Unit 1 & 2 Exam Study Guide PDF

Study Guide: Unit 1&2 ===================== [Unit 1] 1. Explain the difference between Anatomy & Physiology - ***Anatomy***: The study of **the structure** of the body - Inspection: Palpation, percussion, physical exam, auscultation, etc.. - Dissection: Cadaver V. Compara...

Study Guide: Unit 1&2 ===================== [Unit 1] 1. Explain the difference between Anatomy & Physiology - ***Anatomy***: The study of **the structure** of the body - Inspection: Palpation, percussion, physical exam, auscultation, etc.. - Dissection: Cadaver V. Comparative Anatomy - Level of anatomy: Gross Anatomy & Histology - ***Physiology***: The study of the **Function** of the body - Investigate how the anatomy develops and works. 2. Distinguish between the different levels of structural organization within the body (The smallest to the biggest) - **Atom**: The smallest particle with a unique chemical identity - Example: Hydrogen, Oxygen, etc.... - **Molecule**: Particle made of 2 or more atoms - Example: Water (H2O), Macromolecules: DNA, etc... - **Organelle**: Tiny structure within a cell with specific functions - Example: Mitochondria (ATP), Nucleus, Ribosome, Endoplasmic Reticulum, etc.... - **Cell**: The smallest unit of life/organism that can carry out the basic function of life. - Example: Skin cell, Liver cell, Bone cell, etc... - **Tissue**: Grouping of similar cells within an organ with specific functions - 4 types of tissue - Epithelial - Nervous - Connective - Muscle - **Organ:** Made of 2 or more tissue types that work together. - Example: Stomach, Lungs, Kidneys, Heart, etc..... - **Organ Systems**: Group of organs with a unique collective function - Examples: Digestive System, Integumentary System, Respiratory System, etc.... - **Organism**: Single complete individual - Example: Humans, Plants, Fungi, bacteria, etc... 3. Distinguish between examples of homeostasis and stress. - ***Homeostasis***: Maintaining internal stability (with the change in an environment) by detecting changes, activating mechanisms that oppose that change, and maintaining stable internal conditions. **Exam question:** What is Homeostasis? - Important internal stability by maintaining health condition, fundamental in physiology - **Dynamic Equilibrium:** The internal state of the body - ***Stress:*** Any disruption of homeostasis that threatens physical and emotional well-being (loss of homeostasis control results in illness and death) Be able to give an example at least 2 for each - Physical stress: - Intense exercise - Infection - Injury - Surgery - Hemorrhage - Pain - Emotional Stress: - Grief - Anxiety - Depression - Anger - Guilt 4. Explain the components of feedback systems: - ***Negative Feedback:*** A mechanism that keeps a variable close to it set point: Maintaining homeostasis. ***Example question:*** What is negative feedback? - Maintaining homeostasis by Dynamic equilibrium - Defends the set point - How? Detect change and correct it, oppose change 5. Using examples, explain the operation and effects of negative and positive feedback systems on homeostasis: - **Negative feedback:** body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, etc. - Example: Short term blood pressure regulation - How it works? It happens by 3 important components - Positive feedback: Labor 6. Given various functions and organs of the body, identify the following body systems: - **Integumentary System:** Skin, Hairs, Nails Function: Protection, Thermoregulation, Vitamin D synthesis - **Skeletal System:** Bones (cartilage and ligaments that are attached to the bones) Function: Support, Protection, Movement, Blood cell formation (in bone marrow) - **Muscular System:** Function: Movement stability, Heat production, orifice control - **Nervous System:** Brain, spinal cord, nerves Function: general function of the nervous system, internal communication coordination, motor control, sensation - **Endocrine System:** Hormones production, Function: - **Cardiovascular System: heart, blood vessels** Function: distribute blood, heat pump blood, and the vessels carry the blood to the various tissues of the body and different vessels and going back to the heart. Fluid balance, acid-base - **Lymphatic System: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen** Function: protection against disease. Recover excess tissue fluid - **Digestive System:** mouth, oral cavity, salivary glands, esophagus Function: to digest and absorb nutrient - **Urinary System: Kidney, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder** Function: eliminate waste, blood pressure, and volume regulation Acid-base balance Stimulation of the formation of red blood cells - **Reproductive System**: Function: to produce gametes and eggs 7. Describe the scientific method and inductive reasoning, including the following terms: Inductive reasoning: Make many observations to draw generalizations and predictions. Discovery- based science. Can lead to formation of new hypothesis (create question) **Observation: Lead you to ask the question** **Hypothesis: Educated guess (must be testable and falsifiable)** **Experimentation: Test hypothesis and must be repeatable** **Conclusion & Report: Peer review** - 8. Apply the scientific method to a biological problem. **[\ ]** **[Unit 2 -- The Chemical Level of Organization ]** 1. Define the following **Matter:** Anything that has mass and takes up space (all organisms) **element:** the simplest form of matter and has unique chemical properties (ex. 24 in physiology: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, calcium) **atom:** the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristic of the element. **Isotope:** atoms of an element with different \#n of neutrons (and anatomic mass) **atomic number:** **subatomic structure:** **atomic mass:** **molecule:** 2 or more atoms that are united(hold) by a chemical bond (N2 is an example of a Diatomic molecule by 2 molecules together) **compound:** molecule that made by 2 or more different elements (CO2) **Ion:** Charged participle with unequal \#n of protons and electrons (give or gain an electron to become more stable) **Cation:** Positively charged ion (+) gave up electron **anion:** Negatively charged ion (-) gained electron **ion (electrolyte):** Ion in water or anything put in the water and comes out in 2 ions. Substances that ionized in the water and form an electricity solution (ex. NaCl -\> Na(+) + Cl(-) **Free Radical:** chemical particle with an odd \# of electrons. Produced by metabolic reaction, radiation and chemical. **Antioxidant:** Chemical that neutralizes free radical (ex. Enzymes and Dietary antioxidants like vitamin from fruits) **\ ** **Covalent bond:** Sharing electrons (orbit around nuclei) - Nonpolar covalent bond: shared electrons spend equal time orbiting around each nucleus (strongest of chemical bond) - Polar covalent bond: shared electrons spend more time orbiting around one nucleus (least time spent = positive, more time spent = negative charge **Ionic bond:** attraction of cation and anion **nonpolar molecule:** **polar molecule**: Has slightly opposite charges on either end (polar covalent) example. Water (H2O) **Acid:** a compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water ex. HCL Or Adds H+ to the solution (strongest acid adds more H+ **base:** a compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) **Salt: An i**onic compound that does not contain H+ or OH- and comes from acid-base reaction (binds H+) Example question: What is acid and base? Make a comparison between those two. If Lemon juice Ph is 23 and eggs have pH 8 which is more basic and which is higher H+ 2. Given concentrations of acids and/or bases, identify their chemical composition, relative position on the pH scale and examples. 3. Explain the various homeostatic mechanisms for regulating the pH of the body, including the roles of buffers, the respiratory system, and the urinary system in regulating the normal pH of arterial blood. - Buffer: something that allows to maintain pH and homeostasis or anything resists change in pH 4. Associate the properties of water with their importance to the body, including the following: (Chapter 2, Section 2.2A) What is "covalently bonded polar molecule'? - Form hydrogen bonds and make a unique set of properties polarity universal solvent: ability to dissolve other chemical (very good at dissolving in water) adhesion: the molecule on one substance want to clean another substance (like to stick to the other thing) cohesion: the same molecule of substance wants to stick to each other surface tension: force at the surface of water capillary action: movement of liquid along a surface of the solid high specific heat: high heat of vaporization: chemical reactivity: ability to participate in chemical reaction 5. Identify the subunits, examples, and general functions of the following organic compounds and processes by which they are metabolized: carbohydrates monosaccharides nucleotides lipids fatty acids adenosine triphosphate (ATP) proteins glycerol dehydration synthesis proteins glycerol nucleic acids amino acids hydrolysis 6. Explain how enzymes work and why they are so important to the body, including the following: catalyst substrate effects of pH energy of activation product effects of temperature active site