Unit 2 Plant & Animal Processes PDF

Notes Sheet: This is not meant to replace any classroom assignments. Use this as a guide to study! Unit 2: Plant and Animal Processes & Energy Chapter 11: Plant Processes Plant Needs Plants 4 basic needs: Sunlight (essential for photosynthesis) Water and fo...

Notes Sheet: This is not meant to replace any classroom assignments. Use this as a guide to study! Unit 2: Plant and Animal Processes & Energy Chapter 11: Plant Processes Plant Needs Plants 4 basic needs: Sunlight (essential for photosynthesis) Water and food (transported via xylem & phloem) minerals (xylem) a way to exchange gases with the air (Carbon dioxide & transpiration via stomata) Photosynthesis Photosynthesis equation: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂. Reactants:(ingredients needed) carbon dioxide and water Products: (outcome) glucose aka sugar and oxygen. Xylem transports water ; phloem transports food (glucose). Specialized structures: stomata and guard cells Stomata: structure that regulates gas exchange found on the underside of the leaf Guard Cells: aid in opening and closing the stomata Plant Tissue Systems Vascular Tissue: Xylem and phloem Dermal tissue: the outer covering, protecting against water loss Ground tissue produces and stores sugars. Plant Reproduction & Parts Seed Functions Seeds serve the purposes of: reproduction, survival, and dispersal. Reproduction: Seeds contain genetic material (DNA) necessary for plant growth. Survival: Seeds have protective outer layers and internal food sources to sustain the plant until photosynthesis begins. Dispersal: the way a seed can spread to new places: Wind, water, bursting, animals (fur), humans via crops Germination: the process of a plant growing from a seed. Conditions required for germination: moisture, warmth, and some oxygen. Parts of a Plant Root System: Anchors the plant to the soil, absorbs water/minerals, and stores sugar. Shoot System: Grows from the roots and supports the plant, transporting water and sugar needed for survival. Plant Leaves: Collect sunlight for photosynthesis, facilitate gas exchange (via stomata on the underside), and transpire water. Parts of a Flower  Notes Sheet: This is not meant to replace any classroom assignments. Use this as a guide to study! Petals: Attract insects and pollinators, signaling pollination when shed. Sepal: Leaf-like structures protecting the flower bud before blooming. Stamen: Male part producing pollen, consisting of an anther and filament. Carpel: Female part producing seeds/eggs, comprising stigma, style, and ovary. Example: Flowers with multiple carpels may have higher seed production rates. Plant Reproduction Methods Sexual Reproduction: pollination via pollen (make & female structures), creates diverse fruits/organisms, Miosis Asexual Reproduction: vegetative propagation(propagate), identical offspring without genetic variation through mitosis. Tropisms: Stimulus: A plant’s response to a stimuli (gravity, light, touch) Negative feedback(response/stimulus): A plant moving AWAY and AGAINST the stimulus Positive feedback (response/stimulus): A plant moving TOWARDS the stimulus Geotropism (Gravitropism): A plant’s response to gravity; Gravity always pushes DOWN Negative Geotropism: the stem/leaves moving up against gravity Positive Geotropism: the roots moving down deeper into the soil. Phototropism: A plant’s response to light Negative Phototropism: the roots moving down and away  Notes Sheet: This is not meant to replace any classroom assignments. Use this as a guide to study! from the light; if roots moved to the light the roots would dry out and not be able to absorb water effectively Positive Phototropism: the stem and leaves moving towards the light to collect sunlight Thigmotropism: A plant’s response to touch Benefit: Plants can use thigmotropism to “climb” and reach sunlight Chapter 12: Animal Processes Levels of organization: (simple to complex) Cell: The basic unit of life. Tissue: A group of cells with a similar function. Organ: A collection of tissues working together. Organ System: Multiple organs working together to perform a specific function. Organism: A living individual. Homeostasis Definition: The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in its external environment. Feedback Inhibition: Definition: A process in which the output of a system regulates the input of that system; Can be positive and negative Negative Feedback Loop: A type of feedback inhibition where the output of a system opposes the input. ○ Most common type of feedback in biological systems. ○ Helps maintain homeostasis by preventing extremes. Examples: Body temperature regulation, hunger, blood pressure  Notes Sheet: This is not meant to replace any classroom assignments. Use this as a guide to study! Positive Feedback Loop: A type of feedback inhibition where the output of a system reinforces the input. ○ Less common in biological systems. ○ Often involved in rapid processes like childbirth or blood clotting. Examples: blood clotting, child birth Endotherms VS Ectotherms: Endotherm: Organisms that can generate their own body heat internally. Endo = inner, inside, self Often referred to as "warm-blooded." Examples include mammals and birds. Can maintain a constant body temperature regardless of the external environment. Ectotherm: Organisms that rely on their external environment to regulate their body temperature. Ecto = external, outside, outermost Often referred to as "cold-blooded." Examples include reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Can adjust their behavior to regulate temperature (e.g., sunbathing or seeking shade). Systems that Aid in Homeostasis: Digestive System: Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption, providing energy and building materials for the body. Immune System: Protects the body from pathogens, maintaining internal balance. Circulatory System: Transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.  Notes Sheet: This is not meant to replace any classroom assignments. Use this as a guide to study! Respiratory System: Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. Endocrine System: sends chemical signals (hormones) to needed cells/tissues/organs/organ systems to aid in a response. How does each system aid other systems in homeostasis: Immune Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Endocrine Function Helps against Breaks down The main brings in Send pathogens/ food into transport oxygen from chemical harmful nutrients system in (inhale), message bacteria, humans, removes (hormones) viruses CO2 to all cells (exhales) Organs / White Blood Mouth, Red blood Lungs, Hormones cells cells stomach, cells, heart, esophagus, (testosterone, involved: liver, arteries, bronchioles adrenaline, intestines, veins, estrogen etc) rectum capillaries How it blocks/kills off provides Sends Provides Hormones supports harmful energy, nutrients, needed are needed other organisms that removes hormones etc oxygen to to help systems: can affect other waste, to all tissues other tissues regulate or fix systems absorbs and organs cells / organs water, repairs cells How it aids in repair, Helps by It sends Rids the body Aids in repair, maintains and stopping regulating needed of carbon and works homeosta the pathogen absorption nutrients to dioxide with the sis: from further and cells, tissues (waste) circulatory harm hydration, and organs system to and excreting and send waste transfers/help hormones; s with filtering needed for out waste feedback systems Animal Processes: Mitosis VS Meiosis Meiosis (sexual reproduction) Definition Cell division producing haploid cells (n) ; Most animals & some plants (Sperm and egg cells) Key Points: - Advantages:  Notes Sheet: This is not meant to replace any classroom assignments. Use this as a guide to study! - Genetic diversity (unique offspring) - Adaptation - Disadvantages: - Time consuming - Energy consuming Mitosis: (asexual reproduction) Definition: Cell division producing identical cells (2n), Body Cells (muscle, skin, nerve etc) Key points: - Advantages: - Energy Efficient - Quick reproduction - Disadvantages - Lack of diversity - prone to disease - Rapid growth (bad if unchecked) Chapter 2: Energy Processes Photosynthesis: Organelle: Chloroplast (pigment, chlorophyll) -Only found in plants Stroma: Liquid inside the chloroplast Thylakoid: A disk-like structure inside the chloroplast Grana (Granum): A stack of thylakoids Description of the process: Light Reactions: Light is NEEDED The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis (Happens in the thylakoid) convert light energy into chemical energy, stored in ATP. It uses Water (H₂O) to convert into Oxygen (O₂). Hydrogen is used in the next cycle. Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle) : Used with Light Can occur in the presence of light or darkness. or DARK ( No Light) This process uses ATP to attach a hydrogen to (Happens in the stroma) carbon dioxide (CO₂), to create glucose/sugar (C₆H₁₂O₆). The ATP Phosphate is used, then recycled back into the light reaction process. Important Elements in the Diagram: Organelle: Chloroplast, Light, Light Reactions, Calvin Cycle, Reactants (H2) + CO2), Products (O2 + Sugar/ Glucose)  Notes Sheet: This is not meant to replace any classroom assignments. Use this as a guide to study! Cellular Respiration: Organelle: Mitochondria (in both plants and animals) Cytoplasm: the gel-like substance inside cells Glycolysis: Glyco = Glucose Lysis =Break or separate; The process that breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules. This must happen in order for glucose to enter the mitochondria. This process produces 2 ATP. This is an aerobic process. Kreb’s Cycle: Pyruvate enters the mitochondria. This process uses oxygen and happens inside the mitochondria. 2 ATP is produced. Electron Transport Chain: Occurs in the mitochondria, uses oxygen and produces the bulk of ATP (energy) for cellular respiration, 34 ATP. Produces water as a product. Fermentation & Lactic Acid: Anaerobic Process = No oxygen.  Notes Sheet: This is not meant to replace any classroom assignments. Use this as a guide to study! Yeast & Bacteria - Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation> Releases CO₂ Muscle Cells - Lactic Acid Fermentation > Muscle soreness Photosynthesis VS Cellular Respiration: Photosynthesis Both Cellular Respiration Plants use sunlight to One processes reactants are Cells use oxygen to break convert water and carbon the other processes products down sugar (glucose) into dioxide into sugar (glucose) One is in plants, energy, water, and carbon and oxygen. dioxide.