Translated copy of 2.1 Indus Civilization Origin and Development (1).pdf

Unit - II Indus Civilization, Education, Art and Literature: Under Unit 2.1Indus Civilization Origin and Development 2.2 Ancient Indian Town Planning and Architecture 2.3 Ancient Indian Education System and Domains of Education 2.4 Classic Indian Literature --------------...

Unit - II Indus Civilization, Education, Art and Literature: Under Unit 2.1Indus Civilization Origin and Development 2.2 Ancient Indian Town Planning and Architecture 2.3 Ancient Indian Education System and Domains of Education 2.4 Classic Indian Literature --------------------------------------------------- ---------------- 2.1 Indus Civilization Origin and Development Sasindhusinskriti/ Harappan Civilization/Bronze Age For centuries, it was believed that the world's greatest civilizations originated in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China. It was believed that the then Indian culture started after Ayampasanu i.e. 1500 BC. Scholars believed that India had no ancient history. But with the coming to light of the ancient Harappan culture, it became clear that India also played a role in the rise of culture. In the excavations Led by Associate Professor John Mashwal carried out under ूR. Dayaram Sahani in 1921 AD at Harappa and in 1922 AD Rakhaldas Banji found the remains of ancient civilization at 'Mohenjodaro'. In the year 19241924 Illustrated Lyndon News by John Marshall In this article, the said research was published. By John Mashlaw ‘Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization’ This book gathers the history of Harappan culture. As the remains of this culture were found in Sarprava Tham Harappa, it came to be known as Harappan culture. Also, many sites related to this culture are found in Jasandhudia valley, so it is called as 'Jasandhu culture'. Harappan or Indus Civilization ⮚ In the year 1826, Chasavamasavan, a Jarijatsh person, gathered in Harappa in large numbers to perform Jirta. ⮚ In  the year 1831, Kanwal Burns of the East India Company came to take part in battle with the Harappans. When he visited the Harappan ruins, he found that these ruins were 5 km thick. ⮚ In the year 1856, the Jarta contractor was able to build the Karachi-Lahore railway track. Alexander Kazangham Yanesan surveyed the Harappan ruins in 1853-57. He also found Madrupana there. From there it was found that the ancient civilization was intact. But no one took these recommendations seriously. ⮚ In 1921-22, Dayaram Sahani and Rakhaldas Banji excavated the area and brought to light the ancient remains. Professor Rutts conducted research at Harappa and John Mashlav conducted research at Mohenodaro between 1921 and 1932. Daredatta Bhandarkar discovered a 2,000-year-old Buddhist stupa and jarhar at Mohjenodaro. Rakhaldas Banji excavated this Buddhist stupa. They found that the remains found there were similar to those found at Hehadappa. Yarrun and Dorn also came to be regarded as belonging to a single culture. Excavated sites of Harappan civilization, Name of Excavator, Year of Excavation and Study Name of Name of Sikan year the place Excavator 1. Dayaram Rari River १९२१ Harappa Sahani 2. Rakhaldas jasandhu river १९२२ mohenjod Banji aro 3. Rindraj Singh Jahdan Na River १९९०- dhaulajar Jabsta ९१ ra Jagatpati Joshi 4. graze Nanigopal Jasandh Province १९३१  Maju Mudar Pakistan 5. Banarli Ydat Shamaw Sutlej River १९५३ 6. A.A.Khan jasandhu river १९५५ Kotzadji 7. amalananda Ghaggar Hakra १९५३- Kalibanga Ghosh, River १९६१ n B.K.Thapar 8. Ropad Ydat Shamaw Punjab (India) १९५५- ५६ 9. Lothal S.R. sabarmati river १९५४- Raar, B.B.Lal ७२ 10. Jagatpati Gujarat १९६४ sarukota Joshi da 11. Madhosrupa Bhadar River, १९३४ colorful Rats Gujarat 12.Alamgir Ydat Shamaw thisManu River, १९५९ paru Meerut Jajha, uUttarpradesh 13. oral stain Dasht River १९६४ Satukajarn edor 14. JAIDS Baluchistan १९६३- balakot ७६ 15. put Punjab Jachnaab River १९७६ up Jardyapee 16. Sarujbhan Harrayana १९९३ Rakhigar di  Things to note about Harappan culture 1. The Harappan civilization was the most advanced Javanese civilization in the world. 2. The Harappan civilization was much older than most of the Copper Age civilizations in India. 3. People of Jasandhu culture did not treat iron as metal. 4. The use of sati cloth was first introduced in the world by the Harappan civilization. 5. Cotton production first started in the Jasandhu valley and the Greeks started calling cotton as Jasandhan. 6. A great Arpejatka has been found at Charnhudaro 7. Hadappa and Mohenjodaro are the places in Pakistan at present. 8. The number of excavated sites that shed light on the Harappan civilization has crossed 1000. 9. Dholajarra is the best monagara of Harappan civilization in Kutch state. 10. The Japampal Rakshri was the most famous Rakshri of the people of the Harappan civilization. 11. Kayjuniyum was also an ancient wart of opotejamaya. 12. The word 'Male Hua' was used to describe the Harappan civilization. 13. Bahrain had an ancient name of Jadalmanu. 14. Makran had an ancient name called Magan. 15. So far 3700 articles have been collected from the dilapidated sites of Harappan culture. Bya Bhatt 16. 16 tonnes of copper produced at Hadappa ्This gathering is 17. Mohenjodaro has the highest number of burial mounds. It is called Mother's Hill. 18. Terracotta jigsaws are found in large quantities in the Harappan culture. 19. Remains of a plowed field have been found at Kalibangan. 20. Black colored bangles are gathered at Kalibangan. 21. At Harappa, the mother used to burn the mother's milk and put it in an empty pot. 22. Remains of horse tooth found at Sarukotada 23. Ajagnakundu found at Kalibangan is square in shape. 24. Lothal and Rangpuruethe round Ajnakanud Jamalale Aahte. 25. In Harappan culture, 1 foot was 37.6 cm. 26.Sarjastak Jacharnah is a Harappan work of art. 27. Bathing tradition is the origin of Harappan culture 28. The worship of Jasarjalanga may have been started by the Harappan kings. Period and Rise of Harappan Civilization The Harappan culture was an urban culture, as evidenced by the remains found there. The Harappan culture was largely a rural culture, and over time it transformed into the Jatnagari culture. ► The Harappan civilization can be divided into three periods. 1. Rural Harappa (BCE 3200 BC 2600 BC) 2. City Harappa (2600 BC – 2000 BC) 3. North Urban Harappan (2000 BC to 1600 BC) ►Nistar:-Relics of Harappan civilization were found at Sarprava Tham Harappa. It is known as Harappan culture. However, the Harappan civilization did not flourish according to Jasandukhori. Remnants of this culture have been found in Jammu (Shotavughai) in the north, Daimabad in Nerasa in the south, Pajimse in Baluchistan, Alamgir Payan in Peru and Uttar Pradesh. In other words, this island was bigger than ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Pakistan. Puru-Vapjim Zarstar of this culture is 1100 Jak.m. So the answer Dajakshan Jarstar 1300 Jak.m. Ah.e Ghaggar Hakra Nadi (Sarasrti River) was the main center of this culture. The Jasandhu culture was a retyanzhyaguine culture. However, iron did not strike like metal.  ⮚ Harappa Kaalkhind- E.S. 2600 BC 1600 Traces of Jasandhu culture were found at Sarprava Tham Harappa. In the year 1921, under the leadership of Dayaram Sahani Ajan Shrimadharsrup, the remains of the city of Rari River were found in the excavations in Montgomery district of Punjab (Pakistan). There were some extremes in Jakla Nagar. Nagraya Pajimke Degarhi (Jakla) is 1300 feet long, 650 feet wide and 50 feet high. It was protected by a 40 feet thick rampart. Inside which there are four-storey buildings. Two-story workers' houses Bhatt (30 x 27 ft) have been found outside. 16 Ret ्These are findings. Only 10 pits built by the workers have been found. Dharnaya Dali was in it. Ukhlijarla is the only one to hold. Its length is 51 meters and width is 41 meters. 891 Madras of Harappan times have been found. Two stone effigies of Natavkas have been found at Harappa. According to John Mashlav, this wife is probably Jashar Nataraj's daughter. 57 Dinabhamoos have been found in the city. Some of the dynamisms are made of rattan mirrors, stone slabs, long metal bars, etc. A pointed weapon of hajasttan and three copper weapons joined together were used as weapons. A copper mirror was found here. A figure of an eagle is engraved on the honey collected by Yathnu. ⮚ mohenjodaro Kaalkhind- E.S. 2600 BC 1600 Mohenjo Daro means 'Mother's Hill'. Rakhaldas Banji excavated this site in the year 1922 at Jasandhundiya Kai in Larkana district of Pakistan. The city is 1 square mile long, says John Mashval, “When you step into the cultural heritage, you feel as if you are walking in a modern but sophisticated city like Lancashire.” Just like Harappa, Jakla city is located some distance away and the city is known as Pajimke Degarhi (Jakla) which is protected by Zartanya rampart. Puru-Vapjim, Dajakshan-Uttar Jarbhag are found to be divided by straight roads intersecting each other at right angles to the city roads. Roads are generally 9 to 34 feet in length along main road entrances of houses. The bhagdades and tejarats for the construction of public and private sewers have been closed due to this order. Water supply should be done through public-private drains. There were garbage cans and wooden poles everywhere. These were factory roads, industrial roads, labor roads. A notable building at Mohjenodaro is the Sarjava Janak Bathhouse. Its length is 55 x 33 meters. There will be a swimming pool in the middle of it, its length is 39 feet, width is 23 feet and depth is 8 feet. Some corners and furniture are built for the convenience of people on all four sides of the veranda. There is a drain on the south-west side to take out the dirty water from the lake. Talara was irrigated from Jaril Jarharita. He used to perform dhajamka and kayavasa. A large two-three storied building with dilapidated hall columns was found in Talayadjakshan, which was the residence of Sajcharalaya, Rajarada, Project Janara and Ajathathighir. 1398 Madras were found at Mohenjodaro. Among the remains collected here are the statue of Najatvake of Ritoz, the statue of the priest, the statue of Pashutinath (Jashar), the Jarshal Dharnayakoar, the female clay statue, the figure of a ship carved on the statue, the statue of Jashar with a wood beard Nkt Madruai. Remains have been found. The remains gathered here are all sarujkshat r vyarjasthata asyane mohenjodarola 'Sasindha's Swear' It is said that ⮚ Dholasavara Kaalkhind- E.S. 2600 BC 1600 Dholajarra was found in the Harappan civilization in Moanagar Kutch state. Indian archeologists discovered it in the first decade of the 20th century. Jatrapati Johi and Dr. Ravindrasingh Sishtha i.e. Dholasavrache led the excavation. Cities were emphasized in the Harappan culture. Dholajarraya's discovery shed light on rural culture. But the Gare here was not public planning. Jakanarpatti of Gujrat, Ralart and Pradesh as well as Rajasthan and now Haryana, this culture must have passed before. Dholajarra has some of our registries. 100 hectares Dholajarra, which is spread throughout the city, was not planted in two stones like the Arnaya cities of the Harappan civilization, but in three stones. Out of which two parts were in Jakya and the remaining part was outside Jakya. The provincial officials used to live in the lower part of the strongly guarded stone fort. So the common people used to live in the city of Banjarley. Dholajarra's mass is made of square and rectangular stones. The town of Dholajarra used to be the center of trade and a large number of traders used to live there. The water supply and sewage system here was excellent. No fossils or fossils were found in Dholajarra. 10 Jachatrajchars of Jasandhu culture have been found in Darrajyajarla north of Dholajraya which have not yet been deciphered. ⮚ Lothal Kaalkhind- E.S. 2600 BC 1600 Lothal is an ancient city formed by the river Sabarmati. The archaeologists Ranganath Rar, B.B.Lal Ajan B.K.Thapar excavated Lothal from 1954 to 1972. Remains of the docks of the Jakani port of Lothal have been found. The length of the port is 710 feet and width is 120 feet. This dock was used for transporting goods. According to Madhkur Keshar Dharlikar, Lothal was the oldest port in Hejga. Bandaraya Jarl was a moagodam. Import-export routes used to pass there. From this port trade was made with Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and the countries of Central Asia. In the excavations, there have been found artifacts of red color, beads, jade, ajagna, jade, needle of Retanz, horse's head, horse's head, dragon's head and so on.