Basics in Biotechnology PDF

Basics in Biotechnology Course code: BT10004 Dr Gargi Dey Associate Professor History and Foundations of Biotechnology 1 Unit 1: Overview of Biotechnology: History and...

Basics in Biotechnology Course code: BT10004 Dr Gargi Dey Associate Professor History and Foundations of Biotechnology 1 Unit 1: Overview of Biotechnology: History and foundations, modern biotechnology, types and disciplines, multidisciplinary science, challenges and future, Business, biotech industry and market. Unit 2: Fundamentals of Biology and Biotechnology: Cell as fundamental basis of life, cellular organization, homeostasis, metabolism, Basic introduction to microbes, microbiome and their usage in biotechnology. Fundamentals of central dogma, introduction to genes, genomes, genomics, manipulation of DNA with restriction enzymes, recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. Unit 3: Disciplines of Biotechnology: Enzymes in biotechnology, Proteins as products, industrial biotechnology, microbial, plant and animal biotechnology; medical biotechnology and biomedical engineering, agricultural and food, aquatic and environmental biotechnology, case studies, model organisms used in research, GMOs, biofilms, biosensors, DNA based diagnostics, pollutant detection in food and water, Bioremediation and role of micro-organisms, types (in situ/ex situ), vaccines, biosimilars, DNA fingerprinting and forensic analysis, bioenergy and biofuels, bio analytics, QA/QC, bioreactor, cell culture. Unit 4: Current Biotechnology, status, future prospects: Bioinformatics: history and role in biotechnology, Biosafety and bioethics, IPR, regulatory biotechnology, scope of biotechnology (bio innovation, technology development, commercialization, bio entrepreneurship, careers) History and Foundations of Biotechnology 2  Biotech companies (National / International) 1. Serum Institute of India 21. Algenol Biofuels 2. Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited 22. Solazyme 3. Biocon 23. Syngene 4. Monsanto 24. Britannia 5. Dupont 25. Pepsico 6. Rosche 26. Parle Agro 7. Cipla 27. Cargill 8. Amul 28. Mother Dairy 9. Nestle 29. Britannia 10. Finar 30. Kellog’s 11. Reliance Life Science 31. Emami Agrotech 12. Lupin 32. National Agro-Industry 13. Vircho 33. Pobas Organic Estates 14. Enzene 34. United Breweries 15. GSK 35. Advanta Limited 16. Novazyme 36. Nissin Foods 17. BE Pharmaceuticals 18. Novartis 19. Praj Industries 20. Evolva History and Foundations of Biotechnology 3  Definition Origin of the term “Biotechnology” The term « Biotechnology » was first used by Karl Ereky in 1919 in a book called "Biotechnology of Meat, Fat and Milk Production in an Agricultural Large-Scale Farm » For him the term “Biotechnology" indicated the process by which raw materials could be biologically upgraded into socially useful products… Source : ROBERT BUD, History of 'biotechnology' Nature 337, 10 (05 January 1989) Source : The evolution of the word ‘biotechnology’ Max J. Kennedy http://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/e id/1-s2.0-016777999190073Q/first-page-pdf History and Foundations of Biotechnology 4 Definition of Biotechnology Broadly defines as science of using living organisms or the products of living organisms for human benefit (or to benefit human surroundings) TO MAKE A PRODUCT AND SOLVE A PROBLEM History and Foundations of Biotechnology 5  Types of Biotechnology History and Foundations of Biotechnology 6  Types of Biotechnology History and Foundations of Biotechnology 7 Biotechnology as a field uses many aspects of science and technology and if one takes formal education in Definition any type of biotechnology it requires learning of multiple disciplines in context to biotechnology. Biochemistry Biomedical engineering Biology Nanotechnology Biomechanical engineering Biochemical engineering Mechanics and Mechatronics engineering Computer science Bioinformatics Biophysics Biomedicine Biosystem engineering Cell biology Electrical and computer engineering Environmental engineering Genetic engineering Human factors And the list is endless because simply biotechnology is Immune engineering an endless field with innumerable possibilities. Kinesiology History and Foundations of Biotechnology 8 Pharmacology  History and Evolution of BT There is a long chronological history of how biotechnology developed and by whom, but ultimately its how we utilize it today is the important thing. Stages of biotechnology: Classifcation 1. Ancient: Ancient biotechnology (pre-1800) does not have that much data on it and there is just speculation that with man’s every need, like food, animals, and preservation of food arose, a new form of biotechnology developed. 2. Classical: Classical biotechnology was used by people not completely knowing the science behind it. Different methods and techniques were used to get different foods and preserve them unaware of the process and science. Fermentation was used to get bread, curd, yogurt, cheese, beer, wine, etc. 3. Modern: Modern biotechnology deals with manipulations and altercations of the genetics of microorganisms also known as DNA technology. Many discoveries like operons, gene cloning, monoclonal antibodies, polymerase chain reaction, genetically modified organisms (GMO’S), bioremediation, genome projects, etc. History and Foundations of Biotechnology 9  History and Evolution of BT History and Foundations of Biotechnology 10  History and Evolution of BT Examples: Bread, Yogurt, Cheese, Wine, Beer, Sauerkraut… History and Foundations of Biotechnology 11  History and Evolution of BT From the historical perspective, the biotechnology dates back to the time (around 6000 BC) when the yeast was first used to produce beer and wine, and bacteria were first used to prepare yogurt. Some researchers consider Louis Pasteur, who identified the role of microorganisms in fermentation, (between 1857-1876) as the father of biotechnology. 1866 – Louis Pasteur published his findings on the direct link between yeast and sugars in fermentation 1915 – Production of baker’s yeast – Saccharomyces cerevisiae Classical Biotechnology (From 1800 to the middle of 20th century) Industrial exploitation of fermentation process for production of huge numbers of products Different types of beverages (beer, wine, cider…) Vinegar, Glycerol, Acetone, Butanol Lactic acid, Citric acid Antibiotics The development of biotechnology, in the first half of twentieth century is associated with the fields of applied microbiology and industrial fermentations (production of penicillin, organic solvents etc.) History and Foundations of Biotechnology 12  History and Evolution of BT Classical Biotechnology (From 1800 to the middle of 20th century) Chemical transformations to produce therapeutic products Substrate + Microbial Enzyme → Product Example: Cholesterol → Steroids (cortisone, estrogen…) Microbial synthesis of commercially valuable products Amino acids to improve food taste, quality or preservation Enzymes (cellulase, collagenase, diastase, glucose isomerase, invertase, lipase, pectinase, protease) Vitamins, Pigments History and Foundations of Biotechnology 13  History and Evolution of BT Modern biotechnology The Second World War is considered a major crisis that has led to scientific discoveries : very crucial discoveries were reported, which paved the path for modern biotechnology and to its current status. In 1953, JD Watson and FHC Crick for the first time cleared the mysteries around the DNA as a genetic material, by giving a structural model of DNA known as “Double Helix Model of DNA”. The development of modern biotechnology is closely linked with the advances made in molecular biology History and Foundations of Biotechnology 14 A selected list of historical foundations that contributed to the advancement of History and Evolution of BT biotechnology is given below: 1973 : Establishment of recombinant DNA technology by Boyer and Cohen. 1958 : Semiconservative replication of 1975 : Production of monoclonal antibodies by Kohler and DNA by Messelson and Stahl. Milstein. 1961 : Lac operon model for gene 1976 : National Institute of Health, USA issued first guidelines for regulation, proposed by Jacob and rDNA research. Monod. 1976 : Sanger and Gilbert developed techniques to sequence DNA. 1961 : Launching of the Journal of 1977 : First genome (of bacteriophage QX174) sequenced. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 1978 : Production of human insulin in E. coli. 1962 : Microbial mining of uranium. 1980 : Site-directed mutagenesis by Gillam et at. 1962-66 : Entire genetic code 1980 : U.S. Supreme Court rules that genetically engineered deciphered. microorganisms can be patented (the case was fought by Anand 1970 : Isolation of the first restriction Chakrabarty). endonuclease enzyme. 1981 : First diagnostic kits based on monoclonal antibodies 1972 : Synthesis of tRNA gene by approved in U.S. Khorana et at. 1981 : First automated DNA synthesizers sold. 1982 : U.S. approved humulin (human insulin), the first pharmaceutical product of rDNA technology, for human use. 1982 : Approval given in Europe for the use of first animal vaccine produced by rDNA technology. 1983 : Use of Ti plasmids to genetically transform plants. History and Foundations of Biotechnology 15  History and Evolution of BT 1987 : Gene transfer by biolistic transformation. 1988 : Development of polymerase chain reaction. 1988 : U.S. patent granted to genetically engineered mouse (susceptible to cancer). 1990 : Approval granted in U.S. for trail of human somatic cell gene therapy. 1990 : Official launching of human genome project. 1992 : First chromosome (of yeast) sequenced. 1994-95 : Genetic and physical maps of human chromosomes elucidated. 1996 : First eukaryotic organism (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) sequenced. 1997 : The first mammalian sheep, Dolly developed by nuclear cloning. 2000 : First plant genome (of Arabidopsis thaliana) sequenced. 2001 – Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project create a draft of the human genome sequence. It is published by Science and Nature Magazine. 2002 – Rice becomes the first crop to have its genome decoded. 2003 – The Human Genome Project is completed, providing information on the locations and sequence of human genes on all 46 chromosomes. 2004 – Addgene launches. 2008 – Japanese astronomers launch the first Medical Experiment Module called "Kibō", to be used on the International Space Station. 2009 – Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute uses modified SAN heart genes to create the first viral pacemaker in guinea pigs, now known as iSANs. 2012 – Thirty-one-year-old Zac Vawter successfully uses a nervous system-controlled bionic leg to climb the Chicago Willis Tower. 2019 – Scientists report, for the first time, the use of the CRISPR technology to edit human genes to treat cancer patients with whom standard treatments were not successful. 2019 – In a study researchers describe a new method of genetic engineering superior to previous methods like CRISPR they call "prime editing". History and Foundations of Biotechnology 16 Landmarks of modern biotechnology The history of modern biotechnology began around four decades ago with the invention of genetic engineering. Genentech, one of the fundamental companies in this field, set many trends for modern biotech companies today. Modern biotechnology involving genetic engineering and cell manipulation, has been with us for roughly four decades. It was kickstarted in 1973, when scientists first genetically engineered Escherichia coli bacteria to introduce a foreign gene that made them resistant to an antibiotic. To achieve this, the researchers employed a process called recombination, which consists of using proteins called restriction enzymes to cut bacterial DNA. The enzymes left uneven cuts on the DNA chain where foreign DNA could be inserted. The bacteria would then start using the new genetic information as if it were its own. This new technology had the potential to revolutionize the way that we produce biological molecules. Instead of inefficient traditional methods such as extracting them from plants and animals, you could cheaply mass produce your desired molecule in fermentation vats of microbes. History and Foundations of Biotechnology 17 Landmarks of modern biotechnology Insulin Recombinant human insulin was produced in 1978 using Escherichia coli bacteria to produce the insulin. Eli Lilly went on in 1982 to sell the first commercially available biosynthetic human insulin under the brand name Humulin. History and Foundations of Biotechnology 18 Landmarks of modern biotechnology Golden rice Genetically modified to produce large amounts of β-carotene (pro-vitamin that the body converts to vitamin A). Limitation of golden rice ▪ Success of golden rice depends on the fat intake in the diet History and Foundations of Biotechnology 19 Landmarks of modern biotechnology Bt crops Bt crops are protected against insect damage and reduce pesticide usage. The transgenic plants produce cry protein (toxic only to lepidopteran insects) of Bacillus thuringiensis origin. History and Foundations of Biotechnology 20  Flavr savr tomato (Calgene) Genetically modified Tomato Landmarks of modern biotechnology Calgene was a biotechnology company based in Davis, CA. It was the first company in the United States to commercialize It was meant to be harvested ripe for increased a genetically modified organism (GMO), the Flavr Savr tomato. flavor for long-distance shipping. The Flavr Savr tomato, which was commercialized in 1994, was a The Flavr Savr contains two genes added by genetically engineered tomato designed to have a long shelf life. Calgene: gene which inhibits the production of However, it was unsuccessful because of managerial reasons the rotting enzyme and a gene responsible for and was withdrawn from the market. Calgene was acquired an enzyme which confers resistance to certain by Monsanto in 1997. aminoglycoside antibiotics including kanamycin and neomycin History and Foundations of Biotechnology 21 Landmarks of modern biotechnology Dolly A female sheep (and first mammal) that was cloned from an adult somatic cell Dolly survived for almost seven years (5th July 1996 - 14th February 2003) History and Foundations of Biotechnology 22 Landmarks of modern biotechnology DNA fingerprinting Used for victim identification: A Michigan based company, Gene Codes modified their software systems, called mass Fatality Identification System (M-FISys), which was used in Thailand tsunami, 9/11 tragedy etc. History and Foundations of Biotechnology 23 Landmarks of modern biotechnology Petroleum eating bacteria First genetically modified microbe (Pseudomonas) to be patented in US Designed by Anand Mohan Chakrabarty in 1971, the bacterial could degrade many components of crude oil History and Foundations of Biotechnology 24 Landmarks of modern biotechnology Fluorescent proteins Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was first isolated from a jellyfish (Aequorea victoria). Osama Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien was awarded Nobel prize (Chemistry) in 2008 for its discovery. Fluorescent proteins are widely used as reporter proteins (we can tag any protein with GFP/other fluorescent proteins and track the target protein) History and Foundations of Biotechnology 25 In addition to recombinant technology, fields that have taken off in a big way include CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, the human microbiome and many more. And although modern biotechnology began in the US, it quickly gained traction in Europe, where a thriving ecosystem of biotech has made a big impact on the history of biotechnology. History and Foundations of Biotechnology 26  Assignment-1 (Sept 2024) Enlist and describe briefly at least 2 landmarks in the field of Biotechnology. Mode of submission: Handwritten in A-4 size paper Submission deadline: One week History and Foundations of Biotechnology 27 History and Foundations of Biotechnology 28 Distribution of BIOTECH Companies in the USA History and Foundations of Biotechnology 29 Biotechnology Workforce History and Foundations of Biotechnology 30 Careers in Biotechnology History and Foundations of Biotechnology 31 Idea to IPO journey History and Foundations of Biotechnology 32  Biotech companies (National / International) 1. Serum Institute of India 21. Algenol Biofuels 2. Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited 22. Solazyme 3. Biocon 23. Syngene 4. Monsanto 24. Britannia 5. Dupont 25. Pepsico 6. Rosche 26. Parle Agro 7. Cipla 27. Cargill 8. Amul 28. Mother Dairy 9. Nestle 29. Britannia 10. Finar 30. Kellog’s 11. Reliance Life Science 31. Emami Agrotech 12. Lupin 32. National Agro-Industry 13. Vircho 33. Pobas Organic Estates 14. Enzene 34. United Breweries 15. GSK 35. Advanta Limited 16. Novazyme 36. Nissin Foods 17. BE Pharmaceuticals 18. Novartis 19. Praj Industries 20. Evolva History and Foundations of Biotechnology 33 Challenges in Biotechnology 1. High levels of risk (drug failure, product failure in the market) 2. Affordability (High R&D Costs, Low R&D productivity) 3. Privacy issues (Protecting patient privacy) 4. GM Food Adoptions (Regulatory issues, consumer acceptance?) 5. Societal concerns (Questionable usage of artificial genes) 6. Bioterrorism (Misuse of biological weapons) History and Foundations of Biotechnology 34 WHICH CAREER DO YOU PREFER? History and Foundations of Biotechnology 35