Types of Therapy (1).pptx

Types of Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) ● ● A form of psychological treatment that has been demonstrated to be effective for a range of problems including depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug use problems, marital problems, eating disorders, and severe mental illness. Nume...

Types of Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) ● ● A form of psychological treatment that has been demonstrated to be effective for a range of problems including depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug use problems, marital problems, eating disorders, and severe mental illness. Numerous research studies suggest that CBT leads to significant improvement in functioning and quality of life. In many studies, CBT has been demonstrated to be as effective as, or more effective than, other forms of psychological therapy or psychiatric medications. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) ● It is important to emphasize that advances in CBT have been made on the basis of both research and clinical practice. Indeed, CBT is an approach for which there is ample scientific evidence that the methods that have been developed actually produce thance. In this manner, CBT differs from many other forms of psychological treatment. CBT is Based on Several Core Principles, Including: ● ● ● Psychological problems are based, in part, on faulty or unhelpful ways of thinking Psychological problems are based, in part, on learned patterns of unhelpful behavior. People suffering from psychological problems can learn better ways of coping with them. Thereby relieving their symptoms and becoming more effective in their lives. CBT treatment usually involves efforts to change thinking patterns. These strategies might include: ● ● ● ● Learning to recognize one’s distortions in thinking that are creating problems, and then to reevaluate them in light of reality Gaining a better understanding of the behavior and motivation of others Using problem-solving skills to cope with difficult situations Learning to develop a greater sense of confidence in one’s own abilities CBT treatment also usually involves efforts to change behavioral patterns. These strategies might include: ● ● ● Facing one’s fears instead of avoiding them Using role playing to prepare for potentially problematic interactions with others Learning to calm one’s mind and relax one’s body Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) ● ● Not all CBT will use all of these strategies. Rather, they psychologist and patient/client work together, in a collaborative fashion, to develop an understanding of the problem and to develop a treatment strategy. CBT places an emphasis on helping individuals learn to be their own therapists. Through exercises in the session as well as “homework” exercises outside of sessions, patients/clients are helped to develop coping skills, whereby they can learn to change their own thinking, problematic emotions, and behavior. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) * ● CBT therapists emphasize what is going on the person’s current life, rather than what has led up to their difficulties. A certain amount of information about one’s history is needed, but the focus is primarily on moving forward in time to develop more effective ways of coping with life Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) ● ● SFBT is future-focused, goal-directed, and focuses on solutions, rather than on the problems that brought clients to seek therapy. A short-term goal-focused evidence-based therapeutic approach, which incorporates positive psychology principles and practices, and which helps clients change by constructing solutions rather than focusing on problems. In the most basic sense, SFBT is a hope friendly, positive emotion eliciting, future-oriented vehicle for formulating, motivating, achieving, and sustaining desired behavioral change. Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) ● ● Solution-Focused practitioners develop solutions by first generating a detailed description of how the client’s life will be different when the problem is gone or their situation improved to a degree satisfactory to the client. Therapist and client then carefully search through the client’s life experience and behavioral repertoire to discover the necessary resources needed to coconstruct a practical and sustainable solution that the client can readily implement. Typically this process involves identifying and exploring previous “exceptions” (times when the client has successfully coped with or addressed previous difficulties and challenges) Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) ● ● ● In an inherently respectful and practical interview process, SF therapists and their clients consistently collaborate in identifying foals reflective of clients’ best hopes and developing satisfying solutions. The practicality of the SFBT approach may stem in part from the fact that it was developed inductively in an inner-city outpatient mental health service setting in which clients were accepted without previous screening. The developers of SFBT spent countless hours observing therapy sessions over the course of several years, carefully noting any sorts of questions, statements or behaviors on the part of the therapist that led to positive therapeutic outcome. Questions, statements, and activities associated with clients reporting progress were subsequently preserved and incorporated into the SFBT approach. Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) * ● ● ● Since that early development, SFBT has not only become one of the leading schools of brief therapy, it has become a major influence in such diverse fields as business, social policy, education, and criminal justice services, domestic violence offenders treatment. Described as a practical, goal-driven model, a hallmark of SFBT is its emphasis on clear, concise, realistic goal negotiations. SFBT has continued to grow in popularity, both for its usefulness and its brevity, and is currently on of the leading schools of psychotherapy in the world. Psychodynamic Therapy (PDT) ● ● Originates from the work of Sigmund Freud. It is a form of talk therapy that explores the connection between a patient’s past experiences - often from childhood - and their current mindset The word “dynamics” in psychodynamics is borrowed from thermodynamics, the branch of physics that describes how kinds of energy interact and transform. Psychodynamics describes the psychological and emotional forces that interact in a person’s mind How PBT Works ● ● PDT’s basis states deriving insights from childhood can give patients insights about their current problems. This insight can ultimately help them achieve a higher quality of life In any type of psychotherapy, the relationship between the patient and therapist is important, but especially in PDT. Psychodynamic therapy’s success relies heavily on trust, since the topics discussed during sessions are often sensitive or traumatic How PBT Works ● ● ● PDT can be used to help individuals, couples, and families. Sometimes it is short-term, lasting only 10-20 sessions, but PDT can be conducted over a period of 1-2 years. PDT can be compared to other popular forms of therapy, such as CBT. Both aim to help patients increase their self-awareness and gain more control over their own mental health PDT puts more emphasis on unpacking how past traumas affect current emotions, while CBT focuses more on how present thoughts and perceptions play into behaviors Does Psychodynamic Therapy Work? ● ● Up until recently, there had been few studies measuring the success of PDT. This led to some skepticism about its effectiveness. In recent years, researchers have observed its benefits A 2018 study found that psychoanalytic and PDT therapies were effective in improving general psychosocial well-being and reduced the number of patients who attempt suicide. Another study found that PDT can also help reduce symptoms of PTSD Does Psychodynamic Therapy Work? ● ● Researchers sought to determine whether or not PDT is as effective when conducted online. They found that the therapy was still successful when delivered via telehealth, especially for depression However, the outcome of PDT depends on many factors - one being the ability of the therapist to administer the therapy properly. Studies acknowledge that less “effective” therapists are less likely to see changes in patient outcomes from using PDT Criticisms of PDT: Can PDT Cause Harm? ● ● ● Each mental health professional has their own preferred therapy modalities, which is why therapists’ opinions about the effectiveness and validity of PDT may differ Some psychologists do not use PDT because they believe it is not active enough. Many prefer pragmatic approaches like CBT, which tackles problems head-on by trying to reframe a patient’s logic and perspective on a particular issue By comparison, PDT takes a more roundabout approach, examining the sources of problems. Certain therapists and patients may find this modality tedious and emotionally taxing. Some even suggested that it could be damaging to patients by retraumatizing them Criticisms of PDT: Can PDT Cause Harm? ● ● Another criticism of PDT is its focus on the significance of formative experiences, which could lead patients to believe that their negative thought patterns and dysfunctional communications styles are set in stone. This could be disempowering and create the belief that seeking help is futile. The success of PDT relies heavily on certain requirements being met. A 2019 study found that misguided client expectations, distrust between client and therapist, and the client’s inability to relate to the therapist could hamper positive therapy outcomes Criticisms of PDT: Can PDT Cause Harm? * ● ● Similarly to physical healthcare, accurately predicting which treatment will be most effective for a patient is difficult. It is the therapist’s responsibility to recognize when to change therapeutic approaches Most therapists use a combination of therapy modalities with patients to optimize their therapy outcome. This could mean using a PDT-oriented approach during the initial stage of getting to know a patient and switching to another approach later on Exposure Therapy ● A psychological treatment that was developed to help people confront their fears. When people are fearful of something, they tend to avoid the feared objects, activities or situations. Although this avoidance might help reduce feelings of fear in the short term, over the long term it can make the fear become even worse. In such situations, a psychologist might recommend a program of exposure therapy in order to help break the pattern of avoidance and fear. In this form of therapy, psychologists create a safe environment in which to “expose” individuals to the things they fear and avoid. The exposure to the feared objects, activities or situation in a safe environment helps reduce fear and decrease avoidance. Exposure Therapy ● Has been scientifically demonstrated to be a helpful treatment or treatment component for a range of problems, including: ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● Phobias Panic Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Generalized Anxiety Disorder There are several variations of exposure therapy….. In vivo exposure ● Directly facing a feared object, situation or activity in real life. For example, someone with a fear of snakes might be instructed to handle a snake, or someone with social anxiety might be instructed to give a speech in front of an audience Imaginal exposure ● Vividly imagining the feared object, situation or activity. For example, someone with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder might be asked to recall and describe his or her traumatic experience in order to reduce feelings of fear. Virtual reality exposure ● In some cases, virtual reality technology can be used when in vivo exposure is not practical. For example, someone with a fear of flying might take a virtual flight in the psychologist’s office, using equipment that provides the sights, sounds and smells of an airplane Interoceptive exposure ● Deliberately bringing on physical sensations that are harmless, yet feared. For example, someone with Panic Disorder might be instructed to run in place in order to make his or her heart speed up, and therefore lean that this sensation is not dangerous ● Exposure therapy can also be paced in different ways. These include….. Graded exposure ● The psychologist helps the client construct an exposure fear hierarchy, in which feared objects, activities or situations are ranked according to difficulty. They begin with mildly or moderately difficult exposures, then progress to harder ones Flooding ● Using the exposure fear hierarchy to begin exposure with the most difficult tasks Systematic desensitization ● In some cases, exposure can be combined with relaxation exercises to make them feel more manageable and to associate the feared objects, activities or situations with relaxations ● Exposure therapy is thought to help in several ways, including…….. Habituation ● Over time, people find that their reactions to feared objects or situations decrease Extinction ● Exposure can help weaken previously learned associations between feared objects, activities or situations and bad outcomes Self-efficacy ● Exposure can help show the client that he/she is capable of confronting his/her fears and can manage the feelings of anxiety Emotional processing ● During exposure, the client can learn to attach new, more realistic beliefs about feared objects, activities or situations, and can become more comfortable with the experience of fear.