Understanding The Self - Final Term

# Understanding the Self ## The Sexual Self ### I. Sex and Gender: What's the Difference - Sex refers to a set of biological attributes in humans and - Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people. #...

# Understanding the Self ## The Sexual Self ### I. Sex and Gender: What's the Difference - Sex refers to a set of biological attributes in humans and - Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people. ### II. Understanding Puberty Thoroughly - Puberty is the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature. - It is a process that usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. - It causes physical changes, and affects boys and girls differently. ### The Role of Estrogen and Progesterone #### Estrogen Effects - Builds up uterine lining - Increases body fat - Depression, headache/migraine - Interferes with thyroid hormone - Increases blood clotting - Decreases libido - Impairs blood sugar control - Increases risk of endometrial cancer - Increases risk of breast cancer #### Progesterone Effects - Maintains uterine lining (secretory) - Helps use fat for energy - Anti-depressant - Facilitates thyroid hormone action - Normalizes blood clotting - Restores libido - Regulates blood sugar levels - Protects from endometrial cancer - Probable prevention of breast cancer ### III. The Three Stages of Love and the Hormones Involved in the Process - According to anthropology professor Helen Fisher, there are three stages of falling in love. - In each stage, a different set of brain chemicals run the show. - **Lust** is driven primarily by the hormones testosterone in men and estrogen in women. - In the second stage, you begin to obsess about your lover and crave his presence. - These feelings are created by three chemicals: norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. - **Attachment** involves wanting to make a more lasting commitment to your loved one. - If things are going well, it gets replaced by the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, which create the desire to bond, affiliate with and nurture your partner. ### IV. Gender Stereotyping and Why it Needs to stop - A gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics, or the roles that are or ought to be possessed by, or performed by women and men. - A gender stereotype is harmful when it limits women’s and men’s capacity to develop their personal abilities, pursue their professional careers and make choices about their lives. ## V. Diving Deeper into Other Sexuality and Gender Issues * **LGBTQIA+ Terminology** * General Definitions * Educate yourself. ## Diseases Associated with Reproductive System ### Adults - Most common problems are infections. - Female reproductive organ infections are more common in young and elderly women and in those whose resistance is low. - Common infections include those caused by: - Escherichia coli (spread from digestive tract) - Sexually transmitted microorganisms (gonorrhea, syphilis and herpes virus) - Yeast (fungus) - Untreated infections may spread throughout the female reproductive tract, causing pelvic inflammatory diseases and sterility. - Problems involving painful and abnormal menses may result from infection or hormone imbalance. ### Women: - Reach peak reproductive abilities in their late 20's, in which after natural ovarian function decreases. - As estrogen production declines, ovulation becomes irregular and menstrual periods become scanty and shorter in length wherein ovulation and menses ceases entirely, ending child rearing ability; "menopause" - Although estrogen production continues even at menopause, ovaries stop functioning. - Deprivation of estrogen causes: - Breast to begin atrophy - Vagina becomes dry - Intercourse may become painful (particularly if frequent) - Vaginal infections become increasingly common. - Other effects of Estrogen deficit: - Irritability - Mood Changes (depression in some) - Intense vasodilation of skin's blood vessels which causes sweat-drenching "hot flashes" - Gradual thinning of skin - Loss of bone mass - Slowly rising blood cholesterol levels which risks women to cardiovascular disorders - Physicians prescribe low-dose of estrogen-progestin preparations to help through difficult period and to prevent skeletal and cardiovascular complications. ### Men: - Has no equivalent menopause. - Although aging men exhibit decline in testosterone secretion. - Reproductive capability is unending. - If living healthy, men are able to father offspring well in their 80’s and beyond. ### Erogenous Zone - Described as parts of the body that are chiefly sensitive and cause increased sexual arousal when touched in a sexual manner. - **Erogenous zones:** Mouth, Reproductive organs, Breasts, Anus - Erogenous zones differ from person to person, as some people may enjoy being touched in a certain area more than other areas. - **Common areas**: Neck, thighs, abdomen and feet #### Why are some areas more Erogenous than others? - It has been mentioned that the level of erotic sensitivity of a particular body part is largely dependent on the amount of nerve endings that are located in that region. - Vasocongestion increases the amount of blood that flows to these regions, making them highly sensitive when aroused. - **Example**: eyelids, forearm, head and abdomen - Finding erogenous zones consists of exploring each other’s bodies, simultaneously increasing sexual desire and intimacy in a relationship. ### Human Sexual Behavior - Defined as any activity - solitary, between two persons, or in a group - that induces sexual arousal (Gebhard P.H. 2017). - Two major factors that determine human sexual behavior: - Inherited sexual response patterns that have evolved as a means of ensuring reproduction and that are a part of each individual’s genetic inheritance. - The degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted on the individual by society in the expression of his sexuality. ### Types of Behavior - The various types of human sexual behavior are usually classified according to the gender and number of participants. - **There is:** - Solitary behavior involving one individual. - Sociosexual behavior involving more than one person. ### Solitary Behavior - **Self-gratification** is self-stimulation with the intention of causing sexual arousal, and generally sexual climax. - Most self-gratification is done in private as an end in itself but is sometimes practiced to facilitate a sociosexual relationship. - It, generally beginning at or before puberty, is very common among males, particularly young males, but becomes less frequent or is abandoned when sociosexual activity is available. Self-gratification is most frequent among the unmarried. - Neither is there evidence that self-gratification is immature behavior; it is common among adults deprived of sociosexual opportunities. - For some, it is laden with guilt; for others, it is a release from tension with no emotional content; and for others it is simply another source of pleasure to be enjoyed for its own sake. - The majority of males and females have fantasies of some sociosexual activity while they practice self-gratification. ## Sociosexual Behavior - By far, the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior is heterosexual behavior: only one male and female. - Many children engage in sex play because it's pleasurable. With adolescence, sex play is superseded by dating, which is socially encouraged, and dating almost inevitably involves some physical contact resulting in sexual arousal. ### Necking or Petting - Hugging, kissing, and generalized caresses of the clothed body to techniques involving genital stimulation. - It’s an expression of affection and a source of pleasure, and it may occur as a preliminary to coitus. ### Coitus - The insertion of the male reproductive organ into the female reproductive organ, is viewed by society quite differently depending upon the martial status of the individuals. - The majority of human societies permit premarital coitus, at least under certain circumstances like in modern Western countries. - Marital coitus is usually regarded as an obligation in most societies. - Extramarital coitus, particularly by wives, is generally condemned and if permitted, is allowed only under exceptional conditions or with specified persons. - Whether or not a behavior is interpreted by society or the individual as erotic (capable of engendering sexual response) depends chiefly on the context in which the behavior occurs. ###### Example: - Asexual affection (as a kiss between relatives) - Respect (a french officer kissing a soldier after bestowing a medal on him) - Reverence (kissing the hand or foot of a pope) - It may be a casual salutation and social amenity. - Even something specific as touching genitalia is not construed as sexual if done for medical reasons. In other words, the apparent motivation of the behavior determines its interpretation. ### Physiology of Human Sexual Response - Sexual responses follow a pattern of sequential stages or phases when sexual activity is continued. - **Stages**: - Excitement Phase - Plateau Phase - Resolution Phase #### Excitement Phase - **Marked by**: - Increase impulse and blood pressure - Increase in blood supply to the body resulting in increased skin temperature - Flushing and swelling of body parts (male reproductive organ, female breasts) - More rapid breathing - Secretion of genital fluids - Expansion of the female reproductive organ - General increase in muscle tension #### Plateau Phase - **Sexual climax** is marked by a feeling of sudden intense pleasure. - **Marked by**: - Abrupt increase in pulse rate and blood pressure. - Spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions in the female and emission of semen by the male. #### Resolution Phase - Sexual climax last for a few seconds (normally not over ten) after which the individual enters the **resolution phase.** - **The return to a normal or subnormal physiological state.** - Up to the resolution, males and females are the same in their response sequence, however continued stimulation can produce additional sexual climax in females. - In brief, after one sexual climax, a male becomes unresponsive to sexual stimulation and cannot begin to build up another excitement phase until some period of time has elapsed, but females are physically capable of repeated sexual climax without the intervening "rest period" required by males. ### Sexual Problems - They may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin. - Any given problem may involve all three categories; a physiological problem, for example will produce psychological effects, and these may result in some social maladjustment. - **Problems include:** - Premature emission of semen - Erectile impotence - Ejaculatory impotence - Vaginismus - Dyspareunia **Premature Emission of Semen** - Common problem especially for young males. - The best definition is that offered by the American sexologists, William Howell Masters and Virginia Johnson, who say that a male suffers from premature emission of semen if he cannot delay long enough to induce sexual climax in a sexually normal female. - Organ with some movement must be maintained for more than 1 minute. - Causes include physical problems, chemical imbalances and emotional/psychological factors. - Treatments include learning techniques to delay ejaculation, counseling and medications. **Erectile Impotence** - Is usually of psychological origin in males under 40. - In other cases, the impotence may be the result of disinterest in the sexual partner, fatigue, distraction because of nonsexual worries, intoxication, or other causes- such occasional impotency is common and requires no therapy. **Ejaculatory Impotence** - Inability to emit semen in coitus, is quite rare and is almost always of psychogenic origin. - It seems associated with ideas of contamination or with memories of traumatic experiences. - This inability may be expected in older men or in any male who has exceeded his sexual capacity. **Vaginismus** - Powerful spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the female reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible. - It seems wholly due to antisexual conditioning or psychological trauma and serves as an unconscious defense against coitus. - It is treated by psychotherapy and by gradually dilating the female reproductive organ with increasingly large cylinders. **Dyspareunia** - Painful coitus is generally physical rather than psychological. - It is mentioned here only because some inexperienced females fear they cannot accommodate a male reproductive organ without being painfully stretched. **Sexually Transmitted Diseases:** - **Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)** are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through sexual contact. - STDs can be cause by bacteria, viruses or parasites. - STDs can cause long-term health problem, particularly in women and infants. - Some of the health complications that arise from STDs include tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, perinital or congenital infections in infants born to infected mothers. - The following list of diseases is based from Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2016 of U.S Department of Health - Chlamydia - Gonorrhea - Syphilis - Chanroid - Human papillomavirus - Herpes simplex virus - Trichomonas vaginalis ###### 1) Chlamydia - Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria called chlamydia trachomatis. - In 2016, 1,598,354 cases of chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported making it the most common notifiable condition in the united states. - Rates of chlamydia are highest among adolescent and young adult females. - Women can get the disease in the cervix, rectum, or throat while men can get it in the urethra (inside the penis), rectum, or throat. ###### 2) Gonorrhea - Is a common bacterial infection that’s easily cured with antibiotic medicine. - Most people with gonorrhea don’t have symptoms. - Gonorrhea is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. - The infection is carried in semen and vaginal fluids. - Gonorrhea isn’t spread through casual contact. ###### 3) Syphilis - Syphilis is a really common STD. - Syphilis spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. - Syphilis causes sores on your genitals (called chancres). - The sores are usually painless, but they can easily spread the infection, you can get this from contact with the sores. - The main ways people get syphilis are from having vaginal sex and anal sex. - It’s less common to get it from having oral sex, but it can happen. - The disease can be passed to another person through prolonged kissing or close bodily contact. - Pregnant women with the disease can spread it to their baby called congenital syphilis, can cause abnormalities or even death to the child. ###### 4) Chancroid - Chancroid is a bacterial infection that causes open sores on or around the genitals of men and women. - The bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi causes this infection. - It attacks tissue in the genital area and produces an open sore that’s sometimes referred to as a chanroid or ulcer. - The ulcer may bleed or produce a contagious fluid that can spread bacteria during oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. It may also spread from skin to skin contact with an infected person. ###### 5) Human Papillomavirus - HPV stands for human papillomavirus. It’s the most common sexually transmitted infection. - HPV is usually harmless goes by itself, but some types can lead to cancer or genital warts. - There is no cure for HPV, but there’s a lot you can do to keep HPV from having a negative impact on your health. - There are vaccines that can help protect you from ever getting certain types of HPV. High-risk HPV can usually be easily treated before it turns into cancer, which is why regular HPV tests are so important. ###### 6) Herpes Simplex Virus - Herpes is caused by two different but similar viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). - HSV 2 on around your genitals (vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, penis, scrotum, butt, inner thighs) - genital herpes. - HSV 1 on around your lips, mouth, and throat - oral herpes. - Herpes is easily spread from skin to skin contact with someone who has the virus. ###### 7) Trichomonas Vaginalis - Is a parasitic protozoan that infects the urogenital tract of both women and men. - Trichomonas vaginalis is an infection caused by a tiny organism (a living cell). - It can infect the vagina, the urethra (tube that carries urine out of the body) and under the foreskin of the penis. ### VI. Understanding Family Planning - Family Planning (FP) is having the desired number of children and when you want to have them by using safe and effective modern methods. - Proper birth spacing is having children 3 to 5 years apart which is best for the health of the mother, her child, and the family. ### Why Is Family Planning Important? - Unintended pregnancies include pregnancies that are reported by women as being mistimed or unwanted. - Almost half (45%) of the 6.1 million annual pregnancies in the United States are unintended. - Unintended pregnancies are associated with many negative health and economic consequences. ### Family Planning Is Important! - Fewer children can mean more time for parents to spend with their children. - Waiting to have children can give women and men time to finish their education. - Family Planning Methods (Natural and Artificial) - Condom - Hormonal ring - Surgical sterilization - Implant - Coitus interruptus - Rhythm - Vaginal method - Diaphragm/cap - Patch - Pills - Implant - Injectable - IUD - Vasectomy ### STDs Methods - They may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin. - Any given problem may involve all three categories; a physiological problem, for example, will produce psychological effects, and these may result in some social maladjustment. - **Problems include:** - Premature emission of semen - Erectile impotence - Ejaculatory impotence - Vaginismus - Dyspareunia **Premature Emission of Semen** - Common problem especially for young males. - The best definition is that offered by the American sexologists, William Howell Masters and Virginia Johnson, who say that a male suffers from premature emission of semen if he cannot delay long enough to induce sexual climax in a sexually normal female. - Organ with some movement must be maintained for more than 1 minute. - Causes include physical problems, chemical imbalances and emotional/psychological factors. - Treatments include learning techniques to delay ejaculation, counseling and medications. **Erectile Impotence** - Is usually of psychological origin in males under 40. - In other cases, the impotence may be the result of disinterest in the sexual partner, fatigue, distraction because of nonsexual worries, intoxication, or other causes- such occasional impotency is common and requires no therapy. **Ejaculatory Impotence** - Inability to emit semen in coitus, is quite rare and is almost always of psychogenic origin. - It seems associated with ideas of contamination or with memories of traumatic experiences. - This inability may be expected in older men or in any male who has exceeded his sexual capacity. **Vaginismus** - Powerful spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the female reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible. - It seems wholly due to antisexual conditioning or psychological trauma and serves as an unconscious defense against coitus. - It is treated by psychotherapy and by gradually dilating the female reproductive organ with increasing: large cylinders. **Dyspareunia** - Painful coitus is generally physical rather than psychological. - It is mentioned here only because some inexperienced females fear they cannot accommodate a male reproductive organ without being painfully stretched. **Sexually Transmitted Diseases:** - **Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)** are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through sexual contact. - STDs can be cause by bacteria, viruses or parasites. - STDs can cause long-term health problem, particularly in women and infants. - Some of the health complications that arise from STDs include tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, perinital or congenital infections in infants born to infected mothers. - The following list of diseases is based from Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2016 of U.S Department of Health - Chlamydia - Gonorrhea - Syphilis - Chanroid - Human papillomavirus - Herpes simplex virus - Trichomonas vaginals ###### 1) Chlamydia - Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria called chlamydia trachomatis. - In 2016, 1,598,354 cases of chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported making it the most common notifiable condition in the united states. - Rates of chlamydia are highest among adolescent and young adult females. - Women can get the disease in the cervix, rectum, or throat while men can get it in the urethra (inside the penis), rectum, or throat. ###### 2) Gonorrhea - Is a common bacterial infection that’s easily cured with antibiotic medicine. - Most people with gonorrhea don’t have symptoms. - Gonorrhea is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. - The infection is carried in semen and vaginal fluids. - Gonorrhea isn’t spread through casual contact. ###### 3) Syphilis - Syphilis is a really common STD. - Syphilis spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. - Syphilis causes sores on your genitals (called chancres). - The sores are usually painless, but they can easily spread the infection, you can get this from contact with the sores. - The main ways people get syphilis are from having vaginal sex and anal sex. - It’s less common to get it from having oral sex, but it can happen. - The disease can be passed to another person through prolonged kissing or close bodily contact. - Pregnant women with the disease can spread it to their baby called congenital syphilis, can cause abnormalities or even death to the child. ###### 4) Chancroid - Chancroid is a bacterial infection that causes open sores on or around the genitals of men and women. - The bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi causes this infection. - It attacks tissue in the genital area and produces an open sore that’s sometimes referred to as a chanroid or ulcer. - The ulcer may bleed or produce a contagious fluid that can spread bacteria during oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. It may also spread from skin to skin contact with an infected person. ###### 5) Human Papillomavirus - HPV stands for human papillomavirus. It’s the most common sexually transmitted infection. - HPV is usually harmless goes by itself, but some types can lead to cancer or genital warts. - There is no cure for HPV, but there’s a lot you can do to keep HPV from having a negative impact on your health. - There are vaccines that can help protect you from ever getting certain types of HPV. High-risk HPV can usually be easily treated before it turns into cancer, which is why regular HPV tests are so important. ###### 6) Herpes Simplex Virus - Herpes is caused by two different but similar viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). - HSV 2 on around your genitals (vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, penis, scrotum, butt, inner thighs) - genital herpes. - HSV 1 on around your lips, mouth, and throat - oral herpes. - Herpes is easily spread from skin to skin contact with someone who has the virus. ###### 7) Trichomonas Vaginalis - Is a parasitic protozoan that infects the urogenital tract of both women and men. - Trichomonas vaginalis is an infection caused by a tiny organism (a living cell). - It can infect the vagina, the urethra (tube that carries urine out of the body) and under the foreskin of the penis. ### VI. Understanding Family Planning - Family Planning (FP) is having the desired number of children and when you want to have them by using safe and effective modern methods. - Proper birth spacing is having children 3 to 5 years apart which is best for the health of the mother, her child, and the family. ### Why Is Family Planning Important? - Unintended pregnancies include pregnancies that are reported by women as being mistimed or unwanted. - Almost half (45%) of the 6.1 million annual pregnancies in the United States are unintended. - Unintended pregnancies are associated with many negative health and economic consequences. ### Family Planning Is Important! - Fewer children can mean more time for parents to spend with their children. - Waiting to have children can give women and men time to finish their education. - Family Planning Methods (Natural and Artificial) - Condom - Hormonal ring - Surgical sterilization - Implant - Coitus interruptus - Rhythm - Vaginal method - Diaphragm/cap - Patch - Pills - Implant - Injectable - IUD - Vasectomy ### STDs Methods - They may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin. - Any given problem may involve all three categories; a physiological problem, for example, will produce psychological effects, and these may result in some social maladjustment. - **Problems include:** - Premature emission of semen - Erectile impotence - Ejaculatory impotence - Vaginismus - Dyspareunia **Premature Emission of Semen** - Common problem especially for young males. - The best definition is that offered by the American sexologists, William Howell Masters and Virginia Johnson, who say that a male suffers from premature emission of semen if he cannot delay long enough to induce sexual climax in a sexually normal female. - Organ with some movement must be maintained for more than 1 minute. - Causes include physical problems, chemical imbalances and emotional/psychological factors. - Treatments include learning techniques to delay ejaculation, counseling and medications. **Erectile Impotence** - Is usually of psychological origin in males under 40. - In other cases, the impotence may be the result of disinterest in the sexual partner, fatigue, distraction because of nonsexual worries, intoxication, or other causes- such occasional impotency is common and requires no therapy. **Ejaculatory Impotence** - Inability to emit semen in coitus, is quite rare and is almost always of psychogenic origin. - It seems associated with ideas of contamination or with memories of traumatic experiences. - This inability may be expected in older men or in any male who has exceeded his sexual capacity. **Vaginismus** - Powerful spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the female reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible. - It seems wholly due to antisexual conditioning or psychological trauma and serves as an unconscious defense against coitus. - It is treated by psychotherapy and by gradually dilating the female reproductive organ with increasing: large cylinders. **Dyspareunia** - Painful coitus is generally physical rather than psychological. - It is mentioned here only because some inexperienced females fear they cannot accommodate a male reproductive organ without being painfully stretched. **Sexually Transmitted Diseases:** - **Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)** are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through sexual contact. - STDs can be cause by bacteria, viruses or parasites. - STDs can cause long-term health problem, particularly in women and infants. - Some of the health complications that arise from STDs include tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, perinital or congenital infections in infants born to infected mothers. - The following list of diseases is based from Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2016 of U.S Department of Health - Chlamydia - Gonorrhea - Syphilis - Chanroid - Human papillomavirus - Herpes simplex virus - Trichomonas vaginals ###### 1) Chlamydia - Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria called chlamydia trachomatis. - In 2016, 1,598,354 cases of chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported making it the most common notifiable condition in the united states. - Rates of chlamydia are highest among adolescent and young adult females. - Women can get the disease in the cervix, rectum, or throat while men can get it in the urethra (inside the penis), rectum, or throat. ###### 2) Gonorrhea - Is a common bacterial infection that’s easily cured with antibiotic medicine. - Most people with gonorrhea don’t have symptoms. - Gonorrhea is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. - The infection is carried in semen and vaginal fluids. - Gonorrhea isn’t spread through casual contact. ###### 3) Syphilis - Syphilis is a really common STD. - Syphilis spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. - Syphilis causes sores on your genitals (called chancres). - The sores are usually painless, but they can easily spread the infection, you can get this from contact with the sores. - The main ways people get syphilis are from having vaginal sex and anal sex. - It’s less common to get it from having oral sex, but it can happen. - The disease can be passed to another person through prolonged kissing or close bodily contact. - Pregnant women with the disease can spread it to their baby called congenital syphilis, can cause abnormalities or even death to the child. ###### 4) Chancroid - Chancroid is a bacterial infection that causes open sores on or around the genitals of men and women. - The bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi causes this infection. - It attacks tissue in the genital area and produces an open sore that’s sometimes referred to as a chanroid or ulcer. - The ulcer may bleed or produce a contagious fluid that can spread bacteria during oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. It may also spread from skin to skin contact with an infected person. ###### 5) Human Papillomavirus - HPV stands for human papillomavirus. It’s the most common sexually transmitted infection. - HPV is usually harmless goes by itself, but some types can lead to cancer or genital warts. - There is no cure for HPV, but there’s a lot you can do to keep HPV from having a negative impact on your health. - There are vaccines that can help protect you from ever getting certain types of HPV. High-risk HPV can usually be easily treated before it turns into cancer, which is why regular HPV tests are so important. ###### 6) Herpes Simplex Virus - Herpes is caused by two different but similar viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). - HSV 2 on around your genitals (vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, penis, scrotum, butt, inner thighs) - genital herpes. - HSV 1 on around your lips, mouth, and throat - oral herpes. - Herpes is easily spread from skin to skin contact with someone who has the virus. ###### 7) Trichomonas Vaginalis - Is a parasitic protozoan that infects the urogenital tract of both women and men. - Trichomonas vaginalis is an infection caused by a tiny organism (a living cell). - It can infect the vagina, the urethra (tube that carries urine out of the body) and under the foreskin of the penis. ### VI. Understanding Family Planning - Family Planning (FP) is having the desired number of children and when you want to have them by using safe and effective modern methods. - Proper birth spacing is having children 3 to 5 years apart which is best for the health of the mother, her child, and the family. ### Why Is Family Planning Important? - Unintended pregnancies include pregnancies that are reported by women as being mistimed or unwanted. - Almost half (45%) of the 6.1 million annual pregnancies in the United States are unintended. - Unintended pregnancies are associated with many negative health and economic consequences. ### Family Planning Is Important! - Fewer children can mean more time for parents to spend with their children. - Waiting to have children can give women and men time to finish their education. - Family Planning Methods (Natural and Artificial) - Condom - Hormonal ring - Surgical sterilization - Implant - Coitus interruptus - Rhythm - Vaginal method - Diaphragm/cap - Patch - Pills - Implant - Injectable - IUD - Vasectomy ### STDs Methods - They may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin. - Any given problem may involve all three categories; a physiological problem, for example, will produce psychological effects, and these may result in some social maladjustment. - **Problems include:** - Premature emission of semen - Erectile impotence - Ejaculatory impotence - Vaginismus - Dyspareunia **Premature Emission of Semen** - Common problem especially for young males. - The best definition is that offered by the American sexologists, William Howell Masters and Virginia Johnson, who say that a male suffers from premature emission of semen if he cannot delay long enough to induce sexual climax in a sexually normal female. - Organ with some movement must be maintained for more than 1 minute. - Causes include physical problems, chemical imbalances and emotional/psychological factors. - Treatments include learning techniques to delay ejaculation, counseling and medications. **Erectile Impotence** - Is usually of psychological origin in males under 40. - In other cases, the impotence may be the result of disinterest in the sexual partner, fatigue, distraction because of nonsexual worries, intoxication, or other causes- such occasional impotency is common and requires no therapy. **Ejaculatory Impotence** - Inability to emit semen in coitus, is quite rare and is almost always of psychogenic origin. - It seems associated with ideas of contamination or with memories of traumatic experiences. - This inability may be expected in older men or in any male who has exceeded his sexual capacity. **Vaginismus** - Powerful spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the female reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible. - It seems wholly due to antisexual conditioning or psychological trauma and serves as an unconscious defense against coitus. - It is treated by psychotherapy and by gradually dilating the female reproductive organ with increasing: large cylinders. **Dyspareunia** - Painful coitus is generally physical rather than psychological. - It is mentioned here only because some inexperienced females fear they cannot accommodate a male reproductive organ without being painfully stretched. **Sexually Transmitted Diseases:** - **Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)** are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through sexual contact. - STDs can be cause by bacteria, viruses or parasites. - STDs can cause long-term health problem, particularly in women and infants. - Some of the health complications that arise from STDs include tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, perinital or congenital infections in infants born to infected mothers. - The following list of diseases is based from Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2016 of U.S Department of Health - Chlamydia - Gonorrhea - Syphilis - Chanroid - Human papillomavirus - Herpes simplex virus - Trichomonas vaginals ###### 1) Chlamydia - Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria called chlamydia trachomatis. - In 2016, 1,598,354 cases of chlamydia trachomatis infection were reported making it the most common notifiable condition in the united states. - Rates of chlamydia are highest among adolescent and young adult females. - Women can get the disease in the cervix, rectum, or throat while men can get it in the urethra (inside the penis), rectum, or throat. ###### 2) Gonorrhea - Is a common bacterial infection that’s easily cured with antibiotic medicine. - Most people with gonorrhea don’t have symptoms. - Gonorrhea is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. - The infection is carried in semen and vaginal fluids. - Gonorrhea isn’t spread through casual contact. ###### 3) Syphilis - Syphilis is a really common STD. - Syphilis spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. - Syphilis causes sores on your genitals (called chancres). - The sores are usually painless, but they can easily spread the infection, you can get this from contact with the sores. - The main ways people get syphilis are from having vaginal sex and anal sex. - It’s less common to get it from having oral sex, but it can happen. - The disease can be passed to another person through prolonged kissing or close bodily contact. - Pregnant women with the disease can spread it to their baby called congenital syphilis, can cause abnormalities or