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The SOCIAL SCIENCES Essentials in Studying Culture, Society and Politics Lesson 1 SOCIAL SCIENCE Social science is the study of people: as individuals, communities and societies; their behaviors and interactions with each other and with their built, technolog...

The SOCIAL SCIENCES Essentials in Studying Culture, Society and Politics Lesson 1 SOCIAL SCIENCE Social science is the study of people: as individuals, communities and societies; their behaviors and interactions with each other and with their built, technological and natural environments. -Academy of Social Sciences, United Kingdom https://acss.org.uk/what-is-social-science/  Social Science also tackles: VALUES AND SOCIAL IDENTITY DYNAMICS BELIEFS "BELIEF" is what we perceive as true of real, study of the relationship pertains to how people while "VALUES" pertain to person’s or a that exists between answer the question, “Who collectivity’s principles or standards of individual’s interaction and are you?” behavior and are considered as judgment of group level behaviors. what is important to life.  The SOCIAL SCIENCES SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICAL SCIENCE  SOCIOLOGY "The Study of Society" French word Sociologie ("socios" means companionship and "ologie" means branch of knowledge/ study of) SOCIAL FORCES A constellation of unseen but powerful forces that influences the behavior of an individual and its institutions (e.g.: sex, gender, religion, class, etc.)  Augusto Comte 1798-1857 Father of Sociology Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte is one of the founders of sociology and coined the term sociology. Comte was a positivist who argued that sociology must have a scientific base and be objective.  Karl Marx 1818-1883 a German philosopher and economist. He made Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels (1820–1895). This book presents Marx's theory of society, which different from the point of view Comte. He disagreed with Comte's positivism and believed that societies developed and progressed because of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production. Areas of Sociology It can be said that social science disciplines are interrelated to one another because of the nature and the core of its focus. Thus, the following are the scope that is encompassed by sociology. 1. Social Organization 2. Social Psychology 3. Human Ecology 4. Applied Sociology 5. Population Studies 6. Social Change 7. Sociological Theory and Research ANTHROPOLOGY "The Father of All Social and Behavioral Sciences" From Greek words “Anthropos” and “logos” which refers to the study of human and their respective cultures. It pertains to the various aspects of the life of man, which is both physical and cultural from the beginning until present.  JEBEL IRHOUD H. SAPIENS FOSSILS Oldest known Bones of Homo Sapiens 195,000 years old Human bones discovered at Kibish in Ethiopia are the oldest known bones of a Homo Sapiens. The bones, which were first found in 1967. The previously identified oldest bones, discovered in Herto, Ethiopia, were dated to 160,000 years ago. -Guinness World Record https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/382041-oldest-bones-of-a-homo-sapiens  Charles Darwin Origin of Species The discipline of anthropology is the fruity of scientific developments in the Western World through the groundbreaking work of the Charles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species” (1859), it boosted the passion of the all scientists in different fields. His idea not only opened the new avenues of disciplines under Natural Science but also accelerated the pace of Socio-Cultural studies  Franz Boas (1858-1942) Father of American Anthropology His works focused on rejecting the biological basis of racism or racial discrimination. He also rejected the Western idea of social evolution thus, he favored Historical particularism. It assumes that each society has a unique and different form of culture that cannot be incorporated under a predominant culture. He also advocated Cultural relativism or the complexity of all culture whether primitive or not.  CULTURAL RELATIVISM Is viewed as the idea that we should seek to understand another person’s beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of culture rather than our own.  Ethnocentrism Tendency to view one’s own culture as the most important and correct and as measuring stick by which to evaluate all other cultures that are largely seen as inferior and morally suspect.  Cultural Anthropology The study of people with their variations and progress in terms of culture. It also deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life of past and present ages.  Linguistics Anthropology The study of language mainly but not exclusively among humans. It also deals with the study of communication’s origins, history, and contemporary variation  Archeology The study of past human cultures through their material remains. It also the study of past human culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts  Biological Anthropology The study of humans as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation.  Applied Anthropology They analyze social, political, and economic problems and develop solutions to respond to present problems.  POLITICAL SCIENCE "The Study of Political Power Relations" From Greek word “Politikos" which means "of, for, or in relating to citizens". In Aristotelian term, this means "affairs of the cities" from the word "Polis" which means "Greek City-States" SOCIAL AGREEMENT Politics as a science are knowledge derived from experiment and observation systematically done. Policy- making and government decisions are through with the basis of research, social investigation, analysis, planning execution and evaluation. Political Science Comparing to other social sciences, political science has a complex history. Its earlier form can be traced from the workings of the ancient Greek political philosophy of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and later developed into religious-oriented tradition beginning with Augustine and secularized by Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau.  Aristotle Greek Philosopher 384B.C - 322B.C The aim of the Politics, Aristotle says, is to investigate, on the basis of the constitutions collected, what makes for good government and what makes for bad government and to identify the factors favorable or unfavorable to the preservation of a constitution.  Areas of Political Science In understanding the nature of political science, (Calilung F., 2014, p.12) noted that it encompasses important aspect of our society primarily: 1. Political Theory - It deals with the accumulation of principles identifying with the basis, structure, conduct, and operations of the state 2. Public Law - It pertains to laws or ordinances which control the framework of public governance 3.Public Administration - It serves as an academic discipline that studies civil service and governance. 4. Political Dynamics - – It is an aspect of Political Science which are concerned with the relationship of different societal forces that dictate political opportunities and actions  Areas of Political Science In understanding the nature of political science, (Calilung F., 2014, p.12) noted that it encompasses important aspect of our society primarily: 5. Government and Business - – It gives importance to the regulatory and governmental function to corporate, or business entities concerning the national economy. 6. Legislatures and legislation -The term legislation is a complex mechanism that can be extended as a discipline. It tries to explain the process, composition, and organization of legislature. 7. International Relations - – It includes inquiries into the nation- states' foreign policy in their mutual ties on the various forces-geographic, technological, psychological, and political that contribute to shaping such policy.  Areas of Political Science In understanding the nature of political science, (Calilung F., 2014, p.12) noted that it encompasses important aspect of our society primarily: 8. International Law - It is a system of agreements and treaties that entails responsibilities of one state into another. 9. Comparative Government - It is a discipline that studies and analyzes the general structure of governments of all countries. It includes (executive, legislative, and judicial bodies, their constitutions, laws, administrative organizations, foreign policies, political parties and processes, economic, social, and political functions, and their cultures and traditions  Importance of Studying Culture, Society and Politics On Culture - Culture creates man to be creative and resourceful by adapting and integrating himself in the environment to survive - Culture determines outline of acceptable social behavior such as protocols, good manners, roles, and duties established by folkways, mores, and laws  Importance of Studying Culture, Society and Politics On Culture Culture carry-out meanings through different forms of verbal and non- verbal communication. Culture produces tangible objects relevant to man such as instruments, tools, equipment, structures, and all technological advancements. Culture contributes to the totality of living of humankind as well as on how they can make their lives enjoyable, easier, and comfortable.  Social Social Studies Science aims aims to to APPLY all the to STUDY the understand content in the content and Humanity Human LEARN Science to Human promote civil Science productivity. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Society and Culture  Meaning and Nature of Society Defined society as group of people who share a common territory and culture. It is a group of people living together in a definite territory, having a sense of belongingness, mutually interdependent of each other, and follow a certain way of life. Society is derived from the Latin term “societas”, from socius, which means companion or associate.  Definition of society has two types From the functional point of view, society is defined as a complex of groups in reciprocal relationships, interacting upon one another, enabling human organisms to carry on their life-activities and helping each person to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his interests in association with his fellows. From the structural point of view, society is the total social heritage of folkways, mores and institutions of habits, sentiments and ideals. The important aspect of society is the system of relationships, the pattern of the norms of interaction by which the members of the society maintain themselves The following are reasons people live together as a society: 1. For Survival 2. Feeling of Gregariousness 3.Specialization  Characteristics of Society 1. It is a social system. A social system consists of individuals interacting with each other. A system consists of sub-parts whereby a change in one part affects the other parts. Thus, a change in one group of individuals will affect the stability of the other parts of the system  Characteristics of Society 2. It is relatively large. The people must be socially integrated to be considered relatively large than if the people are individually scattered. Thus, the people in a family, clan, tribe, neighborhood, community are socially integrated to be relatively large in scope.  Characteristics of Society 3. It socializes its members and from those from without. Since most of society’s members are born to it, they are taught the basic norms and expectations. Those who come from other societies, before being accepted as functioning members, are socialized and taught the basic norms and expectations of the society  Characteristics of Society 4. It endures, produces and sustains its members for generations. For society to survive, it must have the ability to produce, endure and sustain its new members for at least several generations. For instance, ifa society cannot assist its members during their extreme conditions of hunger and poverty, that society will not survive long  Characteristics of Society 5 It holds its members through a common culture. The individuals in a society are held together because that society has symbols, norms, values, patterns of interaction, vision and mission that are commonly shared by the members of such society  Characteristics of Society 6. It has clearly-defined geographical territory. The members in a society must live in a certain specific habitat or place and have a common belongingness and sense of purpose Types of Society  Hunting and Gathering Society (more than 16, 000 years ago) – The people survived from day to day through hunting larger animals, collecting shellfish and vegetable gathering. Their tools were made of stones, wood and bones. Horticultural Societies (12, 000 to 15,000 years ago) – The people planted seeds as a means of production for subsistence.  Agricultural Society In the early agricultural societies, people used plow than hoe in food production. By the use of plow, it turns the topsoil deeper allowing for better aerating and dertilizing thus improving better yield when harvested. Irrigation farming was introduced which resulted to a larger yield of production that can even feed large number of people who did not knowhow to produce food by themselves Industrial Societies These societies began in the 18th century during the Industrial Revolution and gained momentum by the turn of the 19th century. This period is characterized by the use of machines as means of food production. Mass production of guns, invention of steam locomotives and large production of steel, and well-coordinated labor force took place. Thus, the people began to be highly skilled and highly diversified in their occupation Post-Industrial or Information Societies Information and communication technology is the hallmark of these modern societies. These are characterized by the spread of computer technology, advances in this technology are made by highly-trained computer specialists who work to increase the capabilities of computer sand internet. The use of modern technology gave rise to several technological problems such as pollution, lung illness, skin problems and other  Dissolution of a Society There are several ways by which a society is dissolved: (1) when the people kill each other through civil revolution; (2) when an outside force exterminates the members of the society; (3) when the members become apathetic among themselves or have no more sense of belongingness; (4) when a small society is absorbed by a stronger and larger society by means of conquest or territorial absorption; (5) when an existing society is submerged in water killing all the people and other living things in it; or (60 when the people living in such a society voluntarily attach themselves to another existing society. Culture  Culture Refers to all the features of a society’s way of life Characteristics of Culture Characteristics of Culture Culture is social because it is the product of behavior  Characteristics of Culture Culture varies from society to society. Characteristics of Culture Culture is shared  Characteristics of Culture Culture is learned  Characteristics of Culture Culture is transmitted among members of society. Characteristics of Culture Culture is continuous and cumulative. Characteristics of Culture Culture is gratifying and idealistic Observations about Social, Political, and Cultural behavior, Phenomena, and Change Week 2 Lesson 2  Lesson outline 1 2 3 4 Political Dynasties, Covid-19 Texting and Online Elections and Istambay Internet Charter Change Pandemic Covid-19 Pandemic The covid-19 pandemic has somehow brought the world to a grinding halt, International (and even domestic) tourism is now down. Thousands of big and small businesses shut down or operate in reduced capacities; Unemployment rates are soaring everywhere Covid-19 Pandemic In the Philippines, rising inflation rate amidst supply problems brought by pandemic era instability is taking a toll on consumers. In February 2021 dispatch, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) noted that the inflation continued to went up further to 4.2 percent at the beginning of 2021. This is the highest inflation recorded since February 2019 Covid-19 Pandemic Due to the rapid rise in prices bolstered labor groups to push 100-peso, across the board, nationwide wage hike according to Christian Lloyd Magsoy, spokesperson of Defend Jobs Philippines formally filed a wage hike petition and asserted that “granting our workings with new round of wage increase is a long overdue” This is the highest inflation recorded since February 2019  Istambay: The idle and the unemployed Even before pandemic, the country’s proverbial Istambay-idle and/or unemployed people are the stuff stories and TV Shows. The Covid -19 Pandemic make them more numbers swell  Istambay: The idle and the unemployed Millions of people have become istambay for a month or more, as there is no employment available , companies shutdown, and establishments were closed.  Istambay: The idle and the unemployed The Istambay maybe idle for now but, as history tells us, it is when this throng of idle people decide to play their historic roles in society that social transformation comes.  Istambay: The idle and the unemployed To help unemployed supplementary measures are needed. Other possible ameliorative measure for crisis and as a springboard for a quick post Covid 19 recovery including the following one year waiver of VAT on all residential and micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMe) further financial breathing space; long term interest loans.  Texting, Internet, Online Learning, etc Then and now, technology is central information dissemination and education, for example, during natural calamities, The Philippine government sends all citizen-cellphone subscribers with free text alert. Such system was put in place through Republic Act 10639 or the “Free Mobile Disaster Alert Acts” which requires all local telecommunications firms to “Send free mobile alerts in the event of natural and man-made disasters and calamities”  Texting, Internet, Online Learning, etc Meanwhile, in the time of the Covid-19 pandemic, the internet is posed to play a major role in education as both public and private schools adopt online learning (while face-to-face-remain impossible because of fears of virus transmission.)  Texting, Internet, Online Learning, etc The Philippines pointed out that the most frequently encountered problems were “difficulty adjusting learning styles, having perform responsibilities at home, and poor communication between educators and learners”  Political Dynasties, Elections and Charter Change In Philippine politics, political dynasties are always on top of publicly relevant topics. This is expected as political dynasties dominate the country’s political system from local to the national levels.  Political Dynasties, Elections and Charter Change Moreover, they reach the oligarchic families, at times even sharing affinities with big business clans through ties of fixed marriages.  It is thus common knowledge that elections in the country are still domain of goons, guns and gold-all the more gold indeed. Some politicians are now actively campaigning for constitutional change that allow the lifting of term limits and impose 5-year terms without limits Political Dynasties, Elections and Charter Change Virtually pro-dynasty scheme that would go against 1987 constitution’s letter and spirit which actually requires Congress to pass an Anti-Dynasty Law to weaken the hold of dynasties in Philippine politics Political Dynasties, Elections and Charter Change According to Prof. Bobby M. Tuazon from Center for People Empowerment in Governance pointed out that “Weak political party system, weal electoral system, culture of powerlessness among the people/voters and warlordism” are among factors that help perpetuate political dynasties in the country. Political Dynasties, Elections and Charter Change Hence sweeping socio-economic reforms that would strengthen people’s confidence in their empowerment and political mobilization and political reforms that will boost the establishment of genuine, platform-based political parties and electoral system would weaken the dominance of political dynasties in the country Political Dynasties, Elections and Charter Change