Biology Chapter 1 Quiz

Unit 1: Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy: The study of the structure of the body.
• Methods: Inspection (e.g., palpation, percussion, physical exam, auscultation), dissection, and comparative anatomy (e.g., gross anatomy and histology).
• Physiology: The study of the function of the body and how anatomy develops and works.
• Structural Organization (Smallest to Largest):
  • Atom: The smallest particle with a unique chemical identity (e.g., hydrogen, oxygen).
  • Molecule: Two or more atoms joined (e.g., water (H₂O), DNA, macromolecules).
  • Organelles: Tiny structures within a cell with specific functions (e.g., mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes).
  • Cell: The smallest unit of life that carries out basic life functions (e.g., skin cell, liver cell, bone cell).
  • Tissue: Groups of similar cells with specific functions (e.g., epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle).
  • Organ: Made of two or more tissue types working together (e.g., stomach, lungs, heart).
  • Organ System: Group of organs with a shared function (e.g., digestive, respiratory).
  • Organism: A complete living entity (e.g., humans, plants).

Unit 2: Homeostasis and Feedback

• Homeostasis: Maintaining internal stability by detecting changes and activating compensatory mechanisms.
• Stress: Any disruption of homeostasis that threatens physical and emotional well-being. Examples include physical stress (intense exercise, injury, surgery) and emotional stress (grief, anxiety, depression).
• Feedback System (Negative Feedback): A mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set point, maintaining homeostasis. It involves detecting changes, correcting them through opposing actions, and maintaining the stable state.
• Exam Question: What is negative feedback?
  • Maintaining homeostasis through dynamic equilibrium
  • Defending the set point
  • How? Detecting change and correcting it (e.g., negative feedback mechanisms maintain body temperature).

Unit 3: Body Systems

• Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails; function: Protection, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis
• Skeletal System: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, function: Support, protection, movement, blood cell production
• Muscular System: Function: Movement, stability, heat production, orifice control
• Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves; Function: General function of the nervous system, internal communication, coordination, motor control, sensation
• Endocrine System: Function: Hormone production
• Cardiovascular System: Heart, blood vessels; Function: Distributing blood, heat pumping, carrying blood to the body's tissues and returning it to the heart; fluid balance, acid-base balance
• Lymphatic System: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen; Function: Protection against disease, recovering excess tissue fluid
• Digestive System: Mouth, oral cavity, salivary glands, esophagus; Function: Digesting and absorbing nutrients
• Urinary System: Kidneys, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder; Function: Eliminating waste, regulating blood pressure and volume; acid-base balance, red blood cell stimulation.
• Reproductive System: Function: Producing gametes (eggs and sperm).

Unit 4: Scientific Method

• Scientific Method (Inductive & Deductive) Inductive reasoning using observations to derive generalizations and predictions while Deductive reasoning begins with general statements to predict specific outcomes.
  • Include observation, forming a hypothesis (testable and falsifiable), experimentation, results, conclusion, and reporting.
• Inductive reasoning makes many observations to draw generalizations; Discovery-based science.
• Hypothesis: Educated guess(testable and falsifiable).
• Experimentation: Test hypothesis; Must be repeatable
• Conclusion & Report: Peer review

Unit 5: The Chemical Level of Organization

• Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space (essential to all organisms).
• Element: The simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties (e.g., hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, calcium).
• Atom: The smallest part of an element that retains its chemical properties.
• Isotope: Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons.
• Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom.
• Subatomic Structure: Parts of an atom (Protons, Neutrons, Electrons).
• Atomic Mass: The sum of protons and neutrons.
• Molecule: Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
• Compound: A molecule composed of two or more different elements.
• Ion: A charged atom or molecule (gaining or losing electrons).
• Cation: Positively charged ion.
• Anion: Negatively charged ion.
• Ion (Electrolyte): An ion in water, and substances that ionize in water to form an electrically conductive solution.
• Free Radical: Chemical particle with an odd number of electrons, produced by metabolic reactions, radiation, or chemicals.
• Antioxidant: Chemical that neutralizes free radicals (e.g., enzymes and dietary antioxidants like vitamins from fruits).

Unit 6: Water, Acids, and Bases; Covalent Bonds, Ionic Bonding

• Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms (e.g., in water molecules).
• Polar Molecule: A molecule with slightly positive and negative ends (e.g., water).
• Ionic Bond: The attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• Acid: A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) into a solution.
• Base: A substance that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.
• Salt: An ionic compound formed from the reaction of an acid and a base.
• pH Scale: A measure of acidity or basicity (0-14).

Unit 7: Homeostatic Mechanisms of Water and pH

• Homeostatic mechanisms for regulating pH in the body: Buffer systems, respiratory system, and the urinary system regulate the normal pH of arterial blood to maintain homeostasis.
• Water Properties:
  • Polarity: Unequal distribution of charge creating partial charges (positive and negative)
  • Universal solvent: Dissolves many substances
  • Adhesion: Water's attraction to other molecules
  • Cohesion: Water's attraction to itself
  • Surface tension: Water's resistance to increase its surface area
  • Capillary: Movement of water through narrow spaces
  • High specific heat and high heat of vaporization: High heat capacity and large energy to vaporize (moderates temperature).
  • Chemical Reactivity: Water participates in many chemical reactions.

Unit 8: Organic Compounds

• Organic Compounds: Carbon-containing compounds necessary for life activities.
  • Examples include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Subunits: The building blocks of organic molecules (e.g., monosaccharides for carbohydrates, amino acids for proteins).
• Metabolic Processes: The ways organic compounds are broken down and built up (e.g., dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis).
• Enzymes: Important catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions in the body.
  • Include substrate, catalyst, effects of pH, active site, product, effects of temperature.