Human Skeleton Anatomy Flashcards PDF

The human skeleton is divided into two main groups: the axial skeleton, which includes the Describe the two main groups of the human bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib skeleto...

The human skeleton is divided into two main groups: the axial skeleton, which includes the Describe the two main groups of the human bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib skeleton. cage, and the appendicular skeleton, which consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip. The axial skeleton functions to protect, Define the function of the axial skeleton. support, and carry other body parts. Bones are classified by shape into four How are bones classified by shape? categories: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Yes, long bones are longer than they are wide, Do long bones have a specific structure? consisting of a shaft and two ends. Give an example of a long bone. An example of a long bone is the humerus. What are short bones and where are they Short bones are cube-shaped bones found in found? the wrist and ankle.  Sesamoid bones are shaped like a sesame Define sesamoid bones and provide an seed and form within tendons; an example is example. the patella. Flat bones are thin, flattened, and slightly Describe flat bones and provide examples. curved; examples include the sternum and most skull bones. Irregular bones have complicated shapes, What characterizes irregular bones? such as the vertebrae and hip bones. The functions of bones include support, List the functions of bones. protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Bones form the framework that supports the How do bones provide support to the body? body and cradles soft organs. Bones provide a protective case for vital What role do bones play in protection? structures such as the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.  Bones provide levers for muscles, enabling Explain how bones facilitate movement. movement. What is the significance of mineral storage in Bones serve as a reservoir for minerals, bones? especially calcium and phosphorus. Where does blood cell formation occur in Blood cell formation, or hematopoiesis, occurs bones? within the marrow cavities of bones. A tuberosity is a rounded projection on a Define tuberosity in terms of bone markings. bone. What is a crest in bone anatomy? A crest is a narrow, prominent ridge of bone. A trochanter is a large, blunt, irregular surface Describe a trochanter. on a bone.  What is the function of a line in bone A line is a narrow ridge of bone. structure? Define tubercle in the context of bone A tubercle is a small rounded projection on a markings. bone. An epicondyle is a raised area above a What is an epicondyle? condyle on a bone. Explain the term spine as it relates to bone A spine is a sharp, slender projection on a anatomy. bone. What does the term process refer to in bone The term process refers to any bony markings? prominence on a bone. The organic components of bone include cells such as osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), Describe the organic components of bone. osteocytes (mature bone cells), and osteoclasts (large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix).  Osteoid is the unmineralized bone matrix Describe osteoid. composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen. The skeleton is a strong, yet light structure composed of bones, cartilages, joints, and Define the skeleton. ligaments, accounting for about 20% of body mass. The skeleton is divided into two main parts: How is the skeleton divided? the Axial skeleton and the Appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton supports the head, neck, What is the function of the axial skeleton? and trunk, and protects the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs. The three regions of the axial skeleton are the List the three regions of the axial skeleton. skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax. The skull is the body's most complex bony Describe the skull's composition. structure, formed by the cranium and facial bones.  The cranium protects the brain and serves as What is the role of the cranium? the site of attachment for head and neck muscles. Facial bones provide the framework of the face, house the sense organs, support the How do facial bones contribute to the skull? teeth, and allow for the passage of air and food. The cranium can be divided into the cranial Define the anatomy of the cranium. vault (calvaria) and cranial base (floor), consisting of eight cranial bones. Major markings of the frontal bone include the What are the major markings of the frontal supraorbital margins, the anterior cranial bone? fossa, and the frontal sinuses. Parietal bones are curved, rectangular bones Describe the parietal bones. that form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull. The occipital bone forms most of the skull's What is the significance of the occipital bone? posterior wall and base and articulates with the parietal and temporal bones.  Major markings of the occipital bone include Identify the major markings of the occipital the posterior cranial fossa, foramen magnum, bone. occipital condyles, and the hypoglossal canal. What is the function of the stylomastoid The stylomastoid foramen allows cranial foramen? nerve VII to leave the skull. The mastoid process is a conspicuous feature Describe the mastoid process of the temporal of the mastoid region of the temporal bone, bone. serving as an anchoring site for some neck muscles. The olfactory nerves allow the passage of Define the function of the olfactory nerves in signals from the smell receptors in the nasal relation to the ethmoid bone. cavities to the brain. The vertebral column is formed from 26 How many bones make up the vertebral irregular bones classified into cervical (7), column, and what are their classifications? thoracic (12), lumbar (5), and the sacrum. The vertebral column has posteriorly concave Explain the curvatures of the vertebral curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions, column. and posteriorly convex curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions.  Abnormal spine curvatures include scoliosis What are the abnormal curvatures of the (lateral curve), kyphosis (hunchback), and spine? lordosis (swayback). The anterior and posterior longitudinal Describe the role of the anterior and posterior ligaments are continuous bands that run longitudinal ligaments in the vertebral down the front and back of the spine from the column. neck to the sacrum, providing stability. Intervertebral discs are composed of two parts: the nucleus pulposus, which is the What are intervertebral discs composed of? inner gelatinous nucleus, and the annulus fibrosus, which surrounds it with a collar of collagen and fibrocartilage. A vertebra consists of a body or centrum that is disc-shaped and weight-bearing, a Define the general structure of a vertebra. vertebral arch made of pedicles and laminae, and vertebral foramina that enclose the vertebral foramen. Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) are the smallest and lightest vertebrae, characterized by an How do cervical vertebrae differ from other oval body, short spinous processes, large vertebrae? triangular vertebral foramina, and each transverse process contains a transverse foramen. The atlas has no body and no spinous Describe the structure of the atlas (C1) process, consisting of anterior and posterior vertebra. arches, and two lateral masses.  The superior surfaces of the lateral masses of How do the lateral masses of the atlas the atlas articulate with the occipital articulate with the skull? condyles. The axis has a dens, or odontoid process, Define the unique feature of the axis (C2) which projects superiorly from the body and is vertebra. cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas. What is the function of the dens in the axis The dens serves as a pivot for the rotation of vertebra? the atlas. Thoracic vertebrae consist of twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) that articulate with ribs, Describe the characteristics of thoracic featuring two facets and two demifacets on vertebrae. the heart-shaped body, a circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes, and a long spinous process. The location of the articulate facets in How does the structure of thoracic vertebrae thoracic vertebrae prevents flexion and affect spinal movement? extension but allows for rotation of this area of the spine. The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) are located Define the lumbar vertebrae and their in the lower back and have an enhanced primary function. weight-bearing function.  Lumbar vertebrae have short, thick pedicles What are the distinguishing features of and laminae, flat hatchet-shaped spinous lumbar vertebrae? processes, and a triangular-shaped vertebral foramen. The orientation of the articular facets locks How do the articular facets of lumbar the lumbar vertebrae together, providing vertebrae contribute to their stability? stability. The sacrum consists of five fused vertebrae Describe the sacrum and its composition. (S1-S5) that shape the posterior wall of the pelvis. Major markings of the sacrum include the sacral promontory, transverse lines, alae, What are the major markings of the sacrum? dorsal sacral foramina, sacral canal, and sacral hiatus. The coccyx, or tailbone, is made up of four Define the coccyx and its anatomical fused vertebrae that articulate superiorly with significance. the sacrum. Cervical vertebrae have small, wide bodies; thoracic vertebrae have larger, heart-shaped Compare the body shape of cervical, thoracic, bodies with two costal demifacets; lumbar and lumbar vertebrae. vertebrae have massive, kidney-shaped bodies.  Cervical spinous processes are short and bifid; thoracic spinous processes are long and How do the spinous processes differ among sharp, projecting inferiorly; lumbar spinous cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae? processes are short and blunt, projecting directly posteriorly. Cervical vertebrae have a triangular vertebral What is the shape of the vertebral foramen in foramen, thoracic vertebrae have a circular cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae? foramen, and lumbar vertebrae have a triangular foramen. Cervical transverse processes contain Describe the transverse processes of cervical, foramina; thoracic transverse processes bear thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. facets for ribs (except T11-T12); lumbar transverse processes are thin and tapered. A typical true rib is a bowed, flat bone Describe the structure of a typical true rib. consisting of a head, neck, tubercle, and shaft. The bony thorax is composed of the thoracic Define the components of the bony thorax. vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly. The thoracic cage forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels, supports the shoulder girdles and How does the thoracic cage function in the upper limbs, provides attachment for many body? neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles, and uses intercostal muscles to lift and depress the thorax during breathing.  A herniated disc occurs when there is severe or sudden physical trauma to the spine, leading to the rupture of the annulus fibrosus Explain the significance of a herniated disc. and protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, which can press on the spinal cord or nerves, causing numbness or severe pain. Treatment options for a herniated disc include What are the treatment options for a moderated exercise, massage, heat therapy, herniated disc? painkillers, and if these fail, surgery. The sternum, or breastbone, is a dagger- shaped, flat bone located in the anterior midline of the thorax, resulting from the Describe the sternum and its anatomical fusion of three bones: the superior landmarks. manubrium, the body, and the inferior xiphoid process. Anatomical landmarks include the jugular notch, the sternal angle, and the xiphisternal joint. Ribs are categorized into three types: the superior 7 pairs are true ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) that attach directly to the sternum, ribs How are the ribs categorized based on their 8-10 are false ribs (vertebrocondral ribs) that attachment to the sternum? attach indirectly to the sternum, and ribs 11- 12 are floating ribs (vertebral ribs) that have no anterior attachment. Movements associated with the thoracic What movements are associated with the vertebrae include flexion and extension, thoracic vertebrae? lateral flexion, and rotation. The thoracic cage uses intercostal muscles to How does the thoracic cage support lift and depress the thorax during breathing, respiratory function? facilitating the respiratory process.  Homeostatic imbalance in relation to the Define the term 'homeostatic imbalance' in spine refers to conditions such as a herniated relation to the spine. disc, which can result from trauma and lead to pain and neurological symptoms.