UI Slides Unit 1,2,3,4 Combined PDF

Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Program Team Today’s vocab ❖ Pandemonium: wild uproar or unrestrained disorder; tumult or chaos ❖ Foppish: reﬁned and fastidious in taste and manner ❖ Dauntless: showing fearlessness and determination ❖ Beseech: ask (someone) urgently and fervently to do something ❖ Extricate:free (someone or something) from a constraint or difﬁculty What do you think India is?? India is a geographical term. It is no more a united nation than the Equator.- Winston Churchill India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a subcontinent of nationalities.-Muhammad Ali Jinnah India: Union of States?- उत्तरं यत ् समुद्रस्य हमाद्रे श्चैव द क्षिणम ्। वषर्षं तद् भारतं नाम भारती यत्र सन्त तः ।। वष्णु पुराण २.३.१ Translation: The country that lies north of the Ocean & south of the Himalaya is called Bhārat, And there dwell the descendants of Bharat. Geography is an important factor of development of humans and their culture. Traditions and rituals are shaped based on the geography of a region. How does geography become sacred and why? Who makes it sacred? Pilgrims, Travellers The Idea Tirthayatra. Let us Discuss the Sacredness of elements Have You seen such Aartis anywhere? The Rivers Ganga Yamuna Brahmaputra River The Brahmaputra River, one of the longest rivers in the world, ﬂows through Tibet, India, and Bangladesh. The Mountains Mount Kailash Sacred Paths of India The 51 Shakti Peeths The Sacred Path of Ram What Do you notice here?? The Alps, Mountain Ranges in Europe Mount Kailash Why should you care about the Sacred Geography ?? Key Takeaways of this session Where do you witness these signiﬁcances in your own cultures? Travel - a method of knowing Bharat. Religious and cultural signiﬁcance to keep the thought of sacredness rooted in our minds. Idea of Bharatvarsha and Unity. References 1. Eck, D. L. (2012). India : a sacred geography. Harmony Books, Cop. pg 54- 93 (39 pages read) 2. Bhardwaj, S. M. (1983). Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India. Univ of California Press. 3. Article- The sacred groves and their signiﬁcance in conserving biodiversity an overview. 4. Sanjeev Sanyal - incredible history of India’s geography. Chapter 3 Not just the king of the jungle. Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Program Team Today’s Vocab ❖ Harbinger: a person or thing that announces or signals the approach of another ❖ Idiosyncrasy: a mode of behaviour or way of thought peculiar to an individual ❖ Jaunt: a short journey for pleasure ❖ Kalopsia: the state in which everything, and everyone, looks beautiful ❖ Macrocosm: the whole of a complex structure Bharat: The Sacred Land Let us now discuss about the Sacred Flora and Fauna of Bharat!! Have you watched this movie? Can you tell the story in brief? What was it about?? The Sacred Groves Sacred Trees Peepal Tree Bael Neem Coconut What is this plant? Story of this plant and its association ? Any festivals?? Can you identify this plant? Sacred Fauna Cow Snakes Can You identify and tell something about this bird?? Name few other animals/ birds referred as sacred and related stories QnA Key Takeaways of this session Sacredness in each and every aspect of nature. Sacredness enables us in conserving and preserving of nature voluntarily. Animals play a vital role in the society, protecting them is also signiﬁcant. Nature keeps all of us binded. References 1. Eck, D. L. (2012). India : a sacred geography. Harmony Books, Cop. 2. Bhardwaj, S. M. (1983). Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India. Univ of California Press. Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Program Team Today’s Vocab ❖ Neophyte: a person who is new to a subject, skill, or belief ❖ Oblivion: the state of being unaware or unconscious of what is happening. ❖ Pseudonym: a false name ❖ Serendipity: the occurrence and development of events by chance in a happy or beneﬁcial way ❖ Xenophobia: dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries The Civilization Continuity A Timeline The Mahajanapadas The concepts of democracy and republican governance have deep roots in ancient India. Gana-Sanghas (Republics) and Monarchy co- existed. 1. Anga 2. Magadha Notable republics- Vajji, Malla 3. Kasi 4. Kosala, Democratic elements in 5. Vajji/ Vrijji 6. Malla, governance- elections. 7. Chhedi 8. Vamsa 9. Kuru 10. Pancala 11. Matsya 12. Surasena 13. Asmaka 14. Avanti 15. Gandhara 16. Kamboja Quiz and Discussion How many Mahajanapadas do you know? Have you visited any of them? What is the speciality of that place (history, food, language, architecture, clothes, music) Consolidation of Power- Rise of Magadh Why Magadha became the centre of attraction? The rise of Magadha as a dominant power in ancient India was the result of a combination of geographical advantages, resource wealth, strategic location, strong leadership, military innovations, and effective administration. These factors, along with its economic prosperity and cultural inﬂuence, allowed Magadha to become the foundation for the ﬁrst major empire in Indian history, the Maurya Empire, which would go on to unify much of the Indian subcontinent. The First Empire and Emperor of India Chandragupta Maurya Chandragupta Maurya Kautilya And Chandragupta’s Education Maintaining International Relations Military Innovations- Introduction of War Elephants Asoka Asoka Centralized Governance: Ashoka maintained the centralized administrative structure established by his predecessors but introduced reforms to ensure it was more humane and just. He appointed ofﬁcials, known as Dhamma Mahamattas, to oversee the moral and ethical welfare of his subjects and to propagate his policies on Dharma. Legal Reforms: He sought to ensure justice for all, regardless of social status, and promoted fairness and compassion in legal matters. He also provided for the regular review of punishments to ensure they were not overly harsh. Infrastructure Development: Ashoka continued to develop the infrastructure of his empire, building roads, improving trade routes, and ensuring the efﬁcient administration of his vast territories. These developments helped sustain the prosperity of the Mauryan Empire during his reign. The Evidence of the continuity Can you identify this and its present relevance. If any? Can you identify this and its present relevance. If any? National Emblem of India-Asoka Stambha, adopted from Sarnath Pillar capital of Asoka. The Golden Age of the Guptas The "Golden Age of the Guptas" refers to a period during the Gupta Empire, which ruled much of northern India from approximately the 4th to the 6th century CE. This era is celebrated for its remarkable achievements in various ﬁelds such as art, literature, science, and mathematics, as well as for the stability and prosperity that the Gupta rulers brought to the region. The Gupta period is often considered a high point in ancient Indian civilization, with its inﬂuence extending far beyond its time. Political Stability and Prosperity Advancements in Art and Architecture Literature and Learning Scientiﬁc Achievements Economic Prosperity Nalanda University, Bihar QnA Key Takeaways Cultural continuity ensures that ancient customs, rituals, and practices are preserved across generations. These traditions often form the backbone of a community's identity, providing a sense of belonging and continuity with the past. These identities can be both tangible and intangible. While cultural continuity maintains core traditions, it also allows for the adaptation and evolution of these practices in response to changing circumstances. This dynamic process helps cultures stay relevant and resilient, incorporating new inﬂuences while preserving essential values. By maintaining a shared cultural framework, continuity fosters social cohesion and unity within communities. It reinforces common values, beliefs, and practices, helping to create a sense of identity and solidarity among members of a society. References: 1. Sailendra Nath Sen. (1999). Ancient Indian history and civilization. New Age International. pg nos- 121-143 (Mauryan); 192-206 (Gupta) Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Team Today’s Vocab ❖ Aftermath-The repercussions of a disastrous event, or the period after which the disastrous event occurred. ❖ Fortitude- Patience and strength in a hard or dreadful event. ❖ Kerfufﬂe- when someone’s making a fuss out of something that doesn’t require it. ❖ Timorous- Fearful, scared ❖ Charlatan- Impostor, Quack Ancient India's Scientiﬁc Achievements & Contribution in Mathematics, Astronomy, Science & Medicine Quiz The Dravidian Dynasties The Dravidian land has been ruled by several enigmatic rulers. The dynasties, such as the Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras, Pallavas, and Vijayanagara, made profound contributions that continue to have a lasting impact on modern India and the world in various domains. The Chronology of Dravida Sangam Age 300 BCE- 300 CE- Several literary works were written. The greatest dynasties- Pallava, chola, Chera, Pandya and Vijaynagar Empire. Eminent sculptures and architectural splendours under the patronage of these dynasties. Cholas the noteworthy rulers not only built structures were one to introduce the Bhartiya culture to south east Asia. Cholas: The Ancient Mariners How they travelled (without the modern maps?) Chola’s: The Worthy Sthapati and Navika Activity Key Takeaways of this session Effect of Indian culture beyond the Indian boundaries. Idea of Navigation, ship building, trigonometry for building ships. Strong impact that still several places such as Java, Indonesia, Malaysia have temples dedicated to Indian divinities. Examples-Batu Caves, Indonesia Airport Suggested Readings Pujari, R. M., Kolhe, P., & Kumar, N. R. (2006). Pride of India : a glimpse into India’s scientiﬁc heritage. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA84898868 Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri (1958) A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. S., Rajagopal. (2019). CHOLAS’ NAVAL EXPEDITIONS FROM A.D 985 TO A.D 1029: A STUDY. 8. 458-463. Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Team Today’s Vocab ❖ Asperity: Harsh in manner ❖ Iconoclast: Someone who criticizes or attacks cherished ideas and beliefs ❖ Peregrination: A long and meandering journey ❖ Melliﬂuous: Sweet or musical; pleasant to hear ❖ Tyro- A beginner or novice Spread of Islam through trade in Peninsular Bharat The spread of Islam in India was signiﬁcantly facilitated by trade 7th century, Arab traders, were among the ﬁrst Muslims to arrive in India, Settlements along the western coast, particularly in Kerala, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Ports such as Calicut, Surat, and Cambay became important entry points of Islamic culture. Spread of Islam by sword in the North of India Muhammad bin Qasim, led the ﬁrst signiﬁcant Islamic invasion of the Indian subcontinent in 711 CE. He conquered the region of Sindh (in present-day Pakistan) after defeating Raja Dahir, the local Hindu ruler. Qasim's invasion laid the foundation for future Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent, the similar route was followed by Ghazni and Ghori. Spread of Islam by sword The spread of Islam in North India was accompanied with unfortunate temple destruction. Ghazni, known for his invasions of India between 1000 and 1027 CE. He launched 17 major expeditions into the Indian subcontinent, targeting the wealthy kingdoms and temples of the region. Somnath temple was one of them, a place of considerable reverence for the Hindus. Somnath Temple: Why was it looted 17 times by Ghazni 1. Economic Gain The Somnath Temple was renowned for its immense wealth, including gold, jewels, and other valuable offerings made by devotees over centuries. Temples in India at that time were not only religious centers but also served as treasuries. Mahmud’s primary motive in attacking Somnath was to plunder this wealth. The riches obtained from the temple helped fund his military campaigns and the expansion of his empire. It is reported that the loot from Somnath was vast, contributing signiﬁcantly to his treasury. 2. Political Strategy: Mahmud of Ghazni’s invasions of India were also driven by his desire to expand his empire and establish his dominance in the region. By attacking prominent and The above image is a photograph of an archival print published by F. Nelson wealthy cities, towns, and temples like Somnath, he sought in 1895. It is now preserved at the British Library. to weaken the Indian kingdoms and display his power. Prithviraj Chauhan: The Last Hindu King. Battles of Tarain: ○ The First Battle of Tarain (1191): Prithviraj achieved a signiﬁcant victory against Muhammad of Ghor near the town of Tarain. Muhammad of Ghor was captured but later released by Prithviraj. ○ The Second Battle of Tarain (1192): The following year, Muhammad of Ghor returned with a larger, better-prepared force. This time, Prithviraj was defeated, captured, and eventually killed. In retrospect, how could have Prithviraj Chauhan handled the situation when he ﬁrst won against Muhammad of Ghor? The Delhi Sultanate; its cultural impact Language and Literature Introduction of the Persian language. Persian became the lingua franca of the ruling elite, The use of Persian led to the development of a rich tradition of Persian literature in India. Administration The Sultanate’s governance model, including the iqta system (land grants in exchange for military service). The Delhi Sultanate- Cultural Impact Architecture The introduction of Persian elements such as the pointed arch, dome, and minaret. Notable examples include the Qutub Minar, the Alai Darwaza, and the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. Adhai Din Ka Jhopda, Ajmer Qutub Minar, Delhi Unfortunate destruction of places of worship and centres of education With the accession of the Islamic rulers several sacred spaces and education centres were ransacked. Demolishing these centres meant to establish dominance over conquered regions. These centres were not just religious or educational centers but also symbols of power and wealth. Targeting them, the invaders sought to break the socio-political inﬂuence of the local existing (Hindu) rulers and assert their own authority. However, it is crucial to note that these actions were not uniform across all sultans or regions. Some rulers, like Firuz Shah Tughlaq, were known for their patronage of Islamic education while also taking measures to repair and preserve certain Hindu temples. Qutub Minar- 27 Jain and Hindu Temples were Adhai Din Ka Jhopda- evidence of pre-existence of Saraswati demolished. Mahavidyalaya where Sanskrit and music was taught. The Mughals Unfortunately, Mughals too destroyed places of worship. Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh was Shah Jahan’s elder son. In the war of succession which ensued after Shah Jahan’s illness in 1657, Dara was defeated by his younger brother Prince Muhiuddin (Aurangzeb). He was executed in 1659 CE. Dara was a liberal-minded unorthodox ruler as opposed to the orthodox Aurangzeb. He was patron of literature and authored the work Majma Ul-Bahrain (The Conﬂuence of the Two Seas), which argues for the harmony of Suﬁ philosophy in Islam and Vedanta philosophy in Hinduism. Dara contributed in the translations of the Upanishads, Yoga Vasistha to Persian and made them available to the West. A great patron of the arts, he was also more inclined towards philosophy and mysticism rather than military pursuits. Class Discussion How would history be different if Dara Shikoh succeeded Shah Jahan instead of Aurangzeb? Is there a way to resolve lingering conﬂicts? 1. Lingering historical conﬂicts are not unique to India, nor can present generations be held responsible for what their ancestors did (or did not do). 2. However, not addressing them too creates fault lines within the society that are then opportunistically used to the detrimental of welfare of the people at large. 3. Is there a way out? A truth and reconciliation committee is a way out. It was, for example, set up in South Africa to uncover the truth about human rights violations during the apartheid era and promote forgiveness and reconciliation between victims and perpetrators. Suggested Readings: 1. A History of India, second edition- Burton Stein pg 129-154. 2. Banerjee AC-New History of Medieval India, New Delhi, S.Chand & Co., New Delhi,1990. pg- 204-235 3. Majumdar R.C(ed)-The History and Culture of the Indian People, Vol VI: The Delhi Sultanate, Bombay, 1967, Vol VII:The Mogul Empire, Bombay, 1974. 4. Dara Shikoh never became emperor. But he was a true child of India. (2024, September 1). The Indian Express.https://ndianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dara-shikoh-never-became -emperor-but-he-was-a-true-child-of-india-7479100/#:~:text=Dara%20Shikoh%2C%20a s%20a%20true,regimes%20can%20learn%20from%20this. Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Program Team Today’s Vocab ❖ laconic – using few words ❖ cacophony – a harsh, unpleasant mixture of sounds ❖ obdurate – stubbornly refusing to change one’s opinion ❖ ostentation –excessive display of wealth ❖ prevaricate –avoid telling the truth by not directly answering a question The Rise of Marathas Under Shivaji Shivaji's rise began in the 1640 when he started consolidating control over his ancestral lands around Pune. Shivaji's strategy centered around the control of forts, which were crucial to maintaining power in the rugged terrain of the Western Ghats. He captured several key forts, including Torna, Rajgad, and Purandar. Shivaji's approach to warfare was innovative and adapted to the geography, he utilized guerrilla tactics, known as Ganimi Kava, which involved swift, surprise attacks followed by rapid retreats into the hills. Shivaji and his Wisdom Shivaji's expansion inevitably brought him into conﬂict with the neighboring Sultanates, particularly Bijapur. The capture of the fort of Kondana (later renamed Sinhagad) in 1647 and the raid on the city of Junnar in 1657 signaled Shivaji's growing power and his challenge to the established order. The Sultanate of Bijapur, alarmed by his rising inﬂuence, sent its general, Afzal Khan, to subdue him. The encounter between Shivaji and Afzal Khan in 1659, resulted in Afzal Khan's death, marked a turning point in Shivaji's career. The Clash of Titans and its Aftermath Shivaji visited the Mughal court in Agra in May 1666. Shivaji was not received with the respect he expected. Aurangzeb placed him among the 5,000-mansabdars, a rank far below. Insulted by this perceived slight, Shivaji expressed his displeasure openly, leading to a tense confrontation with the emperor. Aurangzeb responded by placing Shivaji under house arrest, a move that threatened to end the Maratha leader's career and life. The Rise of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Between 1670 and 1674, the Marathas were successful. The Mughal power in the Deccan was crippled. In 1674, Shivaji held his coronation which was performed by Vishweshwar Alias Gaga Bhatt, a renowned Pandit of Banaras. He assumed the title of Chhatrapati, Shivaji became an independent ruler establishing Raigad as his capital. Aurangzeb imposed Jizya on the Hindus, Shivaji was the only Hindu ruler who protested against it and wrote a letter to Aurangzeb against Jizya. Shivaji’s expansionist policy, the soldiers were instructed not to destroy any mosque or to be disrespectful to Quran or to Muslim women and children. Discussion A. Maratha-Mughal Alliance Against European Powers? B. The Marathas' Role in Mughal Succession Crises? Suggested Readings 1. Jadunath, S. (2006). Shivaji and His Times. Orient Longman.pg 152-179 2. Nehru, J. (1946). The Discovery of India. Meridian Books. Pg- 270-273 3. A History of India, second edition- Burton Stein pg no-187-193 Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Program Team Today’s Vocab ❖ Fallacy- a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning ❖ Flippant- showing an inappropriate lack of seriousness ❖ Gregarious- temperamentally seeking and enjoying the company of people ❖ Impecunious- not having enough money to pay for necessities ❖ Mercenary- a person hired to ﬁght for another country than their own The Arrival of the Europeans The Age of Exploration Vasco da Gama was a pivotal ﬁgure in the Age of Exploration and played a crucial role in establishing direct maritime trade between Europe and India. His voyages marked the beginning of a new era in global trade and had signiﬁcant implications for the Indian Vasco Da Gama, 1498 with Samudiri, subcontinent. King of Calicut The Route of Vasco Da Gama which brought him India Vasco da Gama was appointed by the Portuguese King Manuel I to ﬁnd a sea route to India, bypassing the overland trade routes controlled by Muslim powers in the Middle East. In 1497, da Gama set sail from Lisbon, rounding the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, and eventually reached the Indian city of Calicut (Kozhikode) on the Malabar Coast in May 1498. This was the ﬁrst time a European had reached India by sea, and it marked the beginning of direct trade between Europe and Asia. Arrival of Christianity in India and Inquisition of Goa Vasco da Gama’s voyages laid the groundwork for Portuguese colonization in India. The Portuguese established several fortiﬁed trading posts along the western coast, most notably in Goa, which became the center of their Indian operations. They sought to monopolize the spice trade and exerted control over key maritime routes, often using violent means to suppress competition. The arrival of the Portuguese also led to signiﬁcant cultural exchanges, including the introduction of Christianity in India, particularly in Goa, where they built churches and converted locals. The Dutch and English Companies The Dutch and British East India Companies often clashed in their competition for trade and territorial control. The conﬂict included both military engagements and economic competition. The British ultimately outmaneuvered the Dutch, consolidating their control over major trading routes and territories in India. The Economic Impact Introduction of New Trade Routes-European powers established direct maritime trade routes between Europe and India, facilitating the exchange of goods such as spices, textiles, and precious metals. This integration into global trade networks boosted both European and Indian economies but also led to economic dependencies. Traders to Rulers: The Bengal under British From 1757 to 1765, Bengal witnessed the rule of three nawabs—Siraj-ud-Daula, Mir Jafar, and Mir Qasim. The British East India Company leveraged a royal farman, which allowed them to trade tax-free in Bengal. The conﬂict escalated when Siraj-ud-Daula opposed the British fortiﬁcations in Calcutta, leading to an attack on their factory. Mir Qasim allied with Siraj-ud-Daula and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II to challenge the British. However, the British won the decisive Battle of Buxar on October 22, 1764, which solidiﬁed their control over Bengal and led to the expansion of British dominance in the region. Suggested Readings: 1. A History of India, second edition- Burton Stein pg no-193- 206 2.Deepak, J. S. (2021). India, that is Bharat: Coloniality, Civilisation, Constitution. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3. Tharoor, S. (2016). An era of darkness: The British Empire In India. Aleph Book Company. 4. Nivan. (2020, September 18). The Goan Inquisition by the Portuguese: A forgotten holocaust of Hindus and Jews. OpIndia. https://www.opindia.com/2020/09/the-goa-inquisition-by-portuguese-forgotten-holocaust-of-hind us-jews/ 5. Mitchell, J. B. (2024, August 1). European exploration | Deﬁnition, Facts, Maps, Images, & Colonization. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-exploration/The-Age-of-Discovery Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Program Team Today’s Vocab ❖ Mettlesome- having a proud, courageous, and unbroken spirit. ❖ Misanthrope- someone who dislikes people in general ❖ Obnoxious- causing disapproval or protest ❖ Ostracize- expel from a community or group ❖ Savant- a learned person Arrival of the Britishers- Key Events Fall of the Mughals: Rise of British The death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire's decline. This led to the fragmentation of authority and a loss of centralized control. The British East India Company, initially focused on trade, gradually became a political power. After victories like the Battle of Plassey (1757) and the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British began to control large territories and gained the right to collect revenue in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, signaling the rise of British dominance in India. The British capitalized on the internal divisions within India—both between regional powers and within the Mughal court. By employing superior military tactics, diplomacy (like the Doctrine of Lapse), and alliances, the British were able to weaken Indian rulers and expand their control, culminating in the formal end of the Mughal Empire after the 1857 revolt. Shashi Tharoor’s Take on Colonisation Colonization: The Beginning Presentation and Discussion with Learners Impact: 1.Education 2. Governance Model 3. Constitution 4. Language and Translations 5. Architecture 6. Judiciary 7. Food, Clothing, Religion 8. Infrastructure- Railways Suggested Readings: 1. A History of India, second edition- Burton Stein pg no-193- 206 2.Deepak, J. S. (2021). India, that is Bharat: Coloniality, Civilisation, Constitution. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3. Tharoor, S. (2016). An era of darkness: The British Empire In India. Aleph Book Company. 4. Nivan. (2020, September 18). The Goan Inquisition by the Portuguese: A forgotten holocaust of Hindus and Jews. OpIndia. https://www.opindia.com/2020/09/the-goa-inquisition-by-portuguese-forgotten-holocaust-of-hind us-jews/ 5. Mitchell, J. B. (2024, August 1). European exploration | Deﬁnition, Facts, Maps, Images, & Colonization. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-exploration/The-Age-of-Discovery Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Team UNDERSTANDING INDIA UNIT 3. DAY 1 Today’s Vocab ❖ aberration : abnormality ❖ ameliorate : improve ❖ audacious : courageous ❖ benign : harmless ❖ bolster : strength Literary Traditions in Bharat: Unleashing Hanuman in You Retrieve from Recycle Bin The Curse of Ctrl+Alt+Del Birth-Based Discrimination : Restricted transmission of knowledge Islam : Cultural Attacks. E.g., Nalanda University Colonialism : “Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinions in morals and in intellect” Neocolonial Postcolonialism : Education Policy in Bharat The Curse of Ctrl+Alt+Del Sanskrit Corpus Vaidik : Ved, Brahmana, Upanishad, Aranyaka Upajivya : Ramayan, Mahabharat, Purans (initial) Loukik : Panini and then onwards Adhunik : Modern Who is Rishi Panini? Vedic Texts: Vedas (4) Rig Veda : Cosmos (principal theme) Sama Veda : Music (principal theme) Yajur Veda : Ritual (principal theme) Atharva Veda : Mysticism (principal theme) Vedic Texts: Brahmanas (14) Rig Veda (2) : Aitareya, Kausitaki Sama Veda (2) : Sadvimsa, Daivata Yajur Veda (9) : Shatapatha, Tattariya Atharva Veda (1) : Gopatha (only surviving) Vedic Texts: Upanishads (108) Rig Veda : Aitareya, Kausitaki Sama Veda : Chandogya, Kena Yajur Veda : Brihadaranyaka, Taittiriya Atharva Veda : Mundaka, Mandukya Upajivya Texts: Epics (2) Mahabharata : Contextual Dharma Ramayana : Ideal Dharma Upajivya Texts: Puranas (36) Mahapuranas (18) : Brahma Puran, Shiva Puran, Vishnu Puran, Skanda Puran Upapuranas (18) : Kalika Puran, Ganesha Puran, Parasara Puran Vashistha Puran CLASS ACTIVITY Use a freely available AI image-maker online and create a book cover for any of the following Purans: Brahma Puran, Shiv Puran, Vishnu Puran or Kalika Puran Sages behind the Vedas Rig Ved: Agni Sukta Rig Veda: Agni Sukta I adore the Flame, the vicar, the divine Ritwik of the Sacriﬁce, the summoner who most founds the ecstasy. The Flame adorable by the ancient sages is adorable too by the new. He brings here the Gods. By the Flame one enjoys a treasure that verily increases day by day, glorious, most full of hero-power. Translation: Sri Aurobindo (1972) Rig Veda: Agni Sukta O Flame! the pilgrim-sacriﬁce on every side of which thou art with the environing being, that truly goes among the Gods. The Flame, the summoner, the Seer-Will, true and most full of richly varied listenings, may he come a God with the Gods. O Flame! the happy good which thou shalt create for the giver is that Truth and verily thine, O Angiras! Translation: Sri Aurobindo (1972) Rig Veda: Agni Sukta To thee, O Flame! we day by day, in the night and in the light, come, carrying by our thought the obeisance. To thee, who reignest over our pilgrim-sacriﬁces, luminous guardian of the Truth, increasing in thy own home. Therefore, be easy of access to us as a father unto his son, cling to us for our happy state. Translation: Sri Aurobindo (1972) Key Takeaways Rishihood mein Ved, Puran ke charche har zuban par sabko maloom hai aur sabko khabar ho gayi To Kya? ▪ Identifying intellectual sources of civilisation in Bharat (India) ▪ Understanding Sukta 1 of the Rig Veda and its relevance today Reference ▪ Nityanand Mishra, (2024), Agni Suktam: The ﬁrst Sukta of the Rig VEda https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WggmAuCa85E ▪ Pankaj Mishra, (2016), History of Sanskrit Literature. ▪ Sri Aurobindo, (1972), ‘Hymns to the Mystic Fire’. Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry. pg. 39-40. (book page number not pdf) Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Team UNDERSTANDING INDIA UNIT 3. DAY 2 RECAP Today’s Vocab ❖ condone : approve ❖ copious : plenty ❖ daring : brave ❖ dogma : a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true ❖ dupe : cheat Literary Traditions in Bharat: Mahabharata, Ramayana and Dharma Mahabharata Ramayana Complex plot Simple plot Numerous characters Limited characters Longer Shorter Relativist idea of dharma (ethics) Universal idea of dharma (ethics) The Concept of Dharma Text (Prescriptive/Ideal) Context (Circumstantial/Actual) Group Activity Make your list of events from the Mahabharata and the Ramayana where heroes have acted: (i) According to dharma (ii) Not according to dharma Dharmic Decisions: Dilemmas in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Today *Plot *Ethics *Dharmic Interpretation *Plot *Ethics *Dharmic Interpretation *Plot *Ethics *Dharmic Interpretation *Plot *Ethics *Dharmic Interpretation *Plot *Ethics *Dharmic Interpretation *Plot *Ethics *Dharmic Interpretation Key Takeaways Dharma is contextual Historically, there has been a human desire to standardise dharma in order to avoid chaos Reference Phrakhru Pipithvarakijjanukarn et. el. (2021). Analytical Study of the Raft in Buddhism. In ‘Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education’ Vol.12 No. 8 pp. 2424-2427. Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Team RECAP UNDERSTANDING INDIA UNIT 3. DAY 3 Today’s Vocab ❖ eccentric : quirky ❖ eminent : reputed ❖ erudite : learned ❖ exigent : urgent ❖ facilitate : ease ❖ Literary Traditions: From the South of India Kashi Tamil Sangam, 2023 Sangam Literature Sangam = Assembly 300 BCE to 300 CE Akkam, Puram Tamilakkam: Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Srilanka Reading Session Key Takeaways An elementary introduction to ancient literature in peninsular Bharat to avoid focus on that from the Gangetic plains Reference ▪ Anant Pai, (1972), ‘Kannagi’. Amar Chitra Katha. Bombay. ▪ ALTERNATE URL: Anant Pai, (1972), ‘Kannagi’. Amar Chitra Katha. Bombay. Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Team RECAP UNDERSTANDING INDIA UNIT 3. DAY 4 Today’s Vocab ❖ gallant : brave ❖ garrulous : talkative ❖ gibberish : rubbish ❖ guile : craftiness ❖ dupe : cheat Literary Analysis Theme of Justice and Retribution The general quest for justice and the consequences of its denial Kannagi’s revenge Theme of Virtue and Devotion The ideal qualities of virtue and unwavering devotion Kannagi’s devotion to Kovalan and her moral integrity Comparison with other characters in the story exhibiting “ﬂawed” virtues Theme of Fate and Destiny The role of fate and how it inﬂuences characters’ lives Kovalan’s tragic end Kannagi’s deiﬁcation Character Analysis: Kannagi Unwavering devotion, moral strength and determination Embodiment of virtue and justice The woman as a ﬁgure of “shakti” Character Analysis: Kovalan Flawed hero, moral ambiguity From prosperity to downfall Class Discussion: Why is “chastity” emphatically underlined as the hallmark of ideal womanhood in much of ancient India (like in other civilisations)? Does “chastity” continue to be a measurement of ideal womanhood in contemporary Bharat? If yes, what does it say about the continuous aspect of civilisation? If no, what does it say about the changing aspect of civilisation? If yes and no, what does it say about civilisation itself? Reference ▪Anant Pai, (1972), ‘Kannagi’. Amar Chitra Katha. Bombay. ▪ALTERNATE URL: Anant Pai, (1972), ‘Kannagi’. Amar Chitra Katha. Bombay. Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Team Today’s Vocab ❖ ubiquitous : universal ❖ undermine : neglect ❖ underscore : emphasise ❖ untenable : unsupportable ❖ verbose : wordy Introduction to Advaita Vedanta Deﬁnition : Non-dualistic philosophical school. Founder : Shankaracharya (788-820 CE). Goal : To realize identity of individual soul (Atman) with ultimate reality (Brahman) Inﬂuence : Signiﬁcant inﬂuence on Hindu philosophy and spirituality. Biography: Early Life Birth : Adi Shankara was born in Kaladi, Kerala, around 788 CE. Family : Born to Shivaguru and Aryamba, he was their only child. Early Education : Showed remarkable intelligence and studied the Vedas Biography: Spiritual Journey Renunciation : At the age of 8, he expressed a desire for sannyasa (renunciation). Guru : Initiated into sannyasa by Govinda Bhagavatpada, a disciple of Gaudapada. Travels : Wandered across India, engaging in debates and establishing his philosophical teachings. Concept of Brahman Nature: Absolute, eternal, formless, and limitless. Source : All-pervading cosmic consciousness. Attributes: Sat (existence), Chit (consciousness), Ananda (bliss). Unity : The underlying reality behind the diversity of the universe. Concept of Atman Deﬁnition : Individual soul. Nature : Essentially identical to Brahman. Illusion of Separation : Due to avidya (ignorance). Realization : Through spiritual practice and self-inquiry (jnana yoga). Maya (Illusion) Deﬁnition : Power of illusion and ignorance. Function : Projects the multiplicity of the world. Role : Hinders realization of true nature. Overcoming Maya : Attained through knowledge (jnana). Theory of Creation (Cosmology) Origination : Manifestation from Brahman. Role of Maya : Creates diversity and differentiation. Ultimately Illusory : Not separate from Brahman. Purpose : Facilitates the experience of the individual soul. Critique of Dualistic Schools Advaitic Perspective : Dualism perpetuates suffering. Reality of Duality : Only apparent, not ultimate. Unity of All : All distinctions are transcended in Brahman. Purpose of Critique : Encourages seekers to pursue non-dual realization. Contemporary Relevance Spiritual Seekers : Appeal to seekers across cultures. Unity in Diversity : Provides a philosophical basis for unity. Modern Interpretations: Adaptation in contemporary spiritual discourse. Dialogue with Science : Parallel concepts in modern scientiﬁc thought. REFERENCE E-Gyankosh. Sankara. Scribd. Life Sketch of Shankaracharya Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Program Team Today’s Vocab ❖ naive : gullible ❖ nascent : new ❖ nonplussed : confused ❖ notorious : infamous ❖ obscure : unknown Introduction to Vishishtadvaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Vedanta means "Qualiﬁed Non-dualism.“ Founder: Founded by Ramanujacharya, a prominent philosopher and theologian in Hinduism. Core Tenet: It asserts that the individual souls (jivas) and the Supreme Being (Brahman) are not identical but inseparable. Purpose: To reconcile the differences between Advaita Vedanta (non-dualism) and Dvaita Vedanta (dualism). The Nature of Reality Brahman: The ultimate reality according to Vishishtadvaita, characterized by qualities (visheshanas) such as knowledge, power, and bliss. Relationship: Jivas (individual souls) are dependent on Brahman but distinct entities with their own identities. Matter: Prakriti (matter) and souls (jivas) exist within Brahman and are governed by Brahman’s qualities. Hierarchy: Brahman is the inner controller (Antaryami) of the universe. Concept of Atman and Brahman Atman: Each individual soul (Atman) is a part of Brahman, not separate but distinct. Unity in Diversity: Unity is in the sense of inseparability from Brahman, while diversity lies in individual identities and qualities. Goal: Liberation (Moksha) is realizing the true nature of the self (Atman) and its relationship with Brahman. Bhakti: Emphasizes devotion (bhakti) as the means to attain realization and union with Brahman. The Role of Bhakti Central Practice: Bhakti yoga is central to Vishishtadvaita, emphasizing loving devotion to Brahman. Path to Moksha: Through bhakti, the individual soul realizes its dependence on Brahman and seeks union with the divine. Forms of Bhakti: Includes rituals, prayers, meditation, and service (seva) to Brahman and the community. Liberation (Moksha) Deﬁnition: Liberation is the release from samsara (cycle of birth and death) and union with Brahman. Process: Attained through knowledge of the self (Atman) and devotion to Brahman. State: Liberated souls dwell in eternal bliss (paramananda) in the proximity of Brahman. Purpose: The ultimate goal of human life according to Vishishtadvaita Vedanta. The Concept of Maya Nature of Maya: Maya is the cosmic illusion that veils the true nature of reality. Role in Vishishtadvaita: Unlike Advaita Vedanta, Maya in Vishishtadvaita is real (not unreal) and a power of Brahman. Purpose: Serves to differentiate individual souls and allows for the diversity of creation within Brahman. Resolution: Ultimately resolved through the realization of the self and union with Brahman. Karma and Dharma Karma: Actions and their consequences shape the destiny of individual souls. Law of Karma: Governed by dharma (righteousness), inﬂuencing the soul’s journey towards liberation. Puriﬁcation: Good deeds (punya) and selﬂess actions purify the soul, leading towards spiritual growth. Path to Liberation: Correct understanding and performance of one’s duties (svadharma) aid in spiritual progress. The Concept of Isvara Isvara: Refers to the personal aspect of Brahman, the divine ruler and controller of the universe. Attributes: Possesses inﬁnite auspicious qualities (kalyana gunas) such as compassion, grace, and omnipotence. Relationship with Jivas: Isvara governs and guides the individual souls towards liberation. Worship: Worship of Isvara through rituals and devotion (bhakti) is central to Vishishtadvaita practice. Scriptures and Authority Scriptural Basis: Vishishtadvaita draws from the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and the works of Alvars (Vaishnavite saint-poets). Commentaries: Ramanujacharya’s commentaries on these texts elucidate the Vishishtadvaita philosophy. Authority: Scriptures serve as the authoritative source for understanding the nature of Brahman, the soul, and the path to liberation. Interpretation: Emphasizes a qualiﬁed interpretation (bheda-abheda) of texts to reconcile apparent contradictions. Key Takeaways Advaita Vedanta: Differs by asserting the oneness (advaita) of Atman and Brahman, whereas Vishishtadvaita emphasizes qualiﬁed non-dualism. Dvaita Vedanta: Opposes dualism by asserting the oneness (advaita) of Atman and Brahman, whereas Vishishtadvaita emphasizes qualiﬁed non-dualism. REFERENCE E-Gyankosh. Ramanujacharya Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Team Today’s Vocabulary ❖ impair : weaken ❖ impediment : barrier ❖ implicit : implied ❖ impudent : disrespectful ❖ indolent : lazy RECAP Verse 1 Sanskrit Text: "ह रः ओम ् । ओ मत्येतदक्षर मदं सवर्वं तस्योपव्याख्यानं भूतं भवद्भ वष्य द त सवर्वमोङ्कार एव | यच्चान्यित्त्रकालातीतं तदप्योङ्कार एव ॥ १ ॥“ Translation: "Om, the word, is all this. A clear explanation of Brahman. He who meditates on it, realizing its meaning, reaches the Supreme Goal.“ Verse 2 Sanskrit Text: "सवर्वं ह्येतद् ब्रह्मायमात्मा ब्रह्म सोऽयमात्मा चतुष्पात ्।“ Translation: "All this is Brahman. The Atman (Self) is Brahman. This Atman has four quarters." Verse 3 Sanskrit Text: "जाग रतस्थानो ब हष्प्रज्ञः सप्ताङ्ग एकोन वंश तमुखः स्थूलभुग्वैश्वानरः प्रथमः पादः ।“ Translation: "The ﬁrst quarter (Pāda) is Vaiśvānara whose sphere (of activity) is the waking state, who is conscious of external objects, who has seven limbs and nineteen mouths and whose experience consists of gross (material) objects." Verse 4 Sanskrit Text: "स्वप्नस्थानोऽन्तः प्रज्ञाः सप्ताङ्ग एकोन वंश तमुखः प्र व वक्तभुक्तैजसो द् वतीयः पादः“ Translation: "The second quarter (Pāda) is the Taijasa whose sphere (of activity) is the dream, who is conscious of internal objects, who has seven limbs and nineteen mouths and who experiences the subtle objects." Verse 5 Sanskrit Text: "यत्र सुप्तो न कञ्चन कामं कामयते न कञ्चन स्वप्नं पश्य त तत्सुषुप्तम ् । सुषुप्तस्थान एकीभूतः प्रज्ञानघन एवाऽऽनन्दमयो ह्यानन्दभुक् चेतोमुखः प्राज्ञस्तृतीयः पादः“ Translation: "That is the state of deep sleep wherein the sleeper does not desire any objects nor does he see any dream. The third quarter (Pāda) is the Prājña whose sphere is deep sleep, in whom all (experiences) become uniﬁed or undifferentiated, who is verily, a mass of consciousness entire, who is full of bliss and who experiences bliss, and who is the path leading to the knowledge (of the two other states)." Verse 6 Sanskrit Text: "एष सवर्वेश्वरः एष सवर्वज्ञ एषोऽन्तयार्वम्येष यो नः सवर्वस्य प्रभवाप्ययौ ह भूतानाम ् “ Translation: "They consider the fourth (turiya) to be non-dual (advaita). That is the Atman. That should be known." REFERENCE Swami Sarvpriyananda. (2014). Who Am I? Part - I Rishihood University Foundation Program Understanding India Foundation Team Today’s Vocabulary ❖ laud : praise ❖ loquacious : talkative ❖ lucid : clear ❖ maverick : rebel ❖ mercurial : volatile RECAP Verse 7 Sanskrit Text: "नान्तःप्रज्ञं न ब हःप्रज्ञं नोभयतःप्रज्ञं न प्रज्ञानघनं न प्रज्ञं नाप्रज्ञम ् | अदृश्यमव्यवहायर्यमग्राह्यमलक्षणम चन्त्यमव्यपदे श्यमेकात्मप्रत्ययसारं प्रपञ्चोपशमं शान्तं शवमद्वैतं चतुथर्थं मन्यन्ते स आत्मा स वज्ञेयः ।“ Translation: "Turīya is not that which is conscious of the internal (subjective) world, nor that which is conscious of the external (objective) world, nor that which is conscious of both, nor that which is a mass all sentiency, nor that which is simple consciousness, nor that which is insentient. (It is) unseen (by any sense organ), not related to anything, incomprehensible (by the mind), uninferable, unthinkable, indescribable, essentially of the nature of Consciousness constituting the Self alone, negation of all phenomena, the Peaceful, all Bliss and the Non-dual. This is what is known as the fourth (Turīya). This is the Ātman and it has to be realised" Verse 8 Sanskrit Text: "सोऽयमात्माध्यक्षरमोङ्कारोऽ धमात्रं पादा मात्रा मात्राश्च पादा अकार उकारो मकार इ त“ Translation: "The same Ātman (which has been described above as having four quarters) is, again, Aum, from the point of view of the syllables (akṣaram). The Aum with parts is viewed from the standpoint of sounds (letters, mātrāḥ). The quarters are the letters (parts) and the letters are the quarters. The letters here are A, U and M.“ Verse 9 Sanskrit Text: "जाग रतस्थानो वैश्वानरोऽकारः प्रथमा मात्राऽऽप्तेरा दमत्त्वाद्वाप्नो त ह वै सवार्यन्कामाना दश्च भव त य एवं वेद“ Translation: "Whatever is good and whatever is pleasing — that indeed is Brahman. Know that what is worshipped here is not that (Brahman)." Verse 10 Sanskrit Text: "स्वप्नस्थानस्तैजस उकारो द् वतीया मात्रोत्कषार्यदभ ु यत्वाद्वोत्कषर्य त ह वै ज्ञानसन्त तं समानश्च भव त नास्याब्रह्म वत्कुले भव त य एवं वेद“ Translation: "Taijasa, whose sphere of activity is the dream state, is U (उ), the second letter (of Aum) on account of superiority or on account of being in between the two. He who knows this attains to a superior knowledge, is treated equally by all alike and ﬁnds no one in his line who is not a knower of Brahman." Verse 11 Sanskrit Text: "सुषुप्तस्थानः प्राज्ञो मकारस्तृतीया मात्रा मतेरपीतेवार्य मनो त ह वा इदं सवर्यमपी तश्च भव त य एवं वेद“ Translation: "Prājña whose sphere is deep sleep is M (म) the third part (letter) of Aum, because it is both the measure and that wherein all become one. One who knows this (identity of Prājña and M) is able to measure all (realise the real nature of the world) and also comprehends all within himself." Verse 12 Sanskrit Text: "अमात्रश्चतुथर्थोऽव्यवहायर्यः प्रपञ्चोपशमः शवोऽद्वैत एवमोङ्कार आत्मैव सं वशत्यात्मनाऽऽत्मानं य एवं वेद“ Translation: "That which has no parts (soundless), incomprehensible (with the aid of the senses), the cessation of all phenomena, all bliss and non-dual Aum, is the fourth and verily the same as the Ātman. He who knows this merges his self in the Self." REFERNCES Swami Sarvpriyananda. (2014). Who Am I? Part - II

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