TRANSPORTATION-ECONOMICS-ENVIRONMENT-AND-SAFETY.docx

**TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY** CETE 0413 PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING DE GUZMAN, JENNIFER R. MAGSINO, ALIA CEL F. MALLARI, KIEL DOMINIC C. MALLARI, RHEA CAMILLE T. MANALANSAN, RICA JOY B. SEPTEMBER 6, 2024 **LEARNING OUTCOMES** **3: Transportation Economic...

**TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENT AND SAFETY** CETE 0413 PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING DE GUZMAN, JENNIFER R. MAGSINO, ALIA CEL F. MALLARI, KIEL DOMINIC C. MALLARI, RHEA CAMILLE T. MANALANSAN, RICA JOY B. SEPTEMBER 6, 2024 **LEARNING OUTCOMES** **3: Transportation Economics, Environment, and Safety Overall Learning Outcome:** Students will be able to explain the economic, environmental, and safety impacts of various transportation systems and will be able to apply various concepts and tools to analyze and provide solutions for problems associated with transportation. **3. 1 Transport Economics and Transport Finance** - **Knowledge:** In this aspect, students will be able to identify and describe the effect of transportation on the economy, what is to be gained, and what is to be lost, as well as analyze tools. They will also appreciate the different forms of funding for public and private transport systems. - **Skills:** By the completion of the course, students will be in a position to make opportunities cost, cost-benefit, and cost-effectiveness analyses of transport projects. It will also enable them to assess the efficiency of various funding systems and develop strategies for rational transportation funding. **3. 2 The Role of Transportation and Its Impact on the Environment** - **Knowledge:** Transportation students will understand and describe key environmental effects of transport, such as air pollution, greenhouse effects, noise effects, and land use effects. They will also grasp more about sustainable transport and options such as sustainable transport means, fuels, and technologies. - **Skills:** By so doing, students are enabled to evaluate the environmental responsibilities of transport and come up with measures on how to minimize the anti-environmental effects as much as possible. By so doing, they will also be able to assess the viability and efficiency of the proposed efficiency features as well as other fuel types. **3. 3 Safety and Security in Transportation** - **Knowledge:** Through this way, the students will learn the common causes of transportation accidents, the possible ramifications, and the conditions that make means of transportation either secure or insecure. They will also understand the various kinds of threats that exist in the transportation system and the various measures that have been taken to avoid those threats. - **Skills:** After the course is implemented, students will be able to assess some of the transportation accidents and possibly conclude on safety risks. Thus, they will also be able to assess the impacts of various traffic engineering measures and human factors interventions. Furthermore, it will allow them to suggest further ways of improving transportation security and crisis response. **PAPER OVERVIEW** The purpose of this paper is to enable a student to learn the basics of transportation economics, environmental and safety, applying concepts learned to real life. Three major areas of concentration in this paper are transportation economics and finance, relationship of transportation to the environment and transportation safety and security. The section on transportation economics deals with the role of transportation as an economic sector, covering the respective benefits and costs and methods applied in economic analysis such as cost-benefit analysis and cost-effective analysis. It also tackles transportation financing, which involves sources from public and private funding sources, user charges and the dynamics of public-private partnerships. Environmental aspects involve transportation\'s impact on air, water and noise pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, aside from sustainable transportation and alternative energy-related issues. Lastly, the transportation safety and security tackles accident analysis and prevention, traffic engineering for safety, human factors in transportation safety, security measures and technologies, threats to transportation systems and emergency preparedness and response designed to protect transportation systems. This paper targets selected students of Bataan Peninsula State University -Main Campus, who are currently a fourth-year student taking a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering with majors in Structural Engineering and Construction Engineering and Management.  The estimated completion time of this paper is roughly at most 30 minutes.  **PAPER 3: TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS, ENVIRONMENT, AND SAFETY** **3.1: TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS AND FINANCE** **ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TRANSPORTATION** **Transportation as an economic sector** - **Key industry:** Transportation is one of the core economic segments that is well developed as it provides service and supply to various sectors and is a major generator of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). - **Job creation:** It offers opportunities for work in different fields of the manufacturing sector, the construction of transport facilities, and the service industry. - **Economic multiplier:** That means that transportation investments can usually trigger proportionate flows as related sectors of the economy are automatically set into motion. **Benefits and costs of transportation systems** - **Benefits:** - **Accessibility:** Allows one to acquire goods and services as well as get an opportunity at something. - **Economic growth:** Encourages buying and selling, travels, and expands industries. - **Quality of life:** Cuts on living standards and makes them more convenient. - **Costs:** - **Infrastructure:** Construction and/or redevelopment and maintenance of transportation networks such as roads, railway, airport and seaport. - **Operations:** Consumption of fuel, hiring of workers, and costs of maintaining working vehicles. - **Environmental impacts:** A few of them include pollution, global warming, and depletion of resources. - **Social costs:** Crashes, traffic jams, and noise. **Economic analysis tools (cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis)** - Cost-benefit analysis: Decision criterion: compensates benefits by costs, comparing the net present value of benefits to the net present value of costs of transportation. - Cost-effectiveness analysis: Cost comparison is the process of comparing the costs of various alternatives for accomplishing a particular goal with a view of identifying the cheapest way to get the job done. **TRANSPORTATION FINANCING** is the processes and systems of organizing the funds that are required to build, maintain and run transport networks and facilities for instance roads, bridges, railways, and other means of public transport. And that involve both the public and private funding agencies to ensure availability of transportation systems to meet the populations' needs. **Public and private funding sources** - **Public funding sources:** - **Government Budgets:** funds disbursed from national, state, or local government. - **Taxes:** Do not forget the ordinary taxes which are levied at the pump, for your property, or when you are purchasing consumer goods. - **Bonds:** A major challenge in sourcing funds for infrastructure projects entails issuing money bills in the market in a form of debentures. - **Private funding sources:** - **Investments:** Private Sector Enterprises make conscious choices to build transport infrastructure or choose to offer transport infrastructure. - **Public-private Partnerships (PPPs):** They range from public private partnership arrangements whereby there is participation of the public and private actors in terms of funding, construction and management of transport infrastructure. - **User charges:** Payments made to transport users for the utilization of transport facilities such as tolls, fees, and fares. **User Charges (Tolls, Fees, and Taxes)** Funding that is usually linked to transportation projects include tolls, vehicle registration fees, taxes on fuel and other user related taxes. These charges make it possible for those who rely on transport infrastructure to make direct contribution towards development and servicing of the facilities. **Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):** PPPs entails shared participation between the government and private investor in funding, developing as well as managing transport infrastructure. These collaborations assist the utilization of private capital, and frequently the capital is paid through system access or user fee collection rights for long-term concession operations. **3.2 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT** is a study that compares; transportation techniques for example cars; trucks; buses; and trains; ships and planes and how they affect the natural world. This interaction includes the impact which transport has on air, water, ground and the living beings along with benefits or vicious that transpiration bring. **ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION\ **\ **Air Pollution** Transportation is a major emission source of some of its contaminants like NOx, PM, and VOCs. These are common emissions that impact on the quality of air and the health of the people. **Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG)** Cars emit carbon dioxide (CO2) and other green-house gases and thus accelerates global warming and climate change. Transportation is among the biggest emitters of GHG in the global market. **Climate Change** It is important to note that these increases in GHG emissions directly contributes to climate change that in turn causes severe weaves of climate change such as extreme weather conditions, increased sea levels and disruption of the ecosystems. **Noise Pollution** Transport infrastructures especially transport roads, train lines and airports produce noise which affects the quality of the population livestock and unnatural disruptions to fauna. **Water Pollution** Cars splashing dirty water on the roads, vehicles spilling oil on the roads and emissions from ships, also pollute the water sources harming aquatic life forms. **Land Use Impacts** This paper will discuss how the expansion of transportation networks results in increased urbanization and consequently such effects as habitat fragmentation, deforestation and loss of biological diversity. He can also use the available land for other purposes such as the construction of houses, roads or even leave it vacant and hence it can also reduce arable land and natural habitat. **Sustainable Transportation Concepts (Green Transportation)** Sustainable transport is about the ability to satisfy people and goods movement requirements with lesser effects on the environment. It tackles emission reduction, noise reduction, waste management, better land use and infrastructure. In terms of economy, it aims at supporting development and creating employment opportunities by means of efficient resource allocation and fair pricing system whereas from social perspective it endorses safety, health and equitable services access. Some challenges that come along include large scale reliance on cars which goes against sustainability objectives as well as the expensive nature of public transport systems. Thus, there is a need for sustainable approaches that will combine short-term efficiency gains mitigations with long-term adjustments to rising energy costs as well as tougher regulatory measures. Therefore, integrating additional costs into transport pricing beyond miles travelled and adopting suitable practices within the industry are essential for promoting sustainability within a competitive environment. **TRANSPORTATION AND ENERGY** **Energy Consumption in Transportation** In transportation, energy consumption varies a lot across different modes of transport due to what can be considered tradeoffs as far as speed, load as well as other economies of scale are concerned. The most energy-efficient means of moving goods which involve 90% of the global trade by volume is maritime transport that uses only 7% of the total energy consumed by this sector due to its ability carry large freight loads at low speeds. Rail transport also offers high levels of energy efficiency, particularly in freight transportation being about twice more efficient than road transport when it comes to goods. However, air transport though it plays an important role in trade globalization and carrying high value cargos is among the most energy demanding modes accounting for 8% transport energy consumption. On the other hand, road transport remains dominant in its energy consumption especially in developed nations where it accounts for 85% because personal vehicles are known to be very inefficient with only 12% useable motive power originating from fuel consumed. The rising ownership rates for big cars like SUVs worsen fuel inefficiency despite advancements in engine technology. These patterns show how economic interests like speed and accessibility have made it difficult addressing environmental concerns and promoting sustainable use of energy in transportation sector. **Alternative fuels and technologies** Alcohols, like ethanol or biodiesel made from biogas, have low energy density and compete for land use, though they can be produced from the crops. A clean use of hydrogen in transportation leaves it with the least possible impact on environment but its production needs extra caution as far as storage, utilize very low density of fluids and low energy coefficients when compared with jet fuel. Thus, it is more suited for ships and aircrafts. As an option, electricity is much more viable especially in those vehicles powered by purely batteries but still they do not have enough battery capacities to rival petrol ones. The best short-term solution for this problem would be hybrid cars which follow an approach where internal computer diagnostic systems are combined with electric motors so that better fuel economics can be achieved. Even though these alternatives seem promising yet their large-scale uptake is limited by higher costs plus infrastructural skepticisms thus at the moment petroleum remains king in transportation. However, there will be no escape from diminishing oil reserves and escalating prices that can further prompt innovation and subsequent uptake of alternative fuels in future. **Energy Efficiency Measures** It is important to evaluate and reduce energy consumption in all major sectors of the economy including transportation and industry by aiming for minimal waste. Different kinds of fuels have different amounts of energy; for instance, hydrogen or methane has a higher calorific value although storage becomes an issue. The invention of internal combustion engines and rechargeable batteries has also improved energy efficiency although there are still some drawbacks like limited storage capacity in electric vehicles. There has been substantial increase in global energy demand as a result of industrialization and internationalization with transport now absorbing about 20-25% in developed countries alone. Consequently, it is essential to have measures that would enhance efficiencies such as minimization of energy loss during conversion and storage, efforts to make better-quality fuels as well as exploitation of sun among others. Clean and more efficient energy systems will be critical in this regard as presently about 87.1% global power comes from fossil fuel sources. **3.3 TRANSPORTATION SAFETY AND SECUURITY** **TRANSPORTATION SAFETY** **Accident Analysis and Prevention** To enhance journey safety, accident analysis and prevention integrate proactive as well as reactive methods. New road designs or traffic management schemes take on security concepts to prevent road accidents, which is known as safety auditing; this is done by ensuring that during improvements there are no new hazards introduced. For instance, features such as road markings, surface type, and speed limits should be checked in order to minimize possible dangers. On the other hand, accident reduction is not preventive but involves investigating existing roads that are characterized by high accident frequencies and implementing corrective measures. It has four types of investigations: single-site schemes that involve some specific points where accident had once occurred in one way or another, mass action tackling larger areas with bad accident figures sometimes including all the streets in town together with their intersections over the years or even more complicated patterns presented in route action plans working at such large scales without ever stopping every so often for clarification of minor problems raised by vehicles driving along them continually decade after decade while area actions look at equally troubled spots but on an even larger scale than those analyzed before. All these methods work together to minimize both amount and severity of car collisions. **Traffic Engineering for Safety** Traffic engineering is one of the significant ways of avoiding accidents through design and arrange of traffic facilities. Strategies include: - Its application in the development of safer roads and intersection designs taking into consideration of human factors and traffic simulations. - Use of speed humps or other aesthetical structures to reduce the speeds of vehicles particularly in zones prone to accidents - Improving traffic lightings and signages so that drivers are not confused and so that they make few wrong decisions. - Separating different means of transport where there are exclusive lanes for cars, bikes or even paths for walking. **Human Factor in Transporting Safety** Reports show that human reasons are the main causes of many accidents. The main reasons will insist how human factors must be addressed if the safety level is to be enhanced. Key considerations include: - Driver incapacitation through fatigue, distraction or through use of alcohol or other drugs - Bad practice in training the drivers and issuing the licenses - Various behaviors that are associated with driving and are considered wrong - Non-usage of seatbelts and child restraints On the education side, countermeasures focus on changing human factors with vehicle technologies, education and enforcement. **TRANSPORTATION SECURITY** **Threats to Transportation Systems** Possibilities as terrorism, crime and natural disasters are the main security risks in transport systems. Moreover, it is necessary to determine possible threats and risks which can be threatening the transportation system. **Security Measures and Technologies** Physical and technical security measures have to be adopted to ensure security of transportation system. These include: - Control mechanism to oversee the actions and ascertain any tilted actions. - Security measures that separate people from restricted and sensitive environment. - Measures to protect computer systems and information. **Emergency Preparedness and Response** Having emergency response and management plan is crucial in order to manage effects of the security incidences. Key elements include: - Determination of roles and responsibilities and various agencies and stakeholders - Setting up the channels of communication for exchange of information and co-ordination - Holding of training and exercises that ensures effectiveness of all the laid down emergency procedures **ASSESSMENT (ANSWER KEY)** Choose and circle the best and correct answer. 1. What does GDP stand for? A. Gross Domestic Product B. Good Domestic Product C. Game Domestic Product D. Go Domestic Product E. None of the above 2. Which of the following is the benefit of transportation system? A. Increased cost B. Depletion of resources C. Economic growth D. Traffic jams E. None of the above 3. Which of the following is not a public funding source in transportation financing? A. Taxes B. Bonds C. Government budgets D. Ordinary taxes E. None of the above 4. Which of the following is a private funding source in transportation financing? A. Taxes B. Bonds C. Government budgets D. Public-private partnerships E. None of the above 5. This is an economic analysis tool that compare the costs of various alternatives for accomplishing a particular goal with a view of identifying the cheapest way to get the job done A. Cost-benefit analysis B. Cost-effectiveness analysis C. Cost-economic analysis D. Cost and effect analysis E. None of the above 6. This is the Payments made to transport users for the utilization of transport facilities A. User charges B. Player charges C. Game charges D. Actual charge E. None of the above 7. Which of the following is NOT a method of transportation financing? A. Tolls B. Taxes on fuel C. Private donations D. Public-Private Partnerships E. None of the above 8. What is the primary goal of transportation financing? A. To ensure the availability of transportation systems to meet the population\'s needs B. To maximize profits for private investors C. To reduce the burden on taxpayers D. To promote sustainable transportation practices E. None of the above 9. Which of the following is a significant environmental impact of transportation? A. Increased biodiversity B. Reduced air pollution C. Decreased noise pollution D. Climate change E. None of the Above 10. What is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector? A. Public transportation B. Cargo ships C. Motorcycles D. Cars and trucks E. None of the above 11. How does transportation contribute to water pollution? A. By polluting rivers and lakes with sewage B. By releasing harmful chemicals into the water supply C. By causing soil erosion and sedimentation D. By leaking oil and other pollutants onto roads E. None of the above 12. What is the primary impact of transportation on land use? A. Increased deforestation B. Reduced urbanization C. Improved agricultural productivity D. Decreased habitat fragmentation E. None of the above 13. Which mode of transport is considered the most energy-efficient for moving goods globally? A. Maritime transport B. Air transport C. Rail transport D. Road transport E. None of the Above 14. Which mode of transport is noted for being about twice as energy efficient as road transport for freight? A. Road transport B. Air transport C. Rail transport D. Sea transport E. None of the Above 15. What percentage of transport energy consumption is attributed to air transport? A. 5% B. 10% C. 8% D. 12% E. None of the Above 16. What is a significant drawback of using alcohols like ethanol or biodiesel as alternative fuels? A. Low production cost B. High energy density C. Competes for land use D. Easy storage E. None of the Above 17. What percentage of energy consumption in developed countries is absorbed by transportation? A. 20-25% B. 10-15% C. 15-20% D. 25-30% E. None of the Above 18. What is the primary goal of accident analysis and prevention in transportation safety? A. To enhance journey safety B. To increase traffic congestion C. To reduce vehicle emissions D. To promote public transportation E. None of the Above 19. What is the purpose of wearing a seatbelt in a vehicle? A. To look fashionable B. To keep the vehicle clean C. To prevent motion sickness D. To enhance safety in case of a collision E. None of the above 20. What should you do when your vehicle starts skidding on a slippery road? A. Slam on the brakes B. Accelerate rapidly to regain control C. Steer in the opposite direction of the skid D. Panic and freeze E. None of the above 21. What is the purpose of a child restraint system (car seat) in a vehicle? A. To provide additional storage space for the child\'s belongings B. To keep the child entertained during the journey C. To enhance the appearance of the vehicle\'s interior D. To protect children in case of a collision E. None of the above 22. What is the shape of a cautionary traffic sign? A. Triangular B. Circular C. Octagonal D. Rectangular E. None of the above 23. What is the only thing that can consistently keep you safe? A. Safety rules and procedures B. Warning signs C. Safety training D. Safety attitude E. None of the above 24. Which of the following is a common traffic calming measure used to reduce vehicle speeds in residential areas? A. Roundabouts B. Speed bumps C. Traffic lights D. Stop signs E. None of the above **RESOURCES** AASHTO. (2010). Highway Safety Manual Volume 1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Certu. (2012). Transportation Safety in Urban Area: Methodological Guide. PIARC. (2015). Road Safety Manual. World Road Association. EU-OSHA. (2010). Road Transport Accidents: A Review of Accidents and Injuries to Road Transport Drivers. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. FHWA. (2016). Transportation System Security and Emergency Preparedness. Federal Highway Administration. FHWA. (2019). Developing Safety Plans: A Manual for Local Rural Road Owners. Federal Highway Administration. O'Flaherty, C. A. (2018). Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering. CRC Press. Rodrigue, J.-P., Comtois, C., & Slack, B. (2013). The Geography of Transport Systems. Routledge. **REFERENCES** National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board. (2006). The fuel tax and alternatives for transportation funding. Transportation Research Board. World Bank. (2019). Public-private partnerships: Reference guide 4.0. World Bank Group. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2020). The sources and solutions: Transportation. International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). 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