UNIT 1: Substantivul PDF

UNIT 1: Substantivul 1.Pluralul substantivelor numarabile Pluralul substantivelor numarabile se formeaza adaugand -s la final: dog (caine) – dogs (caini) cat ( pisica) - cats (pisici) flower (floare) - flowers (flori) Substantivele numarabile se folosesc...

UNIT 1: Substantivul 1.Pluralul substantivelor numarabile Pluralul substantivelor numarabile se formeaza adaugand -s la final: dog (caine) – dogs (caini) cat ( pisica) - cats (pisici) flower (floare) - flowers (flori) Substantivele numarabile se folosesc cu: few = cativa / catva (aproape niciunul) many = multi / multe some = niste a lot of = o multime de lots of = o multime de e.g. I have many cats. (Am multe pisici.) Diferenta dinte FEW si A FEW: few inseamna ca nu ai de ajuns, apropape ca nu ai nimic: I have few friends, so that's why I am lonely. (Am putini prieteni, de aceea sunt singur.) a few inseamna ca ai de ajuns, ai mult: I have a few friends, so I can't complain. (Am ceva prieteni/ destui prieteni, asa ca nu ma pot plange.) Ortografia pluralului: Daca substantivul se termina in -s, -ss, -z, -zz, -sh, -ch, -x atunci se adauga -es: bus (autobuz) – buses, kiss (sarut) – kisses, box (cutie) – boxes, bush (tufa) - bushes, church (biserica) - churches Daca substantivul se termina in -o precedat de o vocala atunci se adauga -s: radio (radio) – radios, embryo (embrion) - embryos UNIT 1: Substantivul 1  Daca substantivul se termina in -o precedat de o consoana atunci se adauga -es: potato (cartof)– potatoes, tomato (rosie) - tomatoes !!! EXCEPTII: grotto (grota) – grottos, proviso(s) (clauza), canto(s) (canto), tango(s) (tango), tabacco(s) (tutun), memento(s) (amintire), piano(s) (pian), solo(s) (solo), soprano(s) (soprana), concerto(s) (concert) !!! ATENTIE: abrevierile terminate in -o adauga -s indiferent de ce litera este inaintea lui -o: photograph (fotografie) – photo – photos, kilogram (kilogram) – kilo - kilos !!!Daca substantivul se termina in -f(e) atunci f se schimba in v si adauga -es: wife (sotie) – wives, wolf (lup) – wolves, life (viata) - lives !!! EXCEPTII: roof (acoperis)– roofs, chief (sef) - chiefs, belief (credinta) - beliefs, cliff (stanca) - cliffs, proof (dovada) - proofs, safe (seif) - safes, strife (incaierare) - strifes, fife (flaut mic) - fifes, still life - still lifes (natura moarta – in tablouri) !!! ATENTIE: unele substantive care se termina in -f(e) pot face pluralul atat in -ves cat si in –s: Wharf – wharves/wharfs (debarcader) Hoof – hooves/hoofs (copita) Scarf – scarves/scarfs (esarfa) Staff – staves/staffs (toiag) Handkerchief – handkerchieves/handkerchiefs (batista) Dwarf – dwarves/dwarfs (pitic) Daca substantivul se termina in -y precedat de vocala atunci se adauga -s: boy (baiat)– boys, toy (jucarie) - toys Daca substantivul se termina in -y precedat de o consoana atunci y se schimba in i si adauga -es: puppy (catelus)– puppies, daisy (margareta) - daisies !!! ATENTIE: numele proprii primesc un -s chiar daca -y este precedat de o consoana: Mary – Marys !!! ATENTIE: daca substantivul se termina in -quy acesta se transforma in -quies: e.g. colloquy (colocviu) - colloquies Pluralul substantivelor neregulate: Sg. Pl. Man (barbat) men (barbati) Woman (femeie) women (femei) Tooth (dinte) teeth (dinti) Foot (picior) feet (picioare) Goose (gasca) geese (gaste) Louse (paduche) lice (paduchi) Mouse (soarece) mice (soareci) Ox (bou) oxen (boi) Child (copil) children (copii) Die (zar) dice (zaruri) UNIT 1: Substantivul 2  Pluralul zero: pluralul are aceeasi forma ca la singular Fish (peste) – fish (pesti) carp ( crap) - carp trout (pastrav) - trout pike (stiuca) - pike cod (cod) - cod salmon (somon) - salmon !!! ATENTIE: daca punem -es la fish -> fishes atunci insemna specii de pesti Fruit (fruct) – fruit !!! ATENTIE: daca punem -s la fruit -> fruits atunci inseamna sortimente de fructe Sheep (oaie) - sheep (oi) Deer (caprioara) - deer Swine (porc) - swine Species (specie) - species Series (serie) - series Means (mijloc) - means e.g. A bus is a means of transport. (Un autobuz este un mijloc de transport.) Aircraft (avion) - aircraft Homework (tema) - homework Substantive cu doua forme de plural: Brother (frate) - brothers (frati care au aceeasi mama/ tata) - brethren (frati intr-o fratie/ membrii intr-o colectivitate) Cloth (material) - cloths (bucati de material) - clothes (haine) Cow (vaca) - cows (vaci) - kine (vite) Penny (peni) - pence (moneda britanica) - pennies (monedele individuale) Staff (personal/ toiag) - staffs (departamente in armata) - staves (toiage) PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR DE ORIGINE GREACA SI LATINA: Sg. Pl. UNIT 1: Substantivul 3  -us -i Bacillus (bacil) – bacilli Cactus (cactus) – cacti/ cactuses Focus (epicentru) – foci/ focuses Fungus (ciuperca) - fungi Radius (raza) – radii Terminus (terminal) – termini Nucleus (nucleu) – nuclei Stimulus (stimul) – stimuli Genius (geniu) – genii (spirit)/ geniuses (genii) DAR: bonus (bonus) – bonuses, virus (virus) - viruses -on -a Phenomenon (fenomen) – phenomena Criterion (criteriu) – criteria DAR: demon (demon) – demons, neurone (neuron) – neurones, proton (proton) – protons, ganglion (ganglion) - ganglions -is -es Analysis (analiza) – analyses Axis (axa) - axes Basis (baza) – bases Crisis (criza) – crises Diagnosis (diagnostic) - diagnoses Thesis (teza) – theses Paranthesis (paranteza) – parantheses Hypothesis (ipoteza) – hypotheses -um -a Addendum (adenda/ adaos) - addenda Bacterium (bacterie) – bacteria Datum (data) – data Medium (mediu) – media Memorandum (memorandum) - memoranda Stratum (strat) – strata Symposium (simpozion) – symposia DAR: museum (muzeu) – museums, asylum (azil) – asylums, stadium (stadion) - stadiums -a -ae Alga (alga) – algae Larva (larva) – larvae Formula (formula) – formulae/ formulas Antenna (antena) – antennae/ antennas Vertebra (vertebra) – vertebrae/ vertebras DAR: arena (arena) – arenas, dilemma (dilema) – dilemmas, diploma (diploma) – diplomas, encyclopaedia (enciclopedie) – encyclopaedias, era (era) – eras, retina (retina) – retinas, villa (vila) - villas -x -ces UNIT 1: Substantivul 4  Index (index) – indices (indici)/ indexes (tabela de continuturi) Appendix (apendice) – appendices (apendice in carti)/ appendixes (apendice - anatomie) Matrix (matrice) – matrices ALTE SUBSTANTIVE: genus (gen) – genera, stamen (energie) – stamena Italian: bandit – banditti/ bandits, virtuoso – virtuosi/ virtuoso, confetto - confetti French: beau (barbat) – beaux, bureau (birou) - bureaux Pluralul substantivelor compuse: Pluralul in primul element: Adaugam –s la cuvantul principal care primeste intrebarea "ce fel de?": e.g.mother-in-law - mothers-in-law (soacra - soacre) father-in-law - fathers-in-law (socru - socrii) man-of-war - men-of-war (vas de razboi/ nava militara) court-martial - courts-martial (curte martiala) Plural in ambele elemente: Knight-Templar - Knights-Templars (cavaler templier) Lord Lieutenant - Lords Lieutenants (guvernator) Lord Chancellor - Lords Chancellors (cancelar) Lord Justice - Lords Justices (judecator) Plural in elementul final: step-son - step-sons (fiu vitreg) fountain pen – fountain pens (stilou) workman – workmen (muncitor) footstep – footsteps (urma) goldsmith – goldsmiths (aurar) trade-union - trade-unions (sindicat) boyfriend - boyfriends (prieten) attorney-general - attorney-generals (procuror) Substantive compuse care primesc –s la final: Merry-go-round – merry-go-rounds (calusei) UNIT 1: Substantivul 5  Forget-me-not – forget-me-nots (floare de nu ma uita) Gin-and-tonic - gin-and-tonics (bautura alcolica) Grown-up – grown-ups (adult) Close-up - close-ups (cadru) Take-off - take-offs (decolare) On-looker – on-lookers (privitor) Frying pan – frying pans (tigaie) Castaway - castaways (exilat) Handful – handfuls (mana plina) Spoonful - spoonfuls (lingura plina) Touchdown – touchdowns (atingere) Breakdown – breakdowns (cadere nervoasa) !!! Passer-by – passers-by (trecator) Pluralul substantivelor compuse cu –MAN si –WOMAN: (se pune plural in ambele elemente atunci cand man si woman indica genul SUBSTANTIVULUI) Woman doctor –> women doctors (doctorita) Man doctor –> men doctors (doctor) Manservant –> menservants (servitor) Woman servant –> women servants (servitoare) Woman-cook –> women-cooks (bucatareasa) Man-cook -> men - cooks (bucatar) !!!DAR: man-eater (canibal) - man-eaters/ woman hater (misogin) – woman haters (man si woman aici nu indica genul SUBSTANTIVULUI) man -> -men/ -woman -> -women: Postman – postmen (postas) Fireman – firemen (pompier) Gentleman – gentlemen (domn) Policewoman -> policewomen (politista) Daca avem un titlu urmat de nume pluralul se poate pune si la titlu si la nume: The Misses Brown / the Miss Browns (Domnisoarele Brown) Pluralul abrevierilor, numerelor si literelor alfabetului: Dot your i’s (pune punctele pe i-uri) Cancel your 5’s (anuleaza cifrele cinci) In the 1990s (in anii 90) Bro. (brother) – bros. (brothers) Dr. (doctor) – drs. (doctors) Lb. (pound) – lbs. (pounds) Ms. (manuscript) – mss. (manuscripts) M.P. (Member of Parliament) – MP’s or MPs (members) PhD (doctor) – PhD’s or PhDs (doctors) UNIT 1: Substantivul 6  Substantive cu sensuri diferite la plural si singular: Air (aer) – airs (infumurare): to put on airs (a-si da aere/ a fi infumurat) Compass (compas) – compasses (busole) Copper (cupru) – coppers (banuti din cupru) Force (forta/ putere) – forces (armata) Good (beneficiu) – goods (bunuri) Return (intoarcere) – returns (statistici) Substantive cu doua sensuri la plural: Colour (culoare) – colours (culori/ steagul unui regiment/drapel) Custom (obicei) – customs (obiceiuri/ vama) Effect (efect/ rezultat) – effects (rezultate/ bunuri) Glass (pahar) – glasses (pahare/ ochelari) Scale (scala) – scales (scale/ cantar) Paper (hartie) – papers (hartii/ documente) Wood (lemn) – woods (lemne/ padure) Work (munca) – works (opere de arta/ fabrica) Rain (ploaie) – rains (anotimp ploios/ ploi) Experience (experienta) – experiences (experiente/ aventuri) Minute (minut) - minutes (minute/ notite) Spirit (spirit) - spirits (spirite/ bauturi alcolice) Substantive cu doua sensuri la singular: Abuse (wrong use/ reproaches) – abuses (wrong uses) Foot (part of the body/ infantry) – feet (parts of the body) Horse (cavalry/ a quadruped) – horses (quadrupeds) People (a nation/ persons) – peoples (nations) 2.Substantivele nenumarabile la singular Substantivele nenumarabile la singular au urmatoarele caracteristici: !!!NU SE NUMARA si NU PRIMESC -S la plural: e.g. a blood, two bloods, three bloods !!!Au forma invariabila si DACA vrem sa le numaram folosim un partitiv care se numara in locul substantivului: e.g. information (informatii in general) -> I need information from you. (Am nevoie de informatie de la tine.) a piece of information (o informatie) two pieces of information (doua informatii) -> I have two pieces of information for you. (Am doua informatii pentru tine.)/ I have two informations -> ❌ UNIT 1: Substantivul 7  three pieces of information (trei informatii) ✅ !!!NOTA BENE: a piece of (o bucata de) este un partitiv care se foloseste cu foarte multe substantive nenumarabile dar exista si alte partitive specifice pentru anumite substantive care trebuie invatate pe dinafara: e.g. a loaf of bread (o paine), a tuft/ blade of grass (un fir de iarba), a stretch of road (o bucata de drum), etc. !!!Se folosesc numai cu verbul la SINGULAR: e.g. Money is dirty. (Banii sunt murdari.) !!!Sunt inlocuite cu pronumele IT: e.g. Where is my money? It is in the wallet. (Unde sunt banii mei? Ei sunt in portofel.) !!!Se folosesc cu: some/ much/ little: e.g. I have some information. (Am niste informatii.) He has much advice to give. (El are multe sfaturi de dat.) There is little milk left. (Este putin lapte ramas.) Diferenta dintre LITTLE si A LITTLE: Cand folosim LITTLE inseamna ca aproape nu mai este deloc sau ca ceva nu este suficient pentru a-l folosi: e.g. I have little money left, so I can't buy the book. (Am foarte putini bani ramasi/ Nu am suficienti bani ramasi, asa ca nu pot sa cumpar cartea.) Cand folosim A LITTLE inseamna ca este destul, suficient pentru a face ceva: e.g. I have a little money left, so I can buy a car. (Am ceva bani ramasi, asa ca pot sa cumpar o masina.) In limba engleza substantivele nenumarabile la singular sunt: Numele de obiecte de studiu: economics (economie), physics (fizica), history (istorie), maths (matematica), chemistry (chimie), literature (literatura), etc. !!! NOTA BENE Substantivele care denumesc nume de stiinte, ocupatii sau arte terminate in –ics sunt urmate de verb la singular daca ne referim la ele ca stiinta, ocupatie, arta: e.g. Economics is a difficult science. (Economia este o stiinta dificila.) sunt urmate de verb la plural atunci cand particularizeaza, cand se refera la o aplicatie practica (in acest caz vor avea the, this, his, her in fata): His mathematics were very bad. (Cunostintele lui de matematica erau foarte proaste.) Numele de boli: mumps (oreion), measles (pojar), small-pox (varicela), rickets (rahitism), flu (gripa), pneumonia (pneumonie), chickenpox (bubat), tuberculosis (tuberculoza), consumption (tuberculoza), etc. Numele de jocuri: football, soccer (fotbal), darts, billiards (biliard), dominoes (domino), ninepins (popice), checkers (joc de dame), backgammon (table), golf, rugby, cricket, etc. e.g. a game of chess/ a match of football (un joc de sah/ un meci de fotbal) UNIT 1: Substantivul 8  Limbile: Spanish, English, French, Japanese, Italian, Chinese, Portuguese, etc. Mancarea: A loaf of bread (o paine -> ATENTIE pluralul de la loaf este loaves: two loaves of bread = doua paini) A slice of bread (o felie de paine) A cube/ block of ice (un cub/ bloc de gheata) A piece/ slice of toast (o bucata/ felie de paine prajita) A pound of beef/ pork/ mutton (un paund de carne de vita/ carne de porc/ carne de oaie) A chunk/ roast/ piece of meat (o bucata mare/ friptura/ bucata de carne) A rasher of bacon (o feliuta de sunca) A packet of butter (un pachet de unt) A jar of jam (un borcan de gem) A slice of cheese (o felie de branza -> ATENTIE cheeses inseamna sortimente de branza) A bar of chocolate (o ciocolata) A bowl/ grain of rice (un castron/ bob de orez) A lump/ pound/ kilogram of sugar (un cub/ pound/ kilogram de zahar) A pinch of salt (un varf de sare) A whiff of garlic (o adiere de usturoi) A clove of garlic (un catel de usturoi) An ear of corn (un stiulete de porumb) A pound of flour (un pound de faina) A packet of biscuits (un pachet de biscuiti) e.g. I have eaten two rashers of bacon and three slices of toast. (Am mancat trei felii de sunca si doua felii de paine prajita.) Lichidele si bauturile: A bottle/glass/ pint/ crate of beer (o sticla/ un pahar/ o halba/ o lada de bere) A bottle/ glass/ splash of water/liquid (o sticla/ un pahar/ o improscatura de apa/ lichid) A bucket of water (o galeata de apa) A drop of blood (o picatura de singe) A sip/ cup/ pot/ kettle of tea/coffee (o sorbitura/ o ceasca/ o oala/ un ceainic de ceai/ cafea) A mouthful/ handful/ spoonful/ bucketful of water/ liquid (o gura plina de/ o mana plina de/ o lingura plina de/ o galeata plina de apa) A glass/ bottle of wine/ champagne (un pahar/ o sticla de vin/ sampanie !!!DAR wines/champagnes inseamna sortimente de vinuri si sampanii) Fenomenele naturii: A beam of light (o raza de lumina) A spell of weather (o vreme) A clap/ bolt/ roll of thunder (un tunet) A flash of lightning (un fulger) A gust of wind (o rafala de vant) A column/ ribbon/ puff/ wisp of smoke (o coloana/ o panglica/ un puf/ un firicel de fum) A breath of fresh air (o gura de aer proaspat) A drop of rain (o picatura de ploaie) UNIT 1: Substantivul 9  !!! NOTA BENE: Nu se pune niciodata A (art. nehotarat) in fata substantivului WEATHER (vreme) deoarece este un subst. nenumarabil What a nice weather we have! dar putem spune What a spell of nice weather we have! (Ce vreme frumoasa avem!) Materiale: A tuft/ blade of grass (un fir de iarba) A piece/ strip/ acre of land (o bucata/ o fasie/ un acru de pamant) A stretch of road (o intindere de drum) A piece/ stick of chalk (o bucata de creta) A pile of rubbish (o gramada de gunoi) A block of concrete (un bloc de beton) A scrap/ sheet/ piece/ pad of paper (o bucatica/ o foaie/ o bucata/ un top de hartie) A piece of luggage/baggage (un bagaj) An article of clothing (un articol de imbracaminte) A tube of toothpaste (un tub de pasta de dinti) A piece/ set/ an article of furniture (o bucata/ un set/ un articol de mobila) A piece of equipment (un echipament) A grain of sand (un bob de nisip) A stack of hay (o capita de fan) A ball of string (un ghem de ata) A lump/ piece of coal (o bucata de carbune) A bar of soap (o bucata de sapun) A set of cutlery (un set de tacamuri) A speck of dust (un fir de praf) An ounce of gold/ silver (o uncie/ un gram de aur/ argint) A head/ strand/ lock of hair (un cap/ o fasie/ o bucla de par) A piece of jewellery (o bijuterie) Substantive abstracte: A(n) piece/ item of news (o stire) A piece/ word/ bit of advice (un sfat) A piece/ stroke/ spell of work (o munca) A burst/ peal/ roar of laughter (o izbucnire de ras) An attack of nerves (un atac de nervi) A hint of trouble (o problema) An attack of fever (un atac de febra) A course of treatment (un curs de tratament) An item of business (o afacere) An ounce of energy (un strop de energie) A(n) piece/ item of information (o informatie) A word of abuse (o injuratura) A piece of/ a body of evidence (o dovada) A stroke/ piece of luck (un noroc) A state of emergency (o stare de urgenta) A piece/ spot of music (o bucata de muzica) A wink of sleep (un somn) UNIT 1: Substantivul 10  A feat of endurance (o rezistenta) A feat of passion (o pasiune) A term of imprisonment (un termen de inchisoare) !!! gallows (spanzuratoare) – se foloseste cu verbul la singular -> The gallows looks menacing. (Spanzuratoarea arata amentintator.) 3.Substantivele nenumarabile la plural Se folosesc numai cu un verb la plural: e.g. Your trousers are dirty. (Pantalonii tai sunt murdari.) Sunt inlocuite de ponumele THEY: e.g. Your trousers are dirty. They need washing. (Pantalonii tai sunt murdari. Ei au nevoie sa fie spalati.) Daca vrem sa le numaram se foloseste partitivul: a pair of (o pereche de) e.g. I have bought two pairs of trousers. (Am cumparat doua perechi de pantaloni.) !!! NOTA BENE: nu se pot numara direct: He has one tongs. -> He has one pair of tongs. (El are un cleste.) I have three trousers. -> I have three pairs of trousers. (Eu am trei perechi de pantaloni.) Substantivele nenumarabile la plural sunt: substantive care denumesc lucruri formate din doua parti egale unite intre ele: breeches (bretele), drawers (lenjerie intima), pantaloons (lenjerie intima), pants (pantaloni/ chiloti), trousers (pantaloni), overalls (salopeta), shorts (pantaloni scurti), glasses (ochelari), spectacles (ochelari), compasses (compas), scales (cantar), binoculars (binoclu), tongs (cleste), scissors (foarfeca), shears (foarfeca mare), suspenders (ciorapi cu jartiera/ bretele), pyjamas (pijama), pincers (penseta), tweezers (penseta), pliers (cleste), flannels (lenjerie de flanela), tights (colanti), braces (bretele) + vb la plural altele: Annals (letopiset), arms (arme), alms (pomana), archives (arhiva), ashes (cenusa), bellows (foale), customs (vama), credentials (recomandari), dregs (sedimente), drys (zat), outskirts (periferie), savings (economii), looks (aspect), premises (perimetru), clothes (haine), surroundings (imprejurimi), troops (trupe), funds (fonduri), stocks (stalpul rusinii), grafitti, bowels (intestine), brains (desteptaciune), giblets (maruntaie), amends (compensatie), movables (bunuri mobile), oats (ovaz), regards (salutari), spirits (bauturi alcolice), slums (mahalale), tropics (tropice), victuals (mancare), banns (of marriage), contents (continut), cross- roads (intersectie), fireworks (artificii), goods (bunuri), manners (maniere), nuptials (nunta), odds (sanse), particulars (informatii), headquarters (cartier general), remains (ramasite), spoils (prada de razboi), valuables (obiecte de valoare), wages (salariu saptamanal), earnings (castiguri), sweepings (resturi), doings (fapte), filings (pilitura), lodgings (locuinte), going-ons (intamplari), winnings (castiguri), beginnings (inceputuri), belongings (posesii), tidings (vesti), riches (bogatii) + vb la plural - substantive proprii la plural: The Alps The Bahamas The Himalayas The Pyrenees The Midlands UNIT 1: Substantivul 11  The Canaries The Highlands The Rockies The East/West Indies The U.S.A. adjective care arata nationalitatea terminate in –(i)sh, -ch, -ese: British, Irish, Spanish, Welsh, Danish, French, Dutch, Chinese, Japanese + vb la plural e.g. The Chinese are a hard-working people. (Chinezii sunt un popor muncitor.) substantive colective: Police (politie), army (armata), cattle (vite), vermin (daunatori), the clergy (preotii), people (oameni), poultry (pasari de curte), gentry (nobilime) + vb la plural e.g. The police ARE coming. (Vine politia.) The cattle are grazing on the field. (Vitele pasc pe camp.) These vermin do much harm. (Acesti daunatori fac mult rau.) substantive formate din the + adjectiv care exprima o clasa de oameni: e.g. The young (tinerii), the sick (bolnavii), the poor (saracii), the rich (bogatii), the blind (orbii), the deaf (surzii), the dead (mortii), etc. + vb la plural e.g. The rich never understand the poor. (Bogatii nu ii inteleg niciodata pe saraci.) substantivele: team (echipa), committee (comitet), crew (echipaj), jury (juriu), audience (public), class (clasa), council (consiliu), crowd (multime), family (familie), government (guvern), press (presa), public (public), staff (personal), etc. se folosesc cu verb la singular atunci cand vedem grupul ca pe un intreg: The staff works very hard. (Personalul munceste din greu. -> personalul ca un singur grup) se folosesc cu verb la plural atunci cand vedem grupul ca indivizi luati fiecare in parte: The staff were given a rise for Christmas. (Fiecarui membru al personalului i s-a dat o marire de salariu de Craciun.) Grupurile pot fi numarate cu urmatorii partitivi: Grupuri de lucruri: A bunch of grapes (un ciorchine de struguri) A bouquet of flowers (un buchet de flori) A pack/ deck of cards (un pachet de carti de joc) A crate of beer (o lada de bere) A flight of stairs (un rand de scari) A clump of trees (un palc de copaci) A cluster of stars (un manunchi de stele) A fleet of taxis (o flota de taxiuri) A fleet of ships (o flota de vapoare) A bundle of rags (o legatura de carpe) A string of beads (un sir de margele) Grupuri de animale: A gaggle of geese (un card de gaste) UNIT 1: Substantivul 12  A plague of locusts (un stol de lacuste) A pride of lions (un grup de lei) A colony of ants (un musuroi de furnici) A swarm of bees (un roi de albine) A pack of wolves (o haita de lupi) A pack of hounds/dogs (o haita de caini) A flock of birds (un stol de pasari) A flock of sheep (o turma de oi) A herd of deer/cattle/elephants (o cireada de caprioare/ vite/ elefanti) A school/shoal of fish (un banc de pesti) A litter of puppies/ kittens (un grup de catelusi/ pisicute) A pod of dolphins (un grup de delfini) A shiver/ frenzy of sharks (un grup de rechini) A clowder/ glaring of cats (un grup de pisici) Grupuri de oameni: A panel of experts (un grup de experti) A troupe of dancers (o trupa de dansatori) A staff of teachers (o catedra de profesori) A bevy of girls (un grup de fete) A company of actors (o companie de actori) A gang of thieves (o banda de hoti) A mob of rioters (o gloata de rasculati) A board of directors (un consiliu de directori) A crew of sailors (un echipaj de marinari) A crowd of people (o multime de oameni) A tribe of Indians (un trib de indieni) A desire of suitors (un grup de pretendenti la mana unei femei/ petitori) 4.Genul substantivelor Limba engleza are trei genuri: masculin (pentru barbati -> he), feminin (pentru femei -> she) si neutru (pentru animale, plante, lucruri -> it). Animalele au si ele masculin si feminin pentru mascul si femela, dar mai exista si genul comun folosit pentru un substantiv care denumeste atat masculul cat si femela. De exemplu horse (cal) se foloseste si pentru mascul si pentru femela, dar in acelasi timp pentru mascul avem armasar (stallion/ stud) si pentru femela avem iapa (mare). De asemenea limba engleza are denumiri diferite pentru puii de animale. Masculin Feminin Comun Puiul Stallion/stud (armasar) mare (iapa) horse (cal) colt (m)/filly (f) (manz) Bull/ox (bou) cow (vaca) cattle (vite) calf (vitel) Dog (caine) bitch (catea) dog (caine) puppy (catelus) Tom-cat (motan) Tabby-cat (pisica) cat (pisica) kitten (pisicuta) Boar (vier) sow (scroafa) pig/ swine (porc) piglet (purcel) Billy-goat (tap) Nanny-goat (capra) goat (capra) kid (ied) Ram (berbec) ewe (oaie) sheep (oi) lamb (miel) Drake (ratoi) duck (rata) duck (rata) duckling (boboc de rata) Gander (gascan) goose (gasca) goose (gasca) gooseling (boboc de gasca) UNIT 1: Substantivul 13  Rooster/cock (cocos) hen (gaina) - chicken/ chick (pui) Cock-pheasant (fazan) hen-pheasant (fazanita) pheasant (fazan) chick (pui de fazan) Stag (cerb) doe/hind (caprioara) deer (caprioara) fawn (pui de caprioara) He-wolf (lup) she-wolf (lupoaica) wolf (lup) wolf-cub (pui de lup) Fox (vulpoi) vixen (vulpe) fox (vulpe) fox-cub (pui de vulpe) He-bear (urs) she-bear (ursoaica) bear (urs) bear-cub (pui de urs) Bull-elephant (elefant) cow-elephant (femela elefant) elephant (elefant) baby-elephant (pui de elefant) !!!Femininul se poate forma adaugand terminatia -ess la forma de masculin, dar mai exista substantive care au forme diferite pentru masculin si feminin: Masculin Feminin actor actress (actor/actrita) waiter waitress (chelner/chelnerita) lion lioness (leu/leoaica) god goddess (zeu/zeita) prince princess (print/printesa) host hostess (barbat gazda / femeie gazda) adventurer adventuress (aventurier)/aventuriera) duke duchess (duce/ducesa) master mistress (stapan/stapana) emperor empress (imparat/imparateasa) negro negress (negru/negresa) marquis marchioness (marchiz/marchiza) chauffeur chauffeuse (sofer/soferita) czar czarina (tar/tarina) hero heroine (erou/eroina) aviator aviatrix (aviator/aviatoare) widower widow (vaduv/vaduva) groom bride (mire/mireasa) bachelor spinster (burlac/fata nemaritata) monk nun (calugar/ calugarita) landlord landlady (proprietar/proprietareasa) manservant maidservant (servitor/servitoare) boyfriend girlfriend (iubit/ iubita) Cazul substantivelor Genitivul in 'S: Posesia in limba engleza se exprima adaugand 's dupa substantiv daca acesta este la singular sau doar ' (apostrof) daca substantivul este la plural: Sg. Pl. The girl’s doll (papusa fetei) the girls’ dolls (papusile fetelor) !!!Daca substantivul este neregulat atunci se foloseste 's si pentru singular si pentru plural: The man’s dog (cainele barbatului) | the men’s dogs (cainii barbatilor) UNIT 1: Substantivul 14  Genitivul in ‘s este folosit cu: oameni: the girl’s puppy (catelusul fetei) nume proprii: Washington’s statue (statuia lui Washington), Dickens’s books (Cartile lui Dickens) continente: Europe’s future (viitorul Europei) tari: China’s development (dezvoltarea Chinei) orase: London’s parks (parcurile Londrei) universitati: The University of Minnesota’s President (presedintele Universitatii din Minnesota) institutii: St. Andrew’s Cathedral (Catedrala Sfantului Andrei)/ St. Giles’ Hospital (Spitalul Sfantul Giles) rauri: the river’s bank (malul raului) oceane: the ocean’s foam (spuma oceanului) expresii de timp/ spatiu/ marime/ distanta/ greutate/ cantitate: yesterday’s newspaper (ziarul zilei de ieri)/ a two miles’ walk (o plimbare de doua mile)/ the week’s pay (plata saptamanii) substantive abstracte: love’s torments (chinurile dragostei) nume de anotimpuri/ luni/ zile: summer’s end (sfarsitul verii)/ winter’s day (ziua iernii) animale: the cat’s paw (laba pisicii) sarbatori: Guy Fawkes’s Day (ziua lui Guy Fawkes)/ St. Agnes’ Eve (ajunul Sfintei Agnes) Pentru anybody else (altcineva/ altcuiva), nobody else (nimeni altcineva), no one else (nimeni altcineva), who else (cine altcineva), anyone else (altcineva) ’s se pune dupa else: e.g. Is this somebody else's car? (Este aceasta masina altcuiva?) ‘s poate sa denumeasca: Institutii ca restaurante, biserici, teatre, spitale, etc. e.g. Let’s have lunch at Torelli’s. (Hai sa luam pranzul la [restaurantul] Torelli. -> faptul ca avem un 's inseamna ca este un restaurant) St. Paul’s was damaged during the war. ([Catedrala] Sfantul Paul a fost deteriorata in timpul razboiului. -> 's arata ca este o catedrala desi se poate spune si St. Paul's Cathedral) O casa: e.g. Were you at Jim’s (place)? (Ai fost la Jim [acasa]?) She went to her father’s (home).(A fost la tatal ei [acasa]) Un magazin: the stationer’s (papetarie), the chemist’s (farmacie), the draper’s (magazin de perdele), the confectioner’s (cofetarie), the barber’s (frizer), the greengrocer’s (aprozar), the butcher’s (macelarie), the grocer’s (bacanie), the hairdresser’s (coafor), the fishmonger’s (pescarie), the tabacconist’s (tutungerie), the cleaner’s (curatatorie) e.g. She is at the dressmaker’s. (Ea este la croitorie.) I’ll go to the butcher’s (shop) later. (Ma voi duce la macelarie mai tarziu.) !!! ATENTIE: daca punem 's dupa doua nume: Tom and Mary’s parents, insemana ca cei doi sunt frati (parintii lui Tom si Mary). Daca punem 's dupa fiecare nume, inseamna ca au parinti diferiti: Tom’s and Mary’s parents (parintii lui Tom si parintii lui Mary). Genitivul dublu are si apostrof s si of in el: e.g. A nephew of Aunt Tina’s (un nepot al matusii Tina) An old colleague of my son’s (un vechi coleg al fiului meu) Se foloseste cu: UNIT 1: Substantivul 15  Plural nedefinit lyrics of Donne’s (versuri ale lui Donne) Numeral + OF + NOUN’S two friends of Jack’s (doi prieteni ai lui Jack) Interogativ indefinit what friend of my father’s (ce prieten al tatalui meu) Pronume demonstrative that wife of your father’s (acea nevasta a tatalui tau) A portrait of Rembrandt ( one portraying him - un portret al lui Rembrand, care il are pe Rembrand pictat) A portrait of Rembrandt’s (one painted by him or belonging to him - un portret al lui Rembrand -> care a fost pictat de el sau care ii apartine lui) Genitivul cu “Of” se foloseste cu obicte: the leg of the table (piciorul mesei), the roof of the house (acoperisul casei) UNIT 1: Substantivul 16