Typology of Indigenous Ethnic Social Organizations PDF

Indigeno us Ethnic Social Organiza tions  Filipino indigenous ethnic communities may be grouped Pisan,into Puro, Ili, general five Magani, and Banwa. types. This classification scheme is arbitrary and heuristic; it is intended to put ord...

Indigeno us Ethnic Social Organiza tions  Filipino indigenous ethnic communities may be grouped Pisan,into Puro, Ili, general five Magani, and Banwa. types. This classification scheme is arbitrary and heuristic; it is intended to put order in to otherwise unorganized mass of ethnographic data. The grouping of ethnic group communities under each type is guided by the degree of shared institutional  Filipino indigenous ethnic communities may be grouped Community has general into five attained at the time types. their lifeways were recorded. In classifying ethnic groups according to types of social organization, native terms are used to identify each type instead of the standard anthropological terminologies, although close correspondence with anthropological 1. PISAN- CAMPS ITE  Is an Agta term for small exogamous local groups consisting mostly of kinsmen. You It is used in this study to represent the demographically small unit r of mobile gathering foraging, and hunting Log ethnic groups generally led by male head of the family o or household It corresponds to the  There is no social stratification in the Pisan type of social organization. There is no formal political You institution that defines power and authority. r Consequently, there are no formal or permanent leaders. Log Leadership is defined by kinship, age, experience, and residence. Leaders are o listened to on the basis of superior skills, knowledge or traditional lore and/or  Personal charisma is another criterion for leadership. Charismatic leaders are generally believed to be endowed You with supernatural powers. They are followed partly r because they are secretly feared and implicitly Log admired....The authority of the leader is limited, o diffused, and flexible He exercises influence over  consultation, consensus, personal example, and charm. In most cases, however, men and women share leadership You responsibilities" (Jocano 1998: 57-58 r Pisan-type IPs are found on the fringes of interior Log highlands Among them are the Aeta, o Agta, Ata, Ati, Baluga, Batak, Dumagat, 2. PURO- SETTLE MENT  Sulod word for semi sedentary, amorphous aggregate of persons who live in a particular and named settlement. You These people may or may not be related to one r another. The term Puro is used in this study to Log represent the social organization of o occasionally mobile swidden or kaingin cultivators headed by  It correspond with the kindred type of social organization. Kindred, a group of people related by birth with a You living blood relative in common. r "Leadership in most communities with Puro type of social Log organization is assumed by the most influential elder who o possesses the personal ability to persuade and influence" (Jocano 1998: 89). Among the Puro type of Ips included in this study are 2. ILI- VILLAGE  The ili typology is from the Bontoc word for "village" and "consists of groups of people living in villages of various sizes, predominantly large and compact. You The demographic base of the ili is larger and less dispersed than r those of the Pisan or Puro" (Jocano 1998: 99) and "has more structural and institutional units Log characterized by specialized and patterned activities“ (Jocano 1998: 127). o "The demographic base of each village is relatively stable and  The villages are generally divided into named political wards or agricultural units. The settlements, composing the villages, often 'lie dispersed within or near a clustered series You of irrigated terraces and other holdings' as among the Ifugao; r near streams and surrounded by terraced rice fields, as among the Bontoc, or clustered incanyon or Log small hill slope terraces, as among the Kalinga" (Jocano 1998: 102). o "Authority in the village is vested upon the highly respected leaders  But above all, they must have oratorical skills and experiences in warfare.... Their authority is backed up by an elaborate system of custom laws and traditional practices" (Jocano 1998: 122). You The ili type of IPs in this study includes the Bontoc, Ifugao, r (southern) Kalinga, and the (Arumanen) Manobo. Log o MAGANI 2. - DISTRIC T  This is a term derived from the Agusan Manobo word bagani , meaning "renowned warriors" and is used to "represent the type of social organizations headed by warrior chiefs, who in turn are You assisted by a council of elders“ (Jocano 1998: 129). r Among the Magani type of social organization, social stratification is marked but allows for social Log mobility. "Through the accumulation of o wealth and valor in warfare, an individual belonging to the lower economic class can move up to  At the apex of the social pyramid is the warrior group-the wealthy and powerful bagani or mengal families-led by males with demonstrated abilities in warfare and unquestionable reputation You and courage. Next to this group are the r commoners. They are families with medium economic income, own some property and dominate Log occupational specializations. They assist the warrior group. At o the bottom of the social strata are those without property,sometimes referred to by ethnographers as  "Leadership is assumed by the warrior groups, the bagani (among the Mindanao group) or the mengal (among the Luzon group). This group of respected warriors You makes major decisions, particularly those dealing with r intra-village relations. They lead head-taking expeditions Log and in avenging the honor of the village, should its territorial right be transgressed or its population o humiliated.  The bagani or the mengal is a powerful and influential person. A distinguished bagani can extend his influence over several districts and extract tributes from the people in return for his You protection" (Jocano 1998: 141). "The warrior provides protection r to thecommunity, and, in return for such act, the people assist him Log in cultivating the fields and in maintaining.his household" (Jocano 1998: 147). o The Magani are mainly found in Luzon and Mindanao and those included in this study are the 2. BANWA- DOMAIN  The name of this type is derived from the Manuvu word banwa meaning"domain," and is "structurally the most complex of the five types of ethnicJanuary- AprilINDIGENOUS LEADERSHIP You AND GOVERNANCE 7 social organization." There are very few of this type, which are found only r in Mindanao (Jocano 1998: 149) "The members of the banwa Log reside in self-contained villages, located in adjacent and contiguous territory and bound o together as a single sociopolitical unit under the centrally located political office of the datu.  The datu is assisted by a council of elders and the warrior groups. The banwa corresponds closely to the anthropological concept of chiefdom" (Jocano 1998:39) "Chiefdoms are political units that You consist of several communities, each with one or more chiefs of r their own, that are unified under the control of a paramount chief. Log Thus, chiefdoms involve two levels of leadership: local chiefs of kinship groups or communities o and the paramount“ Several villages constitute a banwa. The villages are  Kinship is important for interpersonal and interfamilial relations but not significant for defining the banwa identity. The community, more than the family or neighborhood, is the center of You important activities Power and authority reside in the r datu who exercises "considerable juridical, political, and "ecclesiastical influence within his Log territorial domain. The most respected among the datus within the village composing the domain o exercises a wider sphere of influence and authority.  independent and self-sufficient units that interact with each other. Kinship is important for interpersonal and interfamilial relations but not significant for defining the banwa identity. The You community, more than the family or neighborhood, is the center of important activities r Power and authority reside in the datu who exercises "considerable Log juridical, political, and "ecclesiastical influence within his territorial domain. The most o respected among the datus within the village composing the domain exercises a wider sphere of  Sometimes his influence extends beyond his own village over other neighboring villages. He may be called upon to settle disputes, which could not be easily resolved in a given village for one reason You or another. The most influential datu heads r the banwa through various forms of alliances. Installed as head, he exercises much authority and Log power within the banwa. His duties include coordinating o various social and religious activities, leading in important ceremonies, and protecting the  While vested with influence and power, the datu does not govern as an absolute ruler; he leads according to customs and laws. He exercises authority through persuasion, consultation, and You consensus" (Jocano 1998: 156-157 An advisory council composed of r respected leaders (either religious or secular) from the different dominant warrior Log families in the villages within the community, assists the datu in overseeing the affairs of the o banwa. Most decisions are arrived at by consensus and proper consultation.  sentiments and counsel of the elders, custom laws, and religious morality,thus temper the authority of the datu (Jocano 1998: 158). You r Log o The Jocano typology classifies IPs with similar features into one of the five types described above. It is likely that the IPs classified under one type may in some way exhibit specific characteristics that are distinct from others in the group. By describing the variety of IP social organizations, however, the typology provides a broad framework for the study of IPs, as well as a neat handle for understanding indigenous leadership. Thank You