UCSP PDF

UCSP Gene flow keep populations similar to one another Typically involves genetic divergence, Biological Evolution: The way living thi...

UCSP Gene flow keep populations similar to one another Typically involves genetic divergence, Biological Evolution: The way living things often driven by factors like geographic change overtime (traits and genes). isolation, ecological adaptation, or Cultural Evolution: The way human ideas, hybridization behaviors, and practices change overtime (traditions, technologies, and social norms). Sociocultural Evolution: The process by which societies and cultures change and Human Revolutionary Path develop over time (social interactions and cultural practices). Australopithecus Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis Natural Selection Homo Sapiens The evolution of species The reason for occurrence of evolution The outcome processes that affect the Paleolithic Period frequencies of traits in a particular environment. Traits that enhance Derived from the greek word, "palaios" survival and reproductive success which means old and "lithos" stone increase in frequencies over time (Öld Stone Age) 3 Principles of Natural Selection Neolithic Period 1. Variations: every species is made up of “First Agricultural Revolution” a variety of individuals wherein some Transition of many human cultures are adopted to their environment from a lifestyle of hunting and compared to others. gathering to agriculture and settlement. 2. Hereditability: traits that are inherited They learned to create crafts such as 3. Differential Reproductive Success: pottery and weaving. As well as organisms that have traits most suitable developed boats as means of to their environment will survive and transportation and for fishing. transfer these variations to their offspring. Age of Metals Macroevolution: focuses on the formation of use of metals such as bronze, copper, new species (speciation) and on the and iron evolutionary relationship between groups of species Ancient State and Civilization Speciation Mesopotamian civilization: one of the earliest states; had its own government, Formation of new species  and functioned like an independent 3. Constitutional democracy: limits the country. powers of government through the Mesopotamia is a greek word for ''land nation's constitution. between two rivers'' Cuneiform: one of the most important civilizations in the history of Mesopotamian culture. Egyptian civilization: emerged more Enculturation: the process through which than 5,000 years ago along the River individuals learn the culture of their own Nile in north-east Africa. Egyptians society (family, friends, and the community). called their king a pharaoh. Socialization: is the broader process of learning how to behave in a way that is Modern State and Civilization acceptable in society. In england, around 1500s, most of the people lived in small villages. They It Results to: paid tithes to their feudal landlords, Henry VII won the War of the Roses in 1. Identity formation: the process by England, which led into what is known which a person develops their sense of as the tutor dynasty and begun the self, or identity. development of the english nation-state. 2. Norms: the unwritten rules and In Spain the year 1492, Spanish expectations for how people should monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella took behave in specific situations. Spain back from the Muslim. It became the era of Spain as a global power. Values: the beliefs or ideas that people consider important, guiding what they In France, Louis XIV of France created think is right or wrong. an absolute monarchy 3. Status: any position a person can hold in society. The State of the People Roles: the behaviors and duties People become the source of political expected from someone who holds a power and government rules. This certain status. evolution in the government is known as the process of democratization, or Deviance is characterized for its contextualized simply democracy- the rule of people. nature and relativity. Within a particular culture, deviance may be perceived and interpreted according to circumstances or preconditioned Types of Democracies notions. 1. Representative democracy: a system where citizens choose government Mechanisms of Social Control representatives among their citizens. 2. Direct democracy: when the citizens Labeling theory: This theory states form a governing body and vote how members of society label others, directly on issues. whether they are deviant or not.  Gossip: This is often practiced in striving for cultural success, living small-scale communities where people peacefully without being a threat. know each other personally. Society Retreat: People give up on both reinforces what norms should be achieving cultural goals and using followed and punishes the deviants by approved means, turning to illegal putting them to shame. activities to survive. Laws: Laws are formal codes of Rebellion: People reject existing conduct that are met with negative cultural goals and means, creating new sanctions when violated. Laws are ones and sometimes using legal or meant to guide the daily lives of illegal methods to improve their members of society. situation. Human Dignity: Intrinsic worth of every How Society is Organized person, regardless of race, gender, or status. Society is organized by highlighting that Dignity is inherent and cannot be separated humans are social beings who need to interact from the human condition. with others. Human interaction is essential for both mental and emotional well-being. Rights: Freedoms and entitlements every person has, simply by being human. Rights Types of Groups protect individual dignity and ensure equality A group is defined as a collection of people who and fairness. regularly interact and share common expectations. Common Good: Well-being and welfare of all individuals in society achieved through Influence: collective action, balancing individual rights with societal needs. Primary groups: small but intimate Secondary groups: perform a specific purpose. Strain Theory: people might turn to crime Membership: when they can't achieve success through accepted means. This frustration pushes some In-groups provide members a sense of to find illegal ways to reach their goals. belongingness and loyalty Out-groups are groups where an individual is not a member. Reactions of the Members of Society Reference groups: A person with a set of Conformity: People accept cultural standards to check if he/she needs improvement. goals and approved ways of achieving Networks: The entirety of social connections them. an individual takes part in for whatever purpose Innovation: People accept cultural and through whatever means. goals but use illegal means to achieve them. Ritualism: People accept their poverty and follow societal norms without Political And Economic Institutions  family is the most important social of one man having multiple female unit partners. | Polyandry: marriage of one It is largely responsible for the process woman having multiple male of cultural transmission by which partners.) values and norms are taught to new Group marriage: where several men members of society. and women are married to each other. Fictive marriage: happens to establish a social status for spouse and heirs; to control rights to property in the next Kinship: a network of relatives within which generation. an individual possesses certain mutual rights and obligations 1. Consanguinity: through bloodline Residency Patterns: A household can have (people whom you share known other members aside from the family. common ancestors). 2. Affinity: formed out of marriage (in- Nuclear family: a family made up of laws or relatives from marriage). a married couple, and the biological or 3. Compadrazgo (godparenthood adopted children. complex): by Donn Hart, it is the Extended family: composed of two or reciprocal relationship between the more nuclear families godparents, his or her godchild and its Single-parent families: units with parents. one parent with one or more children. Stepfamilies: units where one or both members have children from their Descent: the origin or background of a person previous relationship. in terms of family or nationality. 1. Unilineal Descent: traced through a single line of ancestors, either from father (Patrilineal Descent) or mother Political and Leadership Structures (Matrilineal Descent) but not both. 2. Double Unilineal Descent: the child The organized way in which power is at birth is assigned to the mother or distributed and decisions are made father’s group for specific purposes. within a society. Max Weber, 3. Bilateral Descent: traced through considers power as the likelihood of both ancestral lines of the mother and achieving desired ends in spite of the father. resistance from others. Power: expressed in terms of force may it be physical or psychological in Marriage: a legally and socially sanctioned nature. union, that prescribes the rights and duties of Authority: the power widely perceived the partners. as legitimate rather than coercive. Monogamy: when both married partners only have one spouse; each Centralized Political Systems other. Polygamy: when one individual has multiple spouses (Polygyny: marriage  In large societies, authority and power Non-Governmental Organizations are assigned to an individual (chief) or (NGOs) work by providing financing, a body of individuals. establishing linkages, and undertaking In a chiefdom, power and authority are advocacy. bestowed to the chief because he is the highest-ranking individual. The chieftain often keeps his position Other Non-State Actors: These groups for as long as he lives. Then he hands contribute to the development of society and to it down to his son or his sister's son. some extent enriched culture. Banks and corporations: rely on the The State and Authority confidence of people to trust their ability to acquire "good credit risks A state exists in a society with a large from the bad and deposit money with population that resides in a clearly them in return for interest" bounded territory, that creates and Cooperatives and trade unions: implements laws to promote social Cooperatives are integrated in society order. or communities. Meanwhile, a trade A nation is a group of people who union or labor union negotiates with share a common culture, history, employers to improve the working language, and often geographical conditions of employees. location. Transnational advocacy groups - they create and multiply opportunities for dialogue and exchange because they establish new links among actors in Types of Authority civil societies, states and international organizations. 1. Traditional authority - fuses power with tradition. Power is legitimized by Development agencies - they help respect for long-established cultural countries achieve economic growth patterns. and reduce poverty through 2. Rational-legal authority - also known investments and research. as bureaucratic authority, is a power legitimated by legally enacted rules and regulations. 3. Charismatic authority - is a power legitimated through extraordinary Social and Cultural Institutions personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience. Organized systems or structures within society that influence and shape the behaviors, beliefs, practices, and interactions of individuals and groups. Non-State Actors: These are entities other than a nation-state, that play a role in internal politics. Educational Institution People's Organizations (POs) work to advance their members' material or It plays an important role in shaping social well-being. individuals and society. 3 Main Goals Health Institution 1. Support national growth: helps people Organizations or facilities that provide gain the skills to be productive and services related to the care, treatment, independent. and management of individuals' 2. Include everyone in social progress: physical and mental health. makes sure everyone can be a part of improving society. 3. Build awareness and unity: preserves cultural values and brings people Types of Medicine/Healing together. 1. Traditional Medicine: total of knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, belief, and experiences Religious Institution of different cultures. (Ex: Acupuncture, Herbalism, Chinese Medicine) Organizations that support and manage 2. Western Medicine: modern day the practice of a specific set of religious practices of the medical world, it is beliefs. usually done by health professionals. (Ex: Surgery) 3. Alternative healing: healing practice that has the effect of medicine but does Common Beliefs Systems not necessarily originate from medical 1. Animism (Nature Worship): centered practices, or scientific method. (Ex: on the idea that natural objects have Christian faith healing, Naturopathy) spirits. 2. Polytheism: the belief in many gods 3. Monotheism: belief in a single, and Economic Institution all-powerful God. Organizations or structures within a society that influence and shape economic activities, interactions, and Influence on Society decisions. 1. Religious Holidays: The government 1. Property Rights: the exclusive recognizes the influence of religion by authority to determine how a resource declaring certain religious events as is used. national holidays. 2. Political Behavior: people will 2. Cultural and Moral Values: compete for resources. Religious teachings from Christianity 3. Law and Economics: law and and Islam continue to shape the moral economics, also known as the code, cultural practices, and even laws. economic analysis of law. 3. Religious Freedom: the Philippines 4. Free Market: Each exchange is upholds religious freedom as a right, undertaken as a voluntary agreement allowing individuals to practice their between two people or between groups faith without interference from the of people represented by agents. government. 5. Federal Reserve System: provides the country with a safe, flexible, and stable monetary and financial system.  Social Desirables and Stratification Social Desirable: Any rational individual will always aspire for things Stratification and Its Impact to Social that give wealth, power, and prestige. Inequality Feudalism: Introduced by Spaniards during the colonization of the country Social Stratification: a categorization in 1521. It subdivided the country into of a society based on their roles or different levels of administration, from functions and statuses. the province headed by a provincial Political Stratification: a governor, cities, municipalities to the categorization of individuals and smallest political unit, the barrio. institutions in a society based on power Gobernadorcillo: is the highest post relations and status of power in the occupied by a Filipino, headed by the State. city municipality. Cabeza De Barangay: is the lowest post occupied by a Filipino in Three Social Classes government, administered by the barrio. He collected tax and contributions for 1. Upper Class: consists of the elite or the gobernadorcillo. wealthy families who are the most Barrio: is the smallest political unit. prolific (productive) in their respective Feudal Administrators: they abused areas. their special positions of power and 2. Middle Class: these are mostly exploited the natives or those under professional people like lawyers, their supervision. doctors, managers, owners of small businesses, executives, etc. They value education most since education to them is the most vital measure of social Power: is defined as the capacity to influence status. or control the behavior of individuals and 3. Lower Class: these are the office and institutions, whether by persuasion or coercion. clerical workers, skilled and unskilled craftsmen, farm employees, underemployed, indigent families, etc. Prestige: is defined as esteem, respect, or approval for culturally valued acts. Can also be a cause of inequality. Status: It is the individual’s spot in the social structure. The higher or lower positions that Social Mobility System come about through social stratification are called statuses. Social Mobility: is an individual’s ability to move from one place to 1. Ascribed statuses are assigned or another along the stratified positions of given by the society or group based on Society. some fixed category. 2. Achieved statuses are earned by the individual. Kinds of Society 1. Open Society  stratification is based on social classes, societies do not cater to their needs. determined by economic wealth and income. based on personal efforts and Social Inequality Based on Global Inequality individual achievements. 2. Closed Society includes the concentration of resources changes or shifts in social positions or in certain powerful countries. social mobility are limited, or even prohibited. promotes inequity because individuals are classified according to their occupational status the caste system is Cultural, Social, and Political Change an example of closed society. Social Change: is the alteration in patterns of culture, social structure, and Social Inequality social behavior over time. Cultural Change: changes in tangible refers to the unequal access to social, or material aspects of culture and political and symbolic capital of intangible or non-material aspects of individuals in society. people’s lives. Political Change: It is the change in the political patterns of behavior and values of individuals as well as Social Inequality Based on Sex and Gender political institutions that hold power Gender Stereotyping: labeling people and control society. as: lesbian, gay, etc. Sex Roles: dictates gender roles. Sexism: the assertion that men and Sources of Change women are naturally different. Gender Inequality: occurs when 1. Innovation: an independent invention males assume more power than females to creatively find solutions to problems Primary innovation occurs when an individual or a group comes up with a completely new idea, method, or Social Inequality Based on Race and device. Ethnicity Secondary innovation occurs when an individual or a group further develops Race: the inborn biological features of or improves on an already existing idea, people are used as a basis of their social method, or device. status. 2. Diffusion: It is the act of spreading Racism: the belief that humans are culture, tradition, objects, and ideas to subdivided into distinct groups so other societies. different in their social behavior and Direct diffusion occurs through trade, mental and physical capacities. marriage, and war. Indirect diffusion occurs when a group comes in contact with another Social Inequality Based on Disability group indirectly through a third party.  3. Acculturation: a product of a massive New Forms of Media and Social Networking cultural change. 4. Assimilation: the minority group loses Fast and reliable internet connection its distinctive cultural traits and adopts gave people an equitable access to or absorbs those of the dominant information and ideas. culture Social Movements Social Contradictions and Tensions Activities organized by groups of 1. Terrorism: a violent and potent means people intended to create effects of pushing social change and gaining beyond their own group. worldwide attention. 2. Inter-ethnic Conflicts: an ethnic group is a category of people who, as a result of their shared cultural heritage, are regarded as socially distinct. 3. Class Struggle Tensions: contradictions that significantly operate in a class system, which is an open form of stratification based primarily on economic statuses. Class membership: an achieved status, one that depends to some extent on characteristics over which the individual has some control. 4. Armed Conflicts: attempts to settle through violence disputes over political power, territorial and ethnic issues, and societal stresses. New Challenges to Human Adaptation and Social Change Global Warming: a sudden heating up of the earth’s surface which destroys the ozone layer, and traps the sun’s ultraviolet rays from its direct entry towards the earth. Migration: a strong impetus for reinvention of roles especially within the threshold of the family and society. Responding to Social, Political, and Cultural Change