Unit 2 Skeletal System Objectives & Worksheet PDF

Unit 2 Skeletal System Objectives: After completing the Required Readings assigned for this topic, you will be able to: Identify the bones of the human skeleton Describe the major bone markings Readings: Any Anatomy & Physiology text may also be helpful throughout the semester. Skull http...

Unit 2 Skeletal System Objectives: After completing the Required Readings assigned for this topic, you will be able to: Identify the bones of the human skeleton Describe the major bone markings Readings: Any Anatomy & Physiology text may also be helpful throughout the semester. Skull https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/anatomy-skull-bones https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-skull Thoracic Cage and Vertebral Column https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/thoracic-cage https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/vertebral-column-anterior-view Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/main-bones-of-found-on-upper-extremity https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/hand-bones-and-ligaments Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/main-bones-found-on-lower-limb https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/hip-bone https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/foot-bones-and-ligaments  The Skull 1. Label the following bones on the skull diagrams below: Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Parietal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Lacrimal bones Palatine bone Maxilla Mandible Vomer bone Inferior nasal conchae Frontal bone Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible Parietal bone Frontal bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Zygomatic bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Vomer bone Inferior nasal conchae Maxilla Mandible  Maxilla Zygomatic bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone Occipital bone Parietal bone Parietal bone Frontal bone Occipital bone Temporal Maxilla Mandible Parietal bone Images of superior and posterior aspects of skull adapted from: https://open.oregonstate.education/app/uploads/sites/48/2019/07/Sutures_of_the_skull-1009x1024.png  2. Which skull bones are found in pairs (a right and left)? maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae. 3. Which bones associated with the skull are considered extracranial bones? Why? Mandible and hyoid bones are considered extracranial because they are outside the cranium (bony structure that surrounds the brain). Some references may include the ear ossicles as they are not part of the cranium itself, while others do not as they are technically inside the cranium. 4. Define the term “neurocranium” and list the bones that make up the neurocranium. The neurocranium is the upper and back part of the skull that protects the brain. It's also known as the braincase or brainpan. It is made up of the ethmoid, frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, and temporal bones. 5. Define the term “viscerocranium” and list the bones that make up the viscerocranium. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull that forms the face and jaw. It's also known as the facial skeleton. The face skeleton includes 14 bones (6 paired and 2 unpaired). These bones include the paired inferior nasal conchae, nasal bones, maxillae, palatine bones, lacrimal bones and zygomatic bones, as well as the unpaired mandible, and vomer.  Thoracic cage and vertebral column 6. On the diagrams below, label the following bones: Ribs Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Sternum Thoracic vertebrae Sternum Ribs Thoracic vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx  Cervical vertebrae C1-C7 Thoracic vertebrae T1-T12 Lumbar vertebrae L1-L5 Sacrum Coccyx 7. Indicate on the diagram above the number of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. 8. Explain the difference between a true, false, and floating rib. Which ribs fall into these categories in the human body? True rib (1-7): ribs that directly articulate with the sternum with their costal cartilages False ribs (8,9,10): ribs that indirectly articulate with the sternum, as their costal cartilages connect with the seventh costal cartilage Floating ribs (11,12): do not articulate with the sternum at all (distal two ribs).  9. Identify the 3 different portions of the sternum in the following diagram. Manubrium Body Xiphoid Process Pectoral Girdle and Upper limb 10. Label these bones on the following diagrams. Scapula Clavicle Humerus Radius Ulna Clavicle Humerus Scapula Radius Ulna Radius Ulna  Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Images of upper limb adapted from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Human_arm_bones_diagram.jpg and https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:An_%C3%A9corch%C3%A9_showing_bones,_with_left_arm_extended_to_the_side_Wellcome_V0007937ER.jpg 11. Label the following bones on the diagrams of the hands below: Carpal bones: Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, pisiform Metacarpal bones : 1-5 Phalanges : Proximal (5), middle (4), distal, (5) Phalanges Metacarpals Pisiform Triquetrum 5 Distal Middle Hamate 4 Proximal 3 Lunate 2 Capitate Scaphoid 1 Trapezoid Trapezium  Metacarpals Trapezium 1 Trapezoid 2 Scaphoid 3 Proximal Middle Distal Capitate 4 Lunate 5 Triquetrum Hamate Pisiform Phalanges Pelvic Girdle and Lower limb 12. Label The following bones on the diagrams below. Hip bone Ischium Pubis Ilium Femur Tibia Fibula Patella Sacrum Coccyx Ilium Pubis Ishium  Ilium Sacrum Coccyx Ischium Pubis Ilium Sacrum Coccyx Ischium Pubis Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Image of lower limb skeleton adapted from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Human_leg_bones_labeled.svg  13. Label the following bones of the foot on the diagrams below. Tarsal bones: Talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid Metatarsal bones: 1-5 Phalanges: Proximal, middle, and distal phalanx (toes 2-5), proximal and distal phalanx (great toe) Calcaneus Cuboid Talus Cuboid Lateral Navicular cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Intermediate Medial cuneiform cuneiform Metatarsals 5 Metatarsals 4 5 4 2 1 1 2 3 3 Phalanges Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal Great toe  Talus Intermediate Navicular cuneiform Metatarsals Phalanges Medial cuneiform Calcaneus Intermediate cuneiform Navicular Talus Metatarsals Phalanges Lateral Cuboid Calcaneus cuneiform 14. Describe how the metacarpals within a hand are distinguished from each other. How are the metatarsals distinguished? The phalanges? Metacarpals: Numbered 1-5 starting at the thumb or big toe Phalanges: Proximal, middle, distal 15. Name all the bones of each of the following body structures: a. Cranium Cranial (8): occipital, two temporal, two parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal Facial (14): vomer, two inferior nasal conchae, two nasal, two maxillae, mandible, two palatine, two zygomatic, two lacrimal b. Thoracic cage Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae c. Pectoral girdle Clavicle and scapula d. Upper Limb Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges e. Vertebral Column Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx f. Pelvic girdle ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, and coccyx g. Lower Limb Femur, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges  16. Label or colour-code the two diagrams below to show which bones make up the: a. Thoracic cage e. Upper limb b. Pectoral girdle f. Lower limb c. Pelvic girdle g. Skull d. Vertebral column (but are not part of the thoracic cage) h. i. 17. Which bones are part of the axial skeleton? Which bones are part of the appendicular skeleton? Axial: Skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs, sternum Appendicular: Pelvis, femur, fibula, tibia, patella, bones of the ankle and feet, scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, bones of the wrist and hands. Unit 2 Part B: Bone Markings Readings: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513259/#article-32155.s6 https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/complete-list-of-bone-markings 1. What are “bone markings” and why are they important? Bone markings are projections, depressions, or holes found on the bone structure. They are important for identification of bones, enabling joints to form and bones to lock in place or move in relation to each other, providing places for muscle and connective tissues to attach and provide structural support. Bone markings also provide protection and a pathway to nerves, vessels, and other structures. 2. Identify and define the 2 categories of bone markings. Which markings on the table below fall into each category? It depends on the reference. Some use 3 categories (for example, articulations, projections, and holes). Kenhub uses 2 categories: Projections: Condyle, Epicondyle, Process, Protuberance, Tubercle, Tuberosity, Trochanter, Spine, Linea (line), Facet, Crests, and Ridges Depressions & Holes: Foramen, Fissure, Meatus, Fossa, Fovea, Incisure, Sulcus, and Sinus 3. Complete the following table describing bone markings. MARKING DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE(S) Rounded knobs that form articulations with other bones, lateral condyle of Condyle providing structural support to the articular surface and femur, which is helping to absorb the force exerted at the joint. palpable at the knee Bony area on or above a condyle. Mainly an area for muscle or Medial epicondyle of Epicondyle ligament attachment. humerus  Mastoid process, Process Bulging bony outgrowth of a larger bone often for muscle which is palpable attachment. behind the ear External occipital Protuberance Similar to processes, they are swelling, bulging or protruding protuberance, which is parts of bone. palpable from the back of the head Tubercle Small rounded prominence, often a site of tendon or ligament Adductor tubercle of attachment. femur Similar to a tuberosity, but they are larger, found in varying Tuberosity shapes and often rough in texture. Also for tendon or Ulnar tuberosity ligament attachment. Present only on the femur. A very large, blunt, irregularly Greater and lesser Trochanter shaped process that is an attachment point for muscles and trochanter of the ligaments. femur A sharp, slender projection of the bone which is useful for Spine of the sphenoid Spine attachment of muscles or ligaments. bone A subtle, long, and narrow impression which distinguishes Linea itself in elevation, color or texture from surrounding tissues linea aspera of femur A flat smooth area of the bone which serves as an articular acromial facet Facet surface. of clavicle Prominent, raised edges of a bone. They are of medium Crest thickness and often found at sites of muscle attachment Iliac crest Lateral (fibula) and Malleolus The bony prominence on each side of the ankle. medial (tibia) malleolus Foramen Foramina (sing: foramen) are holes or openings in a bone, Jugular foramen usually through which nerves and blood vessels pass Fossa and A broad, shallow depression in the bone surface. A fovea is Temporal fossa Fovea similar but smaller. Notch An indentation at the edge of a structure, like a cleft. Scapular notch or sciatic notch A short, tube-like channel extending into the bone. It can External acoustic Meatus provide passage and protection to nerves and vessels. meatus (ear canal)