UCSP Module 7: Political Structures and Leadership PDF

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education National Capital Region Schools Division Office of Taguig City and Pateros TAGUIG SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education National Capital Region Schools Division Office of Taguig City and Pateros TAGUIG SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL #5 M.L. Quezon St., Barangay San Miguel, Taguig City Module 7 POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP II. TRIBES STRUCTURES - It is a combination of smaller kin or non- A. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION kin groups, linked by a common culture, Politics, power, and authority: that usually act as one. Politics - Sort of multi-grouped and usually bigger - Refers to activities through which than bands, tribes tend to contain people make, preserve, and communities that are a bit larger. amend the general rules under - Like bands, most tribes have no formal which they live. leadership, instead, they, too, are - It involves the dynamics of conflict egalitarian in nature. resolution and cooperation, as - Egalitarian means believing that all well as the exercise of power. people are equally important and should Power: have the same rights and opportunities in - Refers to the ability to do life. something to achieve the desired III. CHIEFDOMS outcome. - A more defined political organization. Authority - Leaders (chiefs) are permanent and - A person who has authority has have the authority to make decisions. the right to exercise power. - Authority rests solely on the members I. BANDS of the selected family. - It is usually a very small, oftentimes - Composed of several communities with nomadic group that is connected by one lineage serving as the bloodline of family ties and is politically independent. future chiefs. - Nomadic means moving from place to - Can either be a complex or simple place, usually in search of food, bands chiefdom. are most often made up of hunter- Simple Chiefdom - A single village ruled gatherers. by a single family. - Due to their small size and their Complex chiefdom - A combination of tendency to move around, bands usually different simple chiefdoms. Led by a have little to no formal leadership. paramount leader(chief). - When to move and when to stay is IV. STATE AND NATION usually based on group consensus rather State - A political unit that holds than one governing official calling the sovereignty towards a well-defined shots. territory and group of people. It is also known as the highest form of political 1. Power is inherited - Leadership is organization. often passed down along family Nation - A group of people that share the lines, such as in monarchies. same traditions and culture. 2. Rooted in customs - Authority is Class and caste society based on longstanding customs Class - based on multiple factors such as and traditions. economic factors, educational 3. Stability and continuity - The focus attainment, power and position, etc. is on maintaining stability and Caste - A form of political stratification continuity through established based on a single concept. Much practices. specialization among political officials. 4. Accepted by tradition - People B. AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY accept leaders because it is the traditional way of governing. Authority Charismatic Authority - Power is based - The power or right to give orders, make on a leader's personal charm and decisions, and enforce obedience. inspirational qualities. - Formal and legal right to command-and- control others. Characteristics: - Always legitimate 1. Power is personal - Authority Legitimacy comes from the leader’s personal charm and ability to inspire others. - The general belief and acceptance that 2. Emotional connection - Followers authority is rightful and should be feel a strong emotional bond with obeyed. the leader. - Legitimacy is the perception that 3. Seen as extraordinary - The authority is just and appropriate. leader is viewed as having - Gives form to authority. exceptional or divine qualities. MAX WEBER’S 3 TYPES OF 4. Brings change - Often associated AUTHORITY with revolutionary movements or Traditional Authority - Power is based significant social change. on customs, traditions, and long- Legal-rational Authority established practices. - The most typical type in modern or Characteristics: industrialized societies - In this one, the power is not centralized on one person; instead, it is governed by a particular office. - Leaders can rightfully wield authority if - Exchange of goods and labor or they obtain their positions according to exchange without a definite time frame established procedures, such as for when the favor should be returned. elections or appointments, and must Balanced follow what is written in the constitution. - As such, the law and the judiciary are - Expecting a return from any given favor seen as the highest forms of power in at the set time frame by both parties. society. - The value of the given products and services is expected to be fair. C. ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS - Non-compliance could result in a refusal - Those that are involved in the to commit to any further transaction or a production and distribution of goods and strained relationship. services that members of a society need. Negative - Established to solve economic - The exchange tends to favor one party problems. over the other, as the value of the goods I. RECIPROCITY for exchange is unequal. - Refers to the voluntary giving or taking - Other groups would try to maximize of objects without the use of money in the their gains while giving as little as hopes that, sooner or later, they will possible. return them. - This is manifested by the need to acquire products that are not easily - It obligated the recipient to return accessible. something of similar value. - “When you give something away, you II. TRANSFERS expect something in return.” - refers to the redistribution of income - This economic process entails the and resources from one group to exchange of commodities between another, often managed by the parties, often on an individual basis. government or other organizations. - Barter is the most common form of Transfers can take various forms, these reciprocity, as this process includes the include: exchange of foods and services. Trade Social Transfers - These are payments agreements help them maintain fairness made to individuals or households to and secure transactions. support them financially. Common According to Marshall Sahlins (1965), examples include unemployment there are three types of reciprocity: benefits, pensions, child allowances, and Generalized disability benefits. These transfers aim to reduce poverty and inequality by approach aims to reduce the income gap providing financial assistance to those in between the wealthy and the less need. affluent. Subsidies - These are financial aids Welfare Programs - These programs provided by the government to provide financial support and services to businesses or individuals to promote individuals and families in need. economic activities or reduce the price Examples include unemployment burden on consumers. Subsidies can be benefits, food assistance, healthcare targeted towards specific industries (like subsidies, and housing support. Welfare agriculture or renewable energy) or programs are crucial for reducing poverty products (such as fuel or food staples). and ensuring a basic standard of living Foreign Aid - This refers to economic for all citizens. assistance provided by one country to Public Services - The provision of public another, often for development projects goods and services, such as education, or humanitarian aid. healthcare, and infrastructure, is a form Intergovernmental Transfers - These of redistribution. By funding these are transfers of funds between different services through taxation, governments levels of government, such as from can ensure that all citizens have access, federal to state or local governments. regardless of their economic status. These transfers are often designed to Minimum Wage Laws - Setting a legal help balance budgets, fund specific minimum wage is a tool for redistributing programs, or support regions with fewer income by ensuring that workers receive resources. a fair wage for their labor, thereby III. REDISTRIBUTIONS reducing income inequality. - refers to the reallocation of income and Wealth Redistribution - Some policies wealth from certain individuals or groups focus on redistributing wealth more to others, typically to reduce economic directly, such as through estate taxes, inequalities and improve social welfare. which tax the transfer of wealth from one - Redistribution is a central feature of generation to the next, or through policies many economic systems and policies, aimed at increasing access to asset- often carried out through taxation and building opportunities for low-income public spending. individuals. Key aspects of redistributions are: Social Insurance Programs - Programs Taxation - Progressive tax systems are like Social Security and Medicare in the designed to redistribute income by taxing United States provide benefits funded by higher-income individuals at higher rates payroll taxes, redistributing income to and using the revenue to fund public support retirees, the disabled, and others services and welfare programs. This in need. IV. MARKET TRANSACTIONS https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/l - Involves parties who sell their goods yceum-of-the-philippines- and services in exchange for cash from university/understanding-culture-society- consumers. and-politics/ucsp-12-lecture-notes- - May include goods, services, 12/19028765 information, currency, or any https://www.scribd.com/document/4765 combination that passes from one party 33548/UCSP-MODULE-7-POLITICAL- to another. AND-LEADERSHIP-STRUCTURES-pdf https://www.scribd.com/document/4813 Elements: 14931/UCSP-MODULE-8-ECONOMIC- Money - consists of objects that serve as AND-NONSTATE-INSTITUTIONS-pdf a means of exchange for goods and https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/s services. ubsidy.asp Prices - the amount required or agreed https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fo upon by the exchanging parties. reign-aid.asp Supply - the quantity of goods or https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/ta services that are available to sell at a xation.asp given price and period. https://laborlaw.ph/minimum-wage/ Demand - the quantity of goods or Members: services that consumers are willing to Gante, Jedidiah Paul T. purchase at a given price and time. Lelis, Jose Albert A. V. MARKETS AND STATES Morin, Andrei Nichole G. The Interaction of States and Markets Aparejado, Jyliane T. - States need to foster economic growth Dumagat, Kathleen D. to provide a good standard of living for Negrillo, Jerst Stella C. their citizens. At the same time, markets Villaries, Roselle M. exist because of the economic activities done by the state. Conflicts between Market and State Function - The abrupt rise of globalization has led academicians to suggest the end of the dominance of states in exchange for the emergence of global markets. References: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictio nary/english/egalitarian