Unit-1 (PC Hardware) PDF

Topic :- 1. Identification of the peripherals of a computer, 2. components in a CPU and its functions. 3. Block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral. 4. Functions of Motherboard. 5. Assembling and Disassembling of PC. 6. Installation of OS. 7....

Topic :- 1. Identification of the peripherals of a computer, 2. components in a CPU and its functions. 3. Block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral. 4. Functions of Motherboard. 5. Assembling and Disassembling of PC. 6. Installation of OS. 7. Basic Linux commands. Computer :- A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes it, and produces output. It can perform calculations, store data, and communicate with other devices. Two Different Parts Of A Computer System Hardware and software are two different but interdependent parts of a computer system that work together to make it function: Hardware The physical parts of a computer, such as the keyboard, monitor, mouse, CPU, RAM, motherboard, and hard drive. Software The instructions and data that tell the hardware what to do, such as the operating system, applications, and programs. Peripherals of computer:- Computer peripherals are devices that connect to or interact with a computer to enhance its functionality. A peripheral refers to a device or component that connects to a computer to provide additional functionality, enhance performance, or expand capabilities. Peripherals can be external or internal. A device that is connected to a computer but is not part of the core computer architecture. Types of Peripherals of computer ✓ Input Peripherals ✓ Output Peripherals ✓ Storage Peripherals ✓ Communication Peripherals ✓ Multimedia Peripherals ✓ Gaming Peripherals ✓ Specialized Peripherals ✓ Wireless Peripherals ✓ Other Peripherals These peripherals enhance the functionality of a computer, enabling users to interact, create, and communicate more effectively. Input Peripherals: 1. Keyboard 2. Mouse 3. Scanner 4. Webcam 5. Microphone 6. Gamepad 7. Fingerprint Reader 8. Graphics Tablet 9. Barcode Reader Output Peripherals: 1. Monitor 2. Printer 3. Speakers 4. Headphones 5. Projector Storage Peripherals: 1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) 2. Solid-State Drive (SSD) 3. USB Drive 4. CD/DVD Drive 5. Tape Drive 6. External Hard Drive 7. Network Attached Storage (NAS) Communication Peripherals: 1. Router 2. Ethernet Card 3. Wi-Fi Adapter 4. Bluetooth Adapter Multimedia Peripherals: 1. Sound Card 2. Graphics Card 3. TV Tuner Card 4. Video Capture Card 5. MIDI Interface Other Peripherals: 1. Power Supply 2. UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) 3. Surge Protector 4. Cooling Fan 5. Heat Sink CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU, also known as the processor or microprocessor, primary electronic component of a computer. :- The Control Unit And Arithmetic Logical Unit Of The Computer Are Together Known As Central Processing Unit The CPU is like brain performs the following functions 1. It perform all calculations 2. It takes all decisions 3. It control all unit of the computer Components of a CPU: ✓ Main Components: 1. Control Unit (CU): Retrieves, decodes, and executes instructions. 2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs mathematical and logical operations. 3. Registers: Small memory units for temporary data storage. 4. Cache Memory: Fast memory for frequently accessed data. ✓ Additional Components: 1. Bus Interface Unit: Manages data transfer between CPU and other components. 2. Memory Management Unit (MMU): Translates virtual addresses to physical addresses. 3. Floating-Point Unit (FPU): Handles floating-point calculations. 4. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Handles graphics rendering (integrated or dedicated). ✓ Internal Components: 1. Core: Execution unit that runs instructions. 2. Threads: Concurrent instruction streams. 3. Pipeline: Stages for instruction processing. ✓ External Components: 1. Heat Sink: Cooling system for temperature regulation. 2. Fan: Cooling system for airflow. 3. Socket: Physical connection to motherboard. Block diagram of CPU Arithmetic Logical Unit :- All Calculation Are Performed In The Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) Of The Computer It Also Does Comparison And Takes Decisions The ALU Can Perform Basic Operations Such As Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division Etc.. Control Unit :- It Controls All Other Unit In The Computer The Control Unit Instructs The Input Unit Where To Store The Data After Receiving It From The User It Controls The Flow Of Data And Instruction From The Storage Unit To Alu It Also Control The Flow Of Results From The Alu To The Storage Unit The Control Unit Is Generally Preferred As The Central Nervous System Of The Computer That Control And Synchronizes Its Working Storage Unit :- The Storage Unit Of The Computer Holds Data And Instruction That Are Entered Through The Input Unit Motherboard The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer, connecting and supporting all hardware components. The motherboard acts as the backbone of the computer, enabling communication, power distribution, and data transfer between components. Function of Motherboard Primary Functions: 1. Connects and supports hardware components (CPU, RAM, peripherals). 2. Provides power distribution to components. 3. Manages data transfer between components. 4. Regulates system cooling. 5. Supports expansion cards (graphics, sound, network). Specific Functions: 1. CPU Socket: Holds and connects the CPU. 2. Memory Controller: Manages RAM access. 3. Chipset: Controls data flow between components. 4. PCI Express (PCIe) Slots: Supports expansion cards. 5. Storage Interfaces: Connects storage devices (HDD, SSD, USB). 6. Power Management: Regulates power supply. 7. BIOS/UEFI: Initializes system setup and configuration Communication Functions: 1. USB Ports: Connects peripherals (keyboard, mouse). 2. SATA Ports: Connects storage devices. 3. HDMI/Display Ports: Outputs video and audio. 4. Ethernet Jack: Connects to network. 5. Audio/Video Interfaces: Supports sound and graphics. Control Functions: 1. Fan Control: Regulates cooling system. 2. Overclocking Support: Enhances performance. 3. Monitoring: Tracks system temperatures, voltages. 4. Power Phases: Manages power distribution. Other Functions: 1. Form Factor: Defines motherboard size and shape. 2. Expansion Options: Supports additional hardware. 3. Firmware Updates: Allows BIOS/UEFI updates. Assembling Assembling is the process of connecting and installing computer components to create a functional system. Steps: Precautions: Benefits of assembling: 1. Unpack components 1. Anti-static measures 1. Customization 2. Install motherboard 2. Handle components carefully 2. Cost-effectiveness 3. Install CPU and CPU cooler 3. Follow user manuals 3. Learning experience 4. Install RAM 4. Ensure proper cable management 4. Upgradability 5. Install storage (HDD/SSD) 6. Install power supply Tools needed: 7. Install graphics card (if needed) 1. Screwdrivers 8. Connect cables (power, data, 2. Torx driver peripherals) 3. Pliers 9. Install operating system 4. Anti-static wrist strap 10. Test system 5. Cable ties Disassembling Disassembling is the process of disassembling or disconnecting computer components for inspection, repair, or upgrade. Steps: Precautions: Benefits of disassembling: 1. Disconnect power cord 1. Anti-static measures 1. Repair and maintenance 2. Remove peripherals 2. Handle components carefully 2. Upgrades 3. Disconnect data cables 3. Follow user manuals 3. Troubleshooting 4. Remove graphics card (if needed) 4. Ensure proper cable management 4. Recycling 5. Remove power supply 6. Remove storage (HDD/SSD) Tools needed: 7. Remove RAM 1. Screwdrivers 8. Remove CPU and CPU cooler 2. Torx driver 9. Remove motherboard 3. Pliers 4. Anti-static wrist strap Operating System (OS) Definition: Software that manages computer hardware and provides a platform for running applications. Installation The process of setting up and configuring an operating system on a computer. Key Terms:- Bootable media: A USB drive, CD, or DVD that contains the OS installation files. Partition: A section of the hard drive dedicated to the OS.- Format: To erase and prepare a partition for OS installation.- Dual-boot: Installing multiple OSes on a single computer.- Virtualization: Running an OS within another OS. OS Installation Types:- Clean install: Installing a new OS on a blank hard drive.- Upgrade: Replacing an existing OS with a newer version.- Reinstall: Reinstalling the same OS version. Installation Phases: 1. Pre-installation: Preparation before installing the OS. 2. Installation: The actual installation process. 3. Post-installation: Configuration and setup after installation. Linux An open-source operating system based on the Unix model, developed by Linus Torvalds. A Unix-like operating system that manages computer hardware resources and provides a platform for running applications. ✓ Linux is a free and open-source operating system kernel that manages: 1. Process scheduling Linux Features: 2. Memory management 1. Open-source 3. File system management 2. Free 4. Input/Output (I/O) operations 3. Multi-user 5. Networking 4. Multi-tasking 5. Portable 6. Security 6. Compatible 7. Secure 8. Stable 9. Customizable 10. Flexible Commands File System Commands: 1. cd - Change Directory (e.g., cd Documents) 2. pwd - Print Working Directory (show current directory) 3. ls - List Files and Directories (e.g., ls -l) 4. mkdir - Make Directory (e.g., mkdir MyFolder) 5. rm - Remove File or Directory (e.g., rm myfile.txt) 6. cp - Copy File (e.g., cp myfile.txt MyFolder) 7. mv - Move or Rename File (e.g., mv myfile.txt MyFolder) 8. touch - Create Empty File (e.g., touch myfile.txt) Navigation Commands: File Editing Commands: 1. cd ~ - Go to Home Directory 1. nano - Open Nano Editor (e.g., nano myfile.txt) 2. cd.. - Go to Parent Directory 2. vim - Open Vim Editor (e.g., vim myfile.txt) 3. cd / - Go to Root Directory 3. gedit - Open Gedit Editor (e.g., gedit myfile.txt) System Information Commands: 1. uname -a - Show System Information 2. hostname - Show Hostname 3. whoami - Show Current User 4. date - Show Current Date and Time Other Commands: 1. man - Show Manual for Command (e.g., man cd) Process Management Commands: 2. history - Show Command History 1. ps - Show Running Processes 3. clear - Clear Terminal Screen 2. kill - Kill Process (e.g., kill 1234) 3. bg - Run Process in Background 4. fg - Bring Process to Foreground Network Commands: 1. ping - Test Network Connectivity (e.g., ping (link unavailable)) 2. ssh - Secure Shell (Remote Login) 3. scp - Secure Copy (File Transfer) Package Management Commands: 1. apt-get - Install, Update, or Remove Packages (Ubuntu/Debian) 2. yum - Install, Update, or Remove Packages (RHEL/CentOS) 3. pip - Install Python Packages Practice Question