such as Palawan. Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning TOURISM CIRCUIT A tourism circuit is defined as a route involving at least three major tourist destinations which are located in different towns, villages or cities (tourism.gov.in, 2013); and the destinations share common characteristics or themes. Examples are gastronomic (Pampanga, Bicol, and Iloilo), and surfing circuit (La Union, Baler, and Calicoan in Eastern Samar). TOURISM CORRIDOR A tourism corridor refers to a route defined by a theme (e.g., silk heritage corridor, a civilization) spanning several countries or even continents (https://en.unesco.org/silkroad). The National Tourism Development Plan identified 20 clusters composed of existing and emerging tourist development areas (TDA). The tourism clusters are: Northern Philippines Batanes, Cagayan Coast, and Babuyan Islands Laoag-Vigan (Laoag-Pagudpud, Vigan) Sierra Madre (Tuguegarao-Tabuk; Ilagan and Isabela Coast; Quirino) Cordillera (Central Cordillera; Benguet-Baguio-Mt. Province, Nueva Vizcaya) Lingayen Gulf (La Union Coast; Western Pangasinan Loop; East Pangasinan Circuit; Lingayen Coast and Islands) Central Luzon (Subic-Clark-Tarlac Corridor; Nueva Ecija; Pampanga; Bulacan; Zambales Coast; Bataan Coast and Inland; Aurora) Metro Manila and CALABARZON (Metro Manila and Environs; Nasugbu-Looc-Ternate- Cavite Coast; Laguna de Bay; Batangas Peninsula; Quezon Coast and Islands) Central Philippines Bicol (Camarines and Catanduanes; Albay-Sorsogon-Masbate) Marinduque-Mindoro-Romblon (Marinduque Island; Romblon Island; Puerto Galera; Southwest Mindoro Coast) Palawan (San Vicente-El Nido-Taytay; Puerto Princesa; Southern Palawan; Busuanga- Coron-Culion Islands) Western Visayas (Metro Iloilo-Guimaras; Bacolod-Silay; Boracay Island-Northern Antique-Kalibo; Capiz) Central Visayas (Northern Cebu-Bantayan-Malapascua; Metro Cebu-Mactan-Olango Island; Southern Cebu; Negros Oriental- Dumaguete-Siquijor; Tagbilaran-Panglao) Eastern Visayas (Northeastern Leyte-Basey-Marabut; Northeastern Leyte-Biliran: Southern Leyte; West Samar; Eastern Samar; Northern Samar) Southern Philippines Surigao-Dinagat Island (Dinagat-Siargao Islands; Surigao City-Lake Mainit) Agusan River Basin (Butuan City-Cabadbaran; Agusan Marsh; Agusan Sur-Hinatuan; Agusan Sur-Bislig) Cagayan de Oro Coast and Hinterland (Camiguin Island; Cagayan de Oro-Misamis Oriental Coast; Iligan City/Lanao del Norte; Misamis Occidental Coast and Tangub Bay/Ozamis-Oroquieta; Bukidnon) Zamboanga Peninsula (Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga City-Sta. Cruz-Isabela; Pagadian City-Zamboanga Del Sur; Dapitan; Dipolog) Davao Gulf and Coast (Davao City-Samal Island-Davao Del Norte; Davao Del Sur, Compostela Valley-Davao Oriental) Cotabato-Sarangani (Cotabato Province-Mt. Apo; South Cotabato-Lake Sebu, Sultan Kudarat; General Santos-Sarangani; Cotabato City) ARMM (Basilan-Tawi-Tawi-Jolo; Lanao Del Sur-Maguindanao) TOURISM DESTINATION Regardless of the area, number, and levels of political units involved, any tourism development unit may comprise a tourism destination. Put simply, a tourism development unit is a destination. The UNWTO (2004) defines a tourism destination as "a physical space in which a visitor spends at least one overnight". It includes tourism products such as support services and attractions, and tourism resources within one day's return travel time. It has physical and administrative boundaries defining its management, and images and perceptions defining its market competitiveness. Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning THE BENEFITS OF TOURISM PLANNING Enhanced Understanding and Learning: Planning encourages critical thinking and a focus on tasks, leading to a better understanding of tourism. It involves breaking down complex issues, identifying priorities, and conducting research, which leads to new knowledge and insights. Team members benefit from shared expertise and the transfer of skills to local support staff. Efficiency and Cost Savings: Planning helps avoid wasting time, money, and effort by reducing trial-and-error and ensuring a smoother path from conceptualization to implementation. Written plans prevent costly mistakes and long project durations by providing clear guidance. - Avoiding Wasted Resources: A written plan for developing a new hiking trail system reduces the likelihood of costly errors, such as constructing trails in areas prone to erosion. This saves time and money by ensuring the project is done correctly the first time. - Clear Guidance: Detailed plans outline each step of the project, from initial surveys to construction phases, helping to avoid delays and miscommunication. This streamlined approach ensures efficient use of resources and timely project completion. Prevention of Irreparable Damage: Good planning prevents unregulated construction that could harm natural beauty and ensures accurate demand forecasts to avoid financial losses. It mitigates risks of negative impacts on destinations by considering environmental and cultural preservation. Building Social Capital: Participatory planning fosters trust and support among stakeholders, including industry, government, NGOs, and local communities. Networking and dialogue enhance cooperation, support, and approval for the plan's implementation. FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR EFFECTIVE TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT There are a number of factors that need to be considered for effective tourism planning and product development. 1. availability and quality of tourism-relevant data; 2. availability of tourism planning expertise; 3. the type and variety of tourism resource; 4. the culture of the destination residents; 5. geographic location and spatial distribution of the tourism development units; 6. target markets; 7. stage in the tourism area life cycle; 8. tourism development paradigm held by the influential actors in tourism development; 9. national tourism policy and legislation; 10. perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders; 11. awareness of external forces impinging on tourism planning and development; 12. and financial capital requirement. 1. Availability and Quality of Tourism-relevant Data The availability of up-to-date and comprehensive tourism-relevant data affects the level of accuracy of estimating supply capacity, forecasting demand, and monitoring outcomes. National level tourism-related Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning data are generally updated every year, and are relatively accessible even in the Internet. However, they become less updated and available as we go down to the municipal or barangay level. Local government units should make an effort to improve data gathering at the lower levels. 2. Caliber of Planning Expertise The caliber of planning expertise refers to the level of skill and knowledge possessed by individuals involved in tourism planning. High-quality planning outputs depend on the expertise of the planning team, which is developed through extensive education and professional experience. Expertise only be built over long years of education and professional experience. Unfortunately, advanced teams made up of people with no relevant educational or professional background. That explains courses in tourism planning are not available in the country. 3. Type and Variety of Tourism Resources The type and variety of tourism resources refer to the natural, cultural, or man-made features available in a destination that can be leveraged to develop tourism products. These resources shape the types of tourism experiences a destination can offer and influence the target market. The characteristics of these resources determine how a destination will develop its tourism products and services. Resource Limitations: The available resources limit the options for tourism development. A destination must create tourism products that align with what it has to offer. Development Focus: Destinations tailor their tourism offerings based on their unique resources. For instance, areas with beautiful natural landscapes may focus on eco-tourism, while those with rich cultural heritage may emphasize cultural tourism. Examples 1. Maldives: Type of Resources: The Maldives has stunning natural resources, including white sandy beaches, crystal-clear waters, and unique marine life. Development Focus: Due to its limited land area and high cost of infrastructure development, the Maldives has concentrated on developing high-end luxury resorts. The country's remote location and limited absorptive capacity (the ability to handle large numbers of tourists) make it an expensive destination, so it targets affluent travelers who seek exclusive, high-quality experiences. Example: The Maldives offers overwater bungalows and luxury resorts designed to provide unique and high-end experiences in a secluded and picturesque environment. The focus is on attracting wealthy tourists who value privacy and luxury. 2. Singapore: Type of Resources: Singapore has limited natural tourism assets. Its resources are more urban and man-made. Development Focus: Singapore has leveraged its lack of natural resources by developing a wide range of man-made attractions, such as theme parks, artificial gardens, and shopping districts. This strategy has helped the city-state become a global tourism hub with diverse attractions. Example: Singapore’s Marina Bay Sands, Gardens by the Bay, and Sentosa Island are examples of man-made attractions that draw tourists. These attractions include futuristic architecture, themed gardens, and entertainment options designed to appeal to a broad range of visitors. Kind of Tourism Resources in Adjacent Destinations The kind of tourism resources in adjacent destinations has implications on competitive strategies. A destination needs to differentiate its product with real or imagined uniqueness to compete with destinations offering similar attractions. According to Prof. Felipe de Leon Jr., a destination can compete by establishing its cultural identity in terms of the following: originality - being the first to have a particular attraction; indigenousness - having something that can only be found in your destination; authenticity - being true to traditions and methods of preparation, not contrived; uniqueness - not found anywhere else; false linnaliival historicity - being significant for a particular event; magnitude - being the tallest, smallest, biggest, scariest, or anything superlative; or excellence - having the highest quality. Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning 4. Culture of the Destination Residents The cultural characteristics of a destination refers to the shared values, traditions, practices, and lifestyle of the local population in a tourism destination. This cultural context significantly influences the type of tourism experiences that can be offered and shapes the appeal of the destination to various tourist segments. 5. Geographic Location and Spatial Distribution of the Tourism Development Units Geographic location and spatial distribution of the tourism development units are another important consideration in tourism planning and development. Geographic location has direct impacts on several factors that affect tourism development, such as climate, security, vulnerability to natural disasters, and infrastructure requirements. Climate affects the seasonality of tourism, the range of activities that can be offered to the tourists, the kinds of foods available, and types of buildings that can be constructed. Geographic location also affects real and perceived security. 6. Target Market Target Market refers to the specific group of consumers or tourists that a destination or tourism business aims to attract and serve. It involves identifying and understanding the preferences, behaviors, demographics, and needs of potential visitors to tailor tourism products and marketing strategies accordingly. Key Aspects: Demographics: This includes age, gender, income level, nationality, and other demographic factors that influence travel preferences and spending habits. Psychographics: This involves understanding the interests, values, lifestyles, and motivations of potential tourists. For example, adventure seekers may prefer eco-tourism, while luxury travelers might look for high-end resorts. Behavioral Characteristics: These include travel habits, booking preferences, and spending patterns. Understanding these behaviors helps in designing appropriate tourism products and services. Market Segmentation: Dividing the broader market into smaller segments based on shared characteristics helps in targeting specific groups more effectively. 7. Stages in the Tourism Area Life Cycle The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) is another important consideration in tourism planning. Refers a theoretical model that describes the stages of development that a tourism destination typically goes through, from inception to decline. TALC was conceived by Butler in 1980, and has become a popular model for analyzing the development of a tourist destination. The TALC goes through the following stages: 1. Exploration. The destination is "discovered" by a few people, who are mostly made up of independent travelers. At this stage, the facilities that are available are not of "tourist standards"; they are used and owned by locals. Tourism is limited due to lack of access and facilities. Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning 2. Involvement. The destination experiences greater and regular visitations, and seasonal patterns may be observed. The community begins to adapt to tourism and may even begin to advirtise. The government may be pressured to provide infrastructure. 3. Development. Additional tourism infrastructure may be present. Well-defined regular market areas, stimulated by extensive advertising emerge. Tourists during peak season outnumber the locals. The community rapidly loses involvement and control of tourism development. 4. Consolidation. Growth rate in tourist arrivals declines, although numbers are still increasing. A business zone appears and some older facilities are perceived as second rate. 5. Stagnation. The number of tourists reaches or exceeds the carrying capacity and environmental, social, and economic problems are experienced. The resort begins to lose its appeal and property owners begin to sell. Few new establishments open, facilities depreciate in value, and local ownership of tourist facilities increases. 6. Decline or rejuvenation. The alternative outcomes in the post-stagnation phase Decline may ensue if the tourist market continues to wane and the resort is not able to compete with newer attractions. On the other hand, the resort may go through rejuvenation if it is able to renovate or develop an artificial attraction by exploiting previously untapped resources. Exploration and Involvement Stages ✓ Selling new products/services to new markets (Ansoff 1965) ✓ Building market share (Heath and Wall 1992) Development Stage ✓ Overall cost leadership strategy - prices the product competitively and relative to how it is perceived by customers (Thompson 1997) ✓ Differentiation strategy - creates extra value for which the buyer is willing to pay premium prices; creates a unique product in relation to competing products, by investing heavily in product features, research, customer service, marketing, design, and image of the product ✓ Focus or niche strategy - narrows products/services to particular market segments (Kotler 1994). Consolidation and Stagnation Stages ✓ Selling new products/services to existing markets (Ansoff 1965) ✓ Maintain market share ✓ Selling existing products/services to existing markets (Ansoff 1965) Decline ✓ Harvesting - makes as much money before withdrawing the product ✓ Ceasing operation (withdrawal) - prevents further losses Rejuvenation ✓ Offer existing products/services to new markets (Ansoff 1965) such as birdwatching activity to ecotourists ✓ Boost sales, revenue growth, and high market share by appropriate expenditure on advertising, distribution, and development (Henderson 1979) ✓ Reposition from "commodity" to a position of "status", by product differentiation (Gilbert 1990) 8. Tourism Development Paradigm The development paradigm or philosophy held by the most influential actors in tourism development defines the choice of issues, goals, and strategies of tourism development. For example, a pro-poor tourism paradigm will result in poverty alleviation being the focal mission of tourism development. This will have the effect of prioritizing tourism projects that will benefit the poor and other vulnerable groups. On the other hand, a biocentric development perspective will cause tourism planners to favor low-impact tourism development, such as low-volume ecotourism, which exerts minimal damage to the environment. 9. National Tourism Policy and Legislation Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning refers to the set of laws, regulations, and strategic frameworks established by a government to guide and regulate the development, management, and promotion of tourism within a country. These policies and laws are designed to ensure that tourism contributes positively to the national economy, society, and environment, while also protecting and promoting cultural and natural heritage. 10. Stakeholders' Perceptions and Attitudes Stakeholders' perceptions and attitudes refer to the views, opinions, and feelings of individuals or groups who have an interest or involvement in tourism development and management. A positive perception of tourism results in people embracing tourism development, negative perception will make people oppose it. Key Aspects 1. Perceptions defines how stakeholders view or interpret tourism development and its impact on their lives, businesses, and environment. Perceptions can be positive, negative, or mixed, depending on individual experiences and interests. Examples: ▪ Local Residents: Residents might perceive tourism as a positive economic opportunity if it creates jobs and improves infrastructure, or as a negative impact if it leads to overcrowding and environmental degradation. ▪ Tourists: Visitors might perceive a destination as friendly and well-managed, or as lacking in amenities and over-commercialized. 2. Attitudes- refers the attitudes of stakeholders reflect their general feelings or stances towards tourism, which can influence their level of support or opposition to tourism initiatives. Examples: Government Officials: Officials might have a supportive attitude towards tourism if it aligns with national economic goals and generates revenue, or a cautious attitude if there are concerns about sustainability and community impact. Tourism Businesses: Businesses may have a positive attitude if tourism brings profit and growth, or a critical attitude if regulations are seen as burdensome or if competition impacts their profitability. 11. Awareness of external forces impinging on tourism planning and development; Awareness of external forces impinging on tourism planning and development refers to the understanding and consideration of factors outside a destination or organization that can influence or impact tourism activities and strategies. These external forces can be economic, political, social, environmental, or technological, and they can affect tourism planning, development, and management in various ways. 12. Financial Capital Requirement refers to the total amount of funding needed to start and sustain a tourism project. This includes costs for infrastructure, operations, marketing, staffing, and other essential expenditures. The ability to secure this funding is crucial in determining whether a tourism project is viable and can be successfully executed.The amount of financial capital required by a tourism project and the ability to raise such amount are also a major consideration in whether to proceed with tourism development or not. Thank you for reading!! Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only Tourism Development Strategies and Policy Planning UNIT 2- Learning Activity 1- 3: ASSESSMENT: UNIT 2 ( 30 ITEMS) Write your thoughts Don’t leave this space Add/insert Your photo/ ( Write your thoughts here) emoji here YOU CAN USE VERNACULAR ( BISAYA WORDS) LANGUAGE! References : Andriotis, K 2001. Strategies on resort areas and their lifecycle stages. Tourism Review. 56 (1/2), pp. 40–43. http://ktisis.cutaccy/jspui/bitstream. Berne Declaration and the Working Group on Tourism and Development. The WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Sustainable Tourism in Developing countries - in Contradiction?: Position paper by the Berne Declaration and the Working Group on Tourism and Development, Switzerland on the World Trade Organization's Policy of Liberalising the Tourism Sector. Butler, RW. 1980. The concept of tourism area cycle of evolution: implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographer. 24 (1), pp. 5-12 Chaisawat, Mnd. Chapter 2: Related Concepts, Theory, Literature Review. PDF. Department of Tourism, Republic of the Philippines and Japan International Cooperation Agency. 2012. Tourism Development Planning Guidebook for Local Government Units. DOT and JICA Department of Tourism. 1991. Philippine Tourism Master Plan. Department of Tourism. 2011. National Tourism Development Plan 2011-2016. Public-Private Partnership Center. 2013. The PPP Program. Retrieved from ppp.gov.ph. Republic Act 9593.2009. Tourism Act (AN ACT DECLARING A NATIONAL POLICY FOR TOURISM AS AN ENGINE OF INVESTMENT, EMPLOYMENT, GROWTH AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, AND STRENGTHENING THE DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND ITS ATTACHED AGENCIES TO EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY IMPLEMENT THAT POLICY, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE) Scott, N. 2011. Tourism Policy: A Strategic Review. Contemporary Tourism Reviews. Cooper, C. (Ed.). Woodeaton, Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers Limited. Not intended for publication. For classroom instruction purposes only