Unit 1 G11 Area Study PDF

At Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding Secondary School Department of Social Science PPT on Grade 11 Area Study n Prepared by Mr. Bekama Bekele( MA in PSIR)...

At Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding Secondary School Department of Social Science PPT on Grade 11 Area Study n Prepared by Mr. Bekama Bekele( MA in PSIR) Academic year, 2024 Ambo, Oromia  Unit One State Actors in the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia Unit objectives Having learned this unit, students will be able to: Ø Explain the status of the Ethiopian military, Ø Discuss the Geography and Natural Resources of Ethiopia, Ø Explain the population and some key demographic features of Ethiopia, Ø Examine the Economic Development, Industrial and Technology  Introduction vFactors that determine the developments & conditions shaping the fate of region. ØThe place of environment ØThe natural resources ØActors:  Understanding the concepts of Actors ØAt the International system, there are many players engaged in what is regarded as the game of international Politics. vActors ØActors are entities that participate in or promote international relations. ØThere are two main actors in international politics:-  Cont’d 1. State actors:- ØThe states connected to the international politics. ØA person who is acting/represent on the behalf of the government body. eg. Government decides foreign policy. ØGovernment organization can be state actors. ØBased up on its geographical scope there are two type of state actors. Those are A. Local Actors (Within States) B. External Actors( Foreign powerful states)  2. Non- state actors: ØIt is the actors exercicing significant influence over international events but lack of formal government support. ØIt comprised communities, Civic societies, International organizations & etc ØBased up on its geographical extent there are two main state actors. Those are I. Transnational non-state actors eg. Multinational corporation, Nongovernmental organizations & Intergovernmental organizations II. Sub-state non-state actors. Based up on its behaviour there are two non- state actors a. Violent non- state actors:- üUN, Regional organizations, Media organizations) b. Non-Violent non state actors:- ü(Rebel groups, Militia, Warlords, Criminal net work)  Formation of states in Africa ØResult of local & int’l developments(colonialism) üIf power structure have local origin, national boundaries are result of colonialism  Cont’d… vThe HoA has been a theatre of competition among external powers. üStrategically important. üExternal involvement  Features of Actors qhave overall capacity to decide on their purposes and interests. qhave the capability to mobilize necessary resources qHave enough to influence the state-to-state relations & non-state actors The difference between state & Non state actors ØThe state actors are the ruling governments of a state, ØThe non-state actors are the influential organizations(individuals) having the potential to influence the actions of state actors, but not allied to a state. The Relationship b/n State & Non state actors üBoth are interact with each other in the international arena. üIR is the study of their interactions and their consequences.  National power ØIt is the sum of all the resources available to a nation in the pursuit of national objectives. ØThe combination of political, economic & social powers & other powers.  Importance of National power vit is an important part of the state system. It plays a great role ØNecessary as money in economic life Used to dominate countries. ØAn instrument through which the state is able implement the internal & external policies. ØEssentially the struggle for power.  Types of National power A. Domestic power;- power which are within the state. B. Int’l power:- power which is used to influence other countries.  Elements of national power Ø Military. Ø Geography Ø Natural resource Ø Population Ø Economic development Ø Technology Ø Political structure Ø Leadership Ø Ideological elements Ø Diplomacy Ø National character Ø National morale  1.1. The Place of Ethiopian state in the region vEthiopia is the strongest state. ØCentral Participant of the major development. Eg IGAD, EAC & etc ØGeographical location. üShares boundaries with all states. Speak the same languages, Belongs to the same nation, ethnicities Common religion. Economic linkages. Shares social and cultural values on both side on international boundaries.  Cont’d… vTherefore, the major development happened in Ethiopia affecting neighboring countries. vSo, the Ethiopian state is the most influential state in the horn of Africa. nnnn  1.2. The Strength of the Ethiopian Military vKnown for its strong army. vThe oldest institutions in almost all societies in Ethiopia. vEthiopian societies organized strong armies throughout their history. Eg. Gada system.  Cont’d … v The origins and military traditions ü Since Aksumite times. ü Interrupted by Fascist Italy invasion. ü Started to organize b/n 1910s & 1930s with the help of western. Eg.Mehal sefari regiment to Imperial Bodyguard in 1917. ü The first military training school- Holeta in 1935 vThe Size of ENDF ØHuge after Somalia-Ethiopian War(1977-1978) ØFluctuated from time to time  Cont’d vEvents proved the strength of Ethiopian Military. ØThe Egyptian forces at Gundet & Gur’a ØItaly at Adwa ØPatriotic resistance against Italy. ØEthio-Somalia wars ØEthio-Eritrean war vLogistically started to rely mostly on its own resources since from 1986. eg. The Industrial complex organization.  … Cont’d vThe ENDF has long history of participation in UN peace operations since 1950s. Eg. üKorean war üCongo üRwanda (UNAMIR) üBurundi, Liberia, Cote d’Ivore, Sudan, South Sudan, Haiti & Mali  Cont’d… vThe ENDF had 3 separate branches 1. The ground force 2. The air force 3. The Navy (Its base in Djibouti& head quarter at Bahir Dar) vAll in all, in its quantity and quality the Ethiopian military is the strongest in Africa and in the whole region too.  Class work Give sort Answer 1. What is the core reputation of defensive army? 2. When was the first Modernization process of ENDF was took place? Trace with major events 3. List the separate branches of ENDF. 4. Describe the subsequent victories of ENDF. 5. What is meant by actors in international system? 6. Describe the indicators of national power in assessing the role and influence of the states. 1.3. Geography, Natural Resources and Population as sources of National Power A. Geography Ø Major sources of national strength. vThe territorial size Ø Large size accommodates large population. Ø Large size offers better natural resources & raw material. Ø Large size is helpful in the defense of the country. Ø Large size helpful to establish vital & strategic centers & complexities. vHowever, it can be hindrance for development works.  Cont’d… v Geopolitically, its location determines its strategic importance. vBecause of colonialism almost all boundaries were made by colonial power. üThis is potent sources of conflict which weakens the national powers. üNatural boundaries are helpful to national power & the artificial boundaries are sources of weakens and conflict.  B. Natural Resources vThe other sources of Ethiopian national power is its diversified and impenetrable terrain. ü Natural boundaries with strategic advantages are always sources of strength for nation. vModerate temperature zone is one sources of national power. ü Climate change is basic concern. ü Climate has positive role to the emergence of relatively powerful political centers in different parts of Ethiopia. There are three climatic zone of Ethiopia. Alpine vegetated zone, Temperate zone & the hot zone.  C. Population vPopulation size ØOne of the most powerful states in the whole continent. ØHuge population determines the economic & military capacities. ØBut the quality of population matters most. ØWith out dedicated disciplines, hard working, healthy, educated & skilled man power, there can not be a national power. 1.4. Economic development, Industrial & Technology capacity. vPoverty is the sources of limitation of power. vDue to its poor performance * Ethiopia has not as much of influence broader context of international relations. vHaving development, sustainably growing economy based up on effective organization and planning alone can be a great power in world politics.  Cont’d… v Since the modernization of its economy from 20th century Ethiopia has been an economic dependent on Western and Eastern powers. * v These states have effectively utilized the economic instruments of foreign policy * for securing their desired goals in international relations.  1.5. Government organizations, Leadership and Diplomacy. Ø The people and communities within Ethiopian State established diverse social organization in different regions of the country. Ø These was contributed to the development of strong and centralized government since the middle of 19th century. Ø Because of its resilient government organization, leadership and diplomacy Ethiopia ensured its independence.  Cont’d… ØProbably, next to its huge population size, Ethiopia’s major source of strength is its government organization, leadership & diplomacy ØUnlike states in Africa the government organization and its leadership are typically indigenous.  Cont’d… vRelatively the Ethiopian state has well organized, efficient, effective coordination of human effort & mobilizing material resources. vThese was saved the Ethiopian state from colonial rule. vEven make the country the symbol of defiance for the black people in the world. vThe establishment of African union, UNECA in Addis Ababa show the strength & success in IR.  1.6. The National character, Moral & Ideology of the Ethiopian state. ØFor long well known for vigor & persistence during hard times. Ø High adaptability in different conditions and contexts. ØThis social asset is the source of attitude and social ability toward works and country wide needs.  Cont’d… Ø High quality of leadership, support & loyalty emanates from national moral. Ø These like moral of the people is another source of national power. Ø The ability of a state to use several ideological beliefs and commitments always determines its national power. Ø However, non all-inclusiveness & Ideological differences among different peoples, nations & nationalities were historically the major sources of political weakness.  Class work 1. What are the major sources of national strength of the Ethiopian state next to its population size? 2. What are the high quality of Ethiopians emanates from their national moral? 3. What was the contribution of the early social structure Ethiopia?  Review Questions of Unit 1 1. What is actors & its types in world political system? 2. What are features of actors? 3. What is national power? 4. What is the significance of national power? 5. Describe at least 10 elements of the national power? 6. Write and define types of national power?