UNIT 0 VOCAB - csv - UNIT 0 VOCAB - Sheet1 (1).csv.csv

Gimkit Spreadsheet Import Template 2, Question,Correct Answer "thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. (p. 0-6)",critical thinking "the tendency...

Gimkit Spreadsheet Import Template 2, Question,Correct Answer "thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. (p. 0-6)",critical thinking "the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) (p. 0-10)",hindsight bias "scientific experts who evaluate a research article's theory, originality, and accuracy. (p. 0-14)",peer reviewers an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and precticts behaviors or events. (p. 0-14),theory "a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. (p. 0-14)",hypothesis "the possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment. (p. 0-14)",falsifiable "a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. (Also known as operationalization.) (p. 0-15)",operational definition "repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced. (p. 0-15)",replication a non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. (p. 0-16),case study a non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. (p. 0-17),naturalistic observation "a non-experimental technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. (p. 0-18)",survey bias from people's responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes. (p. 0-19),social desirability bias bias when people report their behavior inaccurately. (p. 0-19),self-report bias a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample. (p. 0-19),sampling bias a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. (p. 0-19),random sample "all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population.) (p. 0-19)",population "a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. (p. 0-22)",correlation a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00). (p. 0-22),correlation coefficient anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure. (p. 0-22),variable "a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation). (p. 0-22)",scatterplot "perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship. (p. 0-26)",illusory correlation the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average. (p. 0-26),regression toward the mean "a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. (p. 0-27)",experiment "in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. (p. 0-27)",experimental group "in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. (p. 0-27)",control group "assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups. (p. 0-27)",random assignment an experimental procedure in which the research participants are ignorant (blind) about whether they have received the treatment or a placebo. (p. 0-28),single-blind procedure an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. (p. 0-28),double-blind procedure "experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. (p. 0-28)","placebo effect \[pluh-SEE-bo\] \[Latin for \"\"I shall please\"\"\]" "in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. (p. 0-28)",independent variable "in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results. (p. 0-28)",confounding variable bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs. (p. 0-28),experimenter bias "in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated. (p. 0-28)",dependent variable "the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also predictive validity.) (pp. 0-29, 267)",validity "a research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data. (p. 0-33)",quantitative research "a research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers. (p. 0-33)",qualitative research giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. (p. 0-35),informed consent "the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants. (p. 0-35)",debriefing numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; include measures of central tendency and measures of variation. (p. 0-41),descriptive statistics a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution. (p. 0-41),histogram the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. (p. 0-42),mode "the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. (p. 0-42)",mean the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. (p. 0-42),median the percentage of scores that are lower than a given score. (p. 0-42),percentile rank a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value. (p. 0-42),skewed distribution the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. (p. 0--43),range a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. (p. 0-43),standard deviation "a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. (Also called a normal distribution.) (pp. 0-43, 266)",normal curve numerical data that allow one to generalize-to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population. (p. 0-44),inferential statistics "a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multipie studies to reach an overall conclusion. (pp. 0-44, 768)",meta-analysis "a statistical statement of how likely it is that a result (such as a difference between samples) occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied. (p. 0-45)",statistical significance "the strength of the relationship between two variables. The larger the effect size, the more one variable can be explained by the other. (p. 0-45)",effect size