তথ্য ও যোগাযোগ প্রযুক্তি এবং বাংলাদেশ PDF

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Ávb wfwËK A_©bxwZi m~Pbv N‡U‡Q †Kvb kZ‡K? K. Dbwesk kZ‡K L. GKzk kZ‡K M. Aóv`k kZ‡K N. c‡bik kZ‡K 2. GKzk kZ‡K ‡Kvb wel‡qi mv‡_ cwiPq n‡q‡Q ? i. Globalization ii. Internationalization iii. Civilization wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii 3. GKzk kZ‡Ki g~j PvwjKv kw³ †KvbwU? K. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb L. m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi M. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ N. wek¦vqb 4. GKzk kZ‡Ki A_©bxwZ †KvbwUi Dci wbf©ikxj? K. Ávb L. hš¿ M. kw³ N. B”Qv BDwbU GK c„ôv 3 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cvV-1.2 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i weKv‡k D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨w³Z¡ D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ  Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i weKv‡k D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨w³Z¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|  Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i weKv‡k wewfbœ e¨w³i Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Pvj©m e¨v‡eR, A¨vWv jvf‡jm, †Rgm K¬vK© g¨v·I‡qj, RM`xk P›`ª emy, ¸Mwj‡qj‡gv gyL¨ kã gvK©wb, †igÛ m¨vgy‡qj Ugwjbmb, w÷f Rem, wej †MUm, m¨vi wU‡gvw_ Rb evb©vm-wj, gvK© RyKvievM©| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i we¯Ív‡ii wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q kZvwãi ci kZvwã a‡i gvby‡li D™¢vebx kw³ I M‡elYvi djvdj, i‡q‡Q A‡bK weÁvbx, wfkbvwi, cÖ‡KŠkjx Ges wbg©vZv‡`i Ae`vb| mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖhyw³i A‡bK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii D™¢veb, Zvi Ges Zvinxb †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, gvB‡µvB‡j±ªwb‡·i e¨envi eZ©gv‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvi g‡a¨ wb‡q G‡m‡Q| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K eZ©gvb Ae¯’v‡b wb‡q Avm‡Z hv‡`i Ae`vb i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨w³Z¡‡`i m¤ú‡K© GB cv‡V Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Pvj©m e¨v‡eR : cÖhyw³i BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zg GK ¯§iYxq e¨w³‡Z¡i bvg Pvj©m e¨v‡eR (Charles Babbage) [1791-1871]| wZwb wQ‡jb GKvav‡i MwYZwe`, `vk©wbK, Avwe®‹viK Ges hš¿ cÖ‡KŠkjx| Zuv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq| wZwb wWdv‡iÝ BwÄb I GbvwjwUK¨vj BwÄb bv‡gi `yBwU MYbv hš¿ ˆZwi K‡ib| cÖhyw³i mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Zuvi D™¢vweZ hš¿ †mB mgq mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Z‡e 1991 mv‡j Zuvi wWRvBb †_‡KB mdjfv‡e Kg©ÿg GKwU hš¿ ˆZwi Kiv nq| G †_‡K wbwðZ wPÎ 1.2.1 : Pvj©m e¨v‡eR nIqv hvq †h, Pvj©‡mi `ywU BwÄbB MYbvi KvR Ki‡Z cviZ| A¨vWv jvf‡jm : MYbvi KvRwU wKfv‡e Av‡iv Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq †mwU wb‡q †f‡ewQ‡jb Kwe jW© evqi‡bi KY¨v A¨vWv jvf‡jm (Ada Lovelace) [1815-1852]| gv‡qi Kvi‡Y A¨vWv †QvU‡ejv †_‡K weÁvb I MwY‡Z AvMÖnx n‡q I‡Vb| 1833 mv‡j Pvj©m e¨v‡e‡Ri mv‡_ Zvi cwiPq nq| e¨v‡e‡Ri bZzb a¨vb-aviYv‡K gvÎ †h ¸wU K‡qKRb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Zb¥‡a¨ A¨vWv AMÖMY¨| wZwb e¨v‡e‡Ri GbvwjwUK¨vj BwÄb‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ ÔÔ‡cÖvMÖvwgsÕÕ Gi aviYv †`b| G Kvi‡Y A¨vWv jvf‡jm‡K ÔÔ‡cÖvMÖvwgsÕÕ aviYvi cÖeZ©K wn‡m‡e m¤§vwbZ Kiv nq| 1842 mv‡j e¨v‡eR Zzwib wek¦we`¨vj‡q Zuvi BwÄb m¤ú‡K© e³e¨ †`b| A¨vWv †m mgq e¨v‡e‡Ri mnvqZvq cy‡iv e³‡e¨ BwÄ‡bi Kv‡Ri avivwU eY©bv K‡ib| Kv‡Ri aviv eY©bvi mgq wZwb GwU avc Abymv‡i wPÎ 1.2.2 :A¨vWv jvf‡jm µgvw¼Z K‡ib| A¨vWvi g„Zz¨i 100 eQi ci 1953 mv‡j †mB †bvU Avev‡iv cÖKvwkZ n‡j weÁvbxiv eyS‡Z cv‡ib, A¨vWv Avm‡j A¨vjMwi`g †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi aviYvUvB cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb| [Photo credit: www.wikipedia.org] BDwbU GK c„ôv 4 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg †Rgm K¬vK© g¨v·I‡qj : e¨v‡eR Avi A¨vWvi Kvh©µ‡gi cvkvcvwk c`v_©weÁv‡bI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AMÖMwZ mvwaZ nq| weÁvbx †Rgm K¬vK© g¨v·I‡qj [1831-1879] Zwor †PŠ¤^K ej‡K GKÎ K‡i Zwor †PŠ¤^Kxq e‡ji aviYv cÖKvk K‡ib, hv wKbv webv Zv‡i evZ©v †cÖi‡Yi GKwU m¤¢vebv D‡b¥vPb K‡i| RM`xk P›`ª emy : wPÎ 1.2.3: †Rgm K¬vK© g¨v·I‡qj RM`xk P›`ª emy [1858-1937] wQ‡jb GKRb evOvwj c`v_©we`, Dw™¢`we` I RxeweÁvbx| Zuvi M‡elYv Dw™¢`weÁvb‡K mg„× K‡i †Zv‡j Ges fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k e¨envwiK I M‡elYvag©x weÁv‡bi m~Pbv K‡i| webv Zv‡i GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b evZ©v †cÖi‡Y cÖ_g mdj nb wZwb| 1895 mv‡j RM`xk P›`ª emy AwZÿz`ª Zi½ e¨envi K‡i GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Z_¨ †cÖi‡Y mdj nb| Bbw÷wUDU Ae B‡jKwUªK¨vj A¨vÛ B‡jKUªwb· BwÄwbqvm© Zv‡K †iwWI weÁv‡bi RbK e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| wPÎ 1.2.4 : RM`xk P›`ª emy ¸Mwj‡qj‡gv gvK©wb GKB mgq †eZvi Zi½ e¨envi K‡i GKB Kv‡R cÖ_g mdjZv jvf K‡i BZvwji weÁvbx ¸Mwj‡qj‡gv gvK©wb [1874-1937]| GRb¨ Z7v‡K †eZvi h‡š¿i Avwe®‹viK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv nq| wPÎ 1.2.5 : ¸Mwj‡qj‡gv gvK©wb †igÛ m¨vgy‡qj Ugwjbmb lvU-mË‡ii `k‡K B›Uvi‡bU cÖ‡UvKj e¨envi K‡i Avicv‡b‡Ui (ARPANET) Rb¥ nq| ZLb †_‡K †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvimg~‡ni g‡a¨ AvšÍ:ms‡hvM weKwkZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Gi d‡jB cieZ©x‡Z ˆZwi nq B›Uvi‡bU| 1971 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvb †cÖvMÖvgvi †igÛ m¨vgy‡qj Ugwjbmb [1941-2016] Avicv‡bU (ARPANET) wm‡÷g e¨envi K‡i cÖ_g B-†gBj wm‡÷g Pvjy K‡ib| GRb¨ wZwb @ wPý e¨envi K‡ib hv GLb ch©šÍ B-†gBj A¨v‡Wª‡m e¨envi n‡q Avm‡Q| wPÎ 1.2.6: †igÛ m¨vgy‡qj Ugwjbmb w÷f Rem w÷f Rem [1955-2011] hy³iv‡óªi GKRb D‡`¨v³v I cÖhyw³ D™¢veK| Zuv‡K cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi wecø‡ei cw_K…r ejv nq| wZwb I Zuvi `yB eÜz w÷f IRwbqvK Ges †ivbvì I‡qb 1976 mv‡ji 1jv GwcÖj A¨vcj Kw¤úDUvi bv‡g GKwU cÖwZôvb Pvjy K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b GB cÖwZôvbwU we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg e„nr cÖwZôvb| A¨vc‡ji nv‡ZB cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvbvb ch©vq weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| [Photo credit: www.wikipedia.org] wPÎ 1.2.7 : w÷f Rem BDwbU GK c„ôv 5 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ DBwjqvg †nbwi wej †MUm 1975 mv‡j DBwjqvg †nbwi wej †MUm [Rb¥ A‡±vei 28, 1995] I Zuvi eÜy cj G‡jb gvB‡µvmd&U cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1980 mv‡j AvBweGg †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡`i evbv‡bv cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ gvB‡µvmd&U‡K `vwqZ¡ †`q| weKwkZ nq GgGmWm (MSDOS-Microsoft Disk Operating System) Ges DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi AwaKvsk Kw¤úDUvi wej †MUm cÖwZwôZ gvB‡µvmd&‡Ui Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g md&UIq¨vi w`‡q cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| wPÎ 1.2.8 :DBwjqvg †nbwi wej †MUm m¨vi wU‡gvw_ Rb evb©vm-wj B›Uvi‡b‡Ui weKvkKv‡j 1989 mv‡j weªwUk Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx m¨vi wU‡gvw_ Rb evb©vm-wj [Rb¥ Ryb 8, 1955] nvBcvi‡U·U UªvÝdvi cÖ‡UvKj (HTTP-Hyper Text Transfer Protocal) e¨envi K‡i Z_¨ e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib Ges Zv ev¯Íevqb K‡ib| †mB †_‡K evb©vm wj Iqvì© I‡q‡ei (WWW-World Wide Web) RbK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| †bUIqvK© cÖhyw³i weKv‡ki d‡j we‡k¦i bvbvb †`‡ki g‡a¨ B›Uvi‡bU we¯Í…Z nq| B›Uvi‡bU‡K †K›`ª K‡i GKwU kw³kvjx A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v M‡o I‡V Ges wewfbœ ai‡Yi G¨vwcø‡Kkb md&UIq¨vi weKwkZ nq| wPÎ 1.2.9 :m¨vi wU‡gvw_ Rb evb©vm-wj gvK© RyKvievM© : gvK© RyKvievM© [Rb¥ 14 †g, 1984] GKRb Av‡gwiKvb Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi I md&UIq¨vi †W‡fjcvi| hvi Avmj cwiwPwZ nj RbwcÖq mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM I‡qemvBU †dBmeyK Gi cÖwZôvZv wn‡m‡e| nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x _vKv Ae¯’vq gvK© RyKvievM© I Zuvi K‡qKRb mncvVx wg‡j 2004 mv‡j †dBmeyK cÖwZôv K‡ib| ïiæ‡Z GwU †Kej nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Ave× _vK‡jI cieZ©x‡Z GwU mevi Rb¨ Db¥y³ Kiv nq| mviv we‡k¦ cÖvq 200 †KvwU gvbyl †dmeyK e¨envi Ki‡Qb Ges G msL¨v cÖwZw`bB evo‡Q| wPÎ 1.2.10 : gvK© RyKvievM© [Photo credit: www.wikipedia.org] GKwU `j MVbc~e©K Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z wewfbœ e¨w³i Ae`vb wkÿv_©xi KvR Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv Dc¯’vcb Kiæb| mvims‡ÿc Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i we¯Ív‡ii wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q hyM hyM a‡i 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B‡jKUªwbK c×wZ‡Z †mev cÖ`vb Kivi c×wZ‡K wK e‡j? K. B-mvwf©m L. B-†gBj M. B-Kgvm© N. B-jvwb©s 2. B-c~wR© Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? K. B‡jK‡Uªv c~wR© L. B‡jKUªb c~wR© M. B‡jKUªwbK c~wR© N. B‡jKwUªK c~wR© 3. WvK wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b UvKv cvVv‡bvi cÖwµqv‡K Kx ejv nq? K. B-cP©v L. B-c~wR© M. BGgwUGm N. 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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii d‡j eZ©gv‡b †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v n‡q‡Q - i. mnR ii. mvkªqx iii. wbivc` wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 2. RbwcÖq mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g †KvbwU? K. †dmeyK L. ¸Mj M. wR‡gBj N. Bqvû 3. mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g †dmeyK K‡e Pvjy nq? K. 2002 mv‡j L. 2003 mv‡j M. 2004 mv‡j N. 2006 mv‡j 4. UzBUvi wK? K. e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g L. ivR‰bwZK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g M. mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g N. 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KZ mv‡j wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki cwiKíbv Kiv nq? K. 2002 mvj L. 2004 mvj M. 2006 mvj N. 2008 mvj 2. KZ mv‡ji g‡a¨ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjvi cwiKíbv Kiv nq? K. 2018 mv‡j L. 2021 mv‡j M. 2023 N. 2025 mv‡j 3. wWwRU k‡ãi A_© wK? K. MYbv L. msL¨v M. msL¨K N. MvwYwZK BDwbU GK c„ôv 20 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1. B‡jKUªwbK wewbgq cÖ_vi gva¨‡g evwYR¨ Kiv‡K Kx ejv nq? K. B-mvwf©m L. B-Kgvm© M. B-Mfb©¨vÝ N. B-jvwb©s 2. BGgwUGm c×wZ‡Z 1 wgwb‡U m‡e©v”P KZ UvKv ch©šÍ cvVv‡bv hvq? K. 40 nvRvi L. 50 nvRvi M. 60 nvRvi N. 70 nvRvi 3. †`‡ki mKj Rwgi †iK‡W©i Abywjwc AbjvB‡b msMÖn Kiv‡K Kx e‡j? K. B-cP©v L. B-c~wR© M. B-¯^v¯’¨‡mev N. BgwUGm 4. UzBUv‡i m‡e©v”P KZ Aÿ‡ii g‡a¨ evZ©v cvVv‡Z nq? K. 120 Aÿi L. 130 Aÿi M. 140 Aÿi N. 150 Aÿi L. eûcw` mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 5. B-Kgvm© ej‡Z †evSvq- i. B›Uvi‡b‡U †hvMv‡hvM ii. B›Uvi‡b‡U e¨emv evwYR¨ iii. gy³ evRvi e¨emv evwYR¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii 6. wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î B-Mfb©¨v‡Ýi d‡j m¤¢e n‡q‡Q- i. B›Uvi‡b‡U Gm.Gm.wm cixÿvi djvdj ii. †gvevB‡j Gm.Gm.wm cixÿvi djvdj iii. K‡j‡R fwZ©i †ÿ‡Î AbjvB‡b Av‡e`b †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii M. Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ wb‡Pi DwÏcKwU co–b 7 I 8 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b: wbjq Ab-jvB‡bi gva¨‡g GgweG wWMÖx AR©b K‡i‡Q| Zvi wKQz eÜy KvbvWv‡Z covkybv K‡i| †m Zv‡`i mv‡_ wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM iv‡L| covïbv †kl K‡i cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y wbjq N‡i e‡mB A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Zvi eÜz gvngy`I cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y †h †Kvb ¯’vb n‡ZB Zvi e¨emvwqK KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| 7. wbj‡qi A_© DcvR©‡bi wm‡÷gwU nj- K. B-Kgvm© L. AvDU‡mvwm©s M. wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs N. n¨vwKs BDwbU GK c„ôv 21 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ 8. gvngy‡`i e¨eüZ wm‡÷gwUi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z kã n‡jv- i. †WwfW KvW© ii. ‡µwWU KvW© iii. AvB‡Ww›UwU KvW© wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii DËigvjv cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.1 t 1. L 2. K 3. M 4. K cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.2 t 1. L 2. M 3. L cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.3 t 1. K 2. N 3. M cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.4 t 1. N 2. M 3. M 4. L 5. L 6. K cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.5 t 1. K 2. M 3. M cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.6 t 1. N 2. K 3. M 4. M cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1.7 t 1. N 2. L 3. L P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ 1 L 2 L 3 K 4 M L. eûcw` mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ 5 M 6 N M. Awfbœ eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ 7 L 8 K BDwbU GK c„ôv 22

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