Human Biocultural & Social Evolution PDF

**LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION** BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION - It refers to the changes, modifications and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generations to another. Scientists study the changes of humans, the changes i...

**LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION** BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION - It refers to the changes, modifications and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generations to another. Scientists study the changes of humans, the changes in the shape and size of their bones. CULTURAL EVOLUTION - IT REFERS TO THE CHANGES OR DEVELOPMENT IN CULTURES FROM A SIMPLE FORM TO A MORE COMPLEX FORM OF HUMAN CULTURE. SCIENTIST STUDY THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF HUMANS BY ANALYZING THE CHANGES IN THE LATTER'S WAY OF LIFE. SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION - THE PROCESS BY WHICH STRUCTURAL REORGANIZATION IS AFFECTED THROUGH TIME, EVENTUALLY PRODUCING A FORM OR STRUCTURE WHICH IS QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT FROM THE ANCESTRAL FORM. NATURAL SELECTION - THE REASON FOR OCCURENCE OF EVOLUTION. THE OUTCOME PROCESSES THAT AFFECT THE FREQUENCIES OF TRAITS IN A PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT. TRAITS THAT ENHANCE SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS INCREASE IN FREQUENCY OVER TIME. NATURAL SELECTION THREE PRINCIPLES VARIATION - EVERY SPECIES IS MADE UP OF A VARIETY OF INDIVIDUALS WHEREIN SOME ARE ADOPTED TO THEIIR ENVIRONMENTS COMPARED TO OTHERS. HERITABILITY - ORGANISMS PRODUCE PROGENY WITH DIFFERENT SETS OF TRAITS THAT CAN INHERITED DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS - ORGANISMS THAT HAVE TRAITS MOST SUITABLE TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT WILL SURVIVE AND TRANSFER THESE VARIATIONS TO THEIR OFFSPRING IN SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS HOMINIDS - THE GENERAL TERM USED TO CATEGORIZE THE GROUP OF EARLY HUMANS AND OTHER HUMANLIKE CREATURE THAT COULD WALK UPRIGHT DURING THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD 4 CATEGORIES OF HUMINIDS SAHELANTHROPUS \- 7 MILLION YEARS AGO \- IT HAD APELIKE AND HUMANLIKE CHARACTERISTICS -A SKULL SIMILAR TO AUTRALOPITHECUS AND MODERN HUMAN -HEIGHT ALMOST SIMILAR WITH THE CHIMPANZEE -BRAIN SIZE 320-380 CC -SMALL TEETH -HAD ABILITY TO WALK UPRIGHT ARDIPITHECUS -\"APE ON THE GROUND" -5.6 MILLION YEARS AGO -CAN WALK UPRIGHT ON THE GROUND -COULD MOVE ON ALL FOUR LIMBS IN TREES TWO TYPES OF ARDIPITHECUS - ARDIPITHECUS KADABBA - ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS AUSTRALOPITHECUS -"THE SOUTHERN APE" -5 MILLION TO 1 MILLION YEARS AGO -BRAIN SIZE: 500 CC OR ALMOSY 1/3 SIZE OF THE MODERN HUMAN BRAIN -BIPENDAL -TOOL USERS NOT TOOL MAKERS THEY WERE CLASSIFIED AS HUMANS AND NOT HUMANLIKE CREATURES BECAUSE THEY HAD BIGGER BRAINS AND WERE BIPEDS. CATEGORIES OF HOMO HOMO HABILIS - EARLIEST HOMO - 3-4 FEET - BRAIN SIZE 700 CC - HAVE A SMALL TEETH AND FACE - "HANDYMAN" HOMO ERECTUS - LARGER BRAIN CELLS: 1000 CC - LIVED IN SHELTERS - FOOD GATHERERS - CRAFTED MATERIALS HOMOSAPIEN NEANDERTHELESSS - THEY HAD A BRAIN SIZE LARGER THAN MODERN MAN AND WERE GIGANTIC IN SIZE. ALSO THEY HAD A LARGE HEAD AND JAW AND WERE VERY POWERFUL AND MUSCULAR. THEY WERE CARNIVORES AND TOOLS FROM THE ERA INDICATE THEY WERE HUNTERS. THEY WERE ALSO CAVING DWELLERS BUT THEIR CAVES WERE MORE COMFORTABLE AND LIVED IN GROUPS AND HUNTED FOR FOOD GATHERING. HOMO SAPIENS - IS THE ONLY EXTANT HUMAN SPECIES. - THE NAME IS LATIN FOR "WISE MAN" - INTRODUCED YEAR 1758 BY CARL LINNAEUS (WHO IS HIMSELF THE ORIGINAL TYPE SPECIMEN - ALSO KNOWN AS "MODERN-DAY MAN" - HOMO SAPIENS EVOLVED IM AFRICA. LIKE OTHER EARLY HUMANS THAT WERE LIVING AT THIS TIME, THEY GATHERED AND HUNTED FOODS AND EVOLVED BEHAVIORS THAT HELPED THEM RESPOND TO THE CHALLENGES OF SURVIVAL IN AN UNSTABLE ENVIRONMENT HOMO FLORENSIENSIS - ALSO CALLED "THE HOBBIT." - FOUND AT LIANG BUA ON THE ISLAND OF FLORES IN INDONESIA. - SMALL BODY. - 100,000 YEAR TO 25,000 YEARS. THE NEOLITHIC AGE - DURING MOST OF HISTORY, MOST HUMANS MADE THEIR LIVING BY "HUNTING AND GATHERING" - BY THE END OF THIS TIME PERIOD, CRO-MAGNON MAN HAD DEVELOPED ART AND "COMPLEX TOOLS" KNIVES, THROWING SPEARS, FISH HOOKS, HARPOONS AND SEWING NEEDLE. - IMPROVED TOOLS= IMPROVED HEALTH - INCREASE FOOD SUPPLY= INCREASED POPULATION **ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION** - Aristotle once said: "man is a social animal." Humans are, by nature, social beings that regularly interact with their environment. Interpersonal interaction is therefore innate and common among human beings. - **Socialization** is the lifelong social process where people develop their individual potentials and learn or adapt culture. - **Socialization** starts at when a baby is born and ends upon death. - **Enculturation** on the other hand, is the process where an individual or a group learns culture through experience or observation. - Enculturation is an important part of socialization because it enables culture to be shared among members of society. **NATURE Vs. NURTURE** - **nature principle -**human personality and identity is inborn and inherited. - **nurture principle-** emphasize that our personalities are shaped from birth onwards by social forces that we interact with. **Theories of Identity Formation** 1. **Sigmund Freud's Psychodynamic Theory** \- According to him, human beings have a basic need to express their sexual tensions and aggression, and because these are typically not acceptable mechanisms in society, human beings suffer from anxiety that pave way for the development of neuroticism and other psychological fixations. 2. **Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development** - According to Jean Piaget, human identity development is influenced greatly by cognitive processes, that is, the mechanisms of the brain. - Piaget hypothesized that humans develop their personalities during childhood, in four particular stages, namely: **sensorimotor stage, pre operational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.** **3. Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development** \- Basing his theory on Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, Lawrence Kohlberg postulated that human beings also develop moral identities as influenced by their environmental and interpersonal experiences. **4. Erik Erikson's Post-Freudian Theory** \- Erik Erikson is a psychodynamic theorist who formulated his own theory, which may be considered as an extension of Freud's. According to Erikson, human development does not end at childhood but at old age. **5. George Herbert Mead's Theory of the Social Self** \- Mead greatly emphasized in his theory that personality and identity development is a product of social experience. \- According to him, people exchange ideas in a manner that is symbolic and meaningful. - **Contemporary social scientists** argue that there is no correct option between nature and nurture as both are important factors in a person's development **CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE** SOCIAL CONTROL - **Social control refers to the certain ways that society encourages people** **Conformity** - **Conformity means doing what is socially acceptable.** **Edward Alsworth Ross** - **In his book, Edward Alsworth Ross described social control as the [basis of order and cooperation in society].** **FORMS OF SOCIAL CONTROL** **[1. FORMAL MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL]** - **Institutionalized rewards and punishments are implemented to prevent chaos in society.** - **Law** - **Education** **[2. INFORMAL MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL - One develops a sense of what is right and wrong from internalizing the norms and values through socialization.]** **WHAT MAKES THE INFORMAL MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL SO EFFECTIVE?** - **sympathy** - **sociability** - **sense of justice** **FORMS OF DEVIANCE** **Deviance - refers to an act that violates cultural norms.** C:\\Users\\ALOJA\\OneDrive\\Desktop\\Pictures\\Screenshots\\Screenshot (546).png **HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS, AND THE COMMON GOOD** **The Concept of Human Dignity - Every human being has the right to be treated with respect and value.**  **The Concept of Human Rights - Defined by the United Nations as "rights inherent to all human beings regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, or any other status."** **The Concept of Common Good - These are shared values, structures, and processes that will benefit all members of the community.** **HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED** **GROUPS WITHIN THE SOCIETY** **GROUPS**- Is where the people have the chance to interact with other people and think of themselves as belonging together. **SOCIAL GROUPS**- As a number of individual interacting with each other with respect to; a\. Common Motives and Goal b\. Establish status relationship c\. Accepted norms and values with references to matter relevant to the group **PRIMARY**- Is a small group whose member share personal and lasting family. **SECONDARY**- Are large clusters of people who have a mutually shared purpose, often aiming to complete tasks. **IN GROUP - Is a group wherein people fell that they are part of the social group. It is category or group with which you identify strongly.** **OUT GROUP - Is a group with which an individual does not identify to be part of. It is a social category or group with which you do not identify.** **FACTORS WHICH CREATE THE IDENTITY OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN THE IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP** a\. CULTURE: Filipino vs Chinese b\. GENDER: Male vs Female c\. AGE : Seniors vs Teenagers d\. RELIGION: Catholic vs Muslim **REFERENCE GROUP -** Is a group to which we compare ourselves. It serves a standard to which we measure our behavior and attitude. **TYPES OF A REFERENCE GROUP** a**. Informational reference group**: based on the belief that one should enhance one\'s own knowledge to make informed decisions. b**. Formal reference group**: have a specific goal or mission. They also have a specific structure and positions of authority. c\. **Membership reference group**: are groups that we not only belong to but are also in agreement with in regards to attitudes, norms, and behaviors d\. **Disclaimant reference group**: are groups that we belong to, but do not agree with in regards to attitudes, social norms, and behaviors. e\. **Aspirational reference group**: are those who people would like to be like. f\. **Dissociative reference group:** are groups that consumers don\'t want to be associated with. **NETWORS/SOCIAL NETWORKS** Is a theorical construct useful i the social science to study relationships between individual, groups, organizations or even entire societies. **3 LEVEL OF A SOCIAL NETWORKS** - Micro-level: Is a smallest level of analysis is social network. - Meso-level: This level of analysis begins with a population size that falls between the micro and macro levels. - Macro-level: Generally trace the outcomes of interactions such as economic or other resources transfer interactions over a large population.