Unit II: Indus Civilization and Education

Study Notes

Indus Civilization, also known as Harappan Civilization, dates back to the Bronze Age.
Previously, it was believed that major civilizations arose solely in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China, with Indian history beginning around 1500 BC.
Key archaeological discoveries in Harappa (1921) and Mohenjodaro (1922) reshaped perceptions of early Indian civilization.
Excavations led by John Marshall and Rakhaldas Banji revealed the extensive remains of the Harappan culture.
The term "Harappan culture" derives from the significant findings in Harappa, while related sites in the Jasandhu valley are termed "Jasandhu culture."

In 1826, explorers gathered at Harappa for seasonal agricultural rituals, initiating interest in the ruins.
Kanwal Burns, in 1831, documented the extensive remains but little attention was paid initially.
Alexander Kazangham Yanesan surveyed the Harappan ruins from 1853 to 1857, confirming the advanced state of the civilization.
A significant archaeological push occurred between 1921-1932, including studies at Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Dayaram Sahani and Rakhaldas Banji are credited with uncovering critical remains in Harappa and Mohenjodaro, contributing to the understanding of Indus civilization.
Daredatta Bhandarkar discovered a 2000-year-old Buddhist stupa in Mohenjodaro, reinforcing connections between Indus and later cultures.
Multiple sites were excavated by various archaeologists across different years, revealing the breadth of the Harappan Civilization across regions such as Punjab, Gujarat, and Rajasthan.

Harappan civilization was highly advanced, featuring urban planning, structured drainage systems, and standardized weights and measures.
The civilization predates many known Copper Age societies in India.
The Jasandhu culture had limited use of iron, indicating reliance on earlier materials.
Cotton production and the innovation of wearing cloth began with the Harappan civilization, showcasing their textile advancements.

Indus Civilization, also known as Harappan Civilization, dates back to the Bronze Age.
Previously, it was believed that major civilizations arose solely in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China, with Indian history beginning around 1500 BC.
Key archaeological discoveries in Harappa (1921) and Mohenjodaro (1922) reshaped perceptions of early Indian civilization.
Excavations led by John Marshall and Rakhaldas Banji revealed the extensive remains of the Harappan culture.
The term "Harappan culture" derives from the significant findings in Harappa, while related sites in the Jasandhu valley are termed "Jasandhu culture."

In 1826, explorers gathered at Harappa for seasonal agricultural rituals, initiating interest in the ruins.
Kanwal Burns, in 1831, documented the extensive remains but little attention was paid initially.
Alexander Kazangham Yanesan surveyed the Harappan ruins from 1853 to 1857, confirming the advanced state of the civilization.
A significant archaeological push occurred between 1921-1932, including studies at Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

Dayaram Sahani and Rakhaldas Banji are credited with uncovering critical remains in Harappa and Mohenjodaro, contributing to the understanding of Indus civilization.
Daredatta Bhandarkar discovered a 2000-year-old Buddhist stupa in Mohenjodaro, reinforcing connections between Indus and later cultures.
Multiple sites were excavated by various archaeologists across different years, revealing the breadth of the Harappan Civilization across regions such as Punjab, Gujarat, and Rajasthan.

Harappan civilization was highly advanced, featuring urban planning, structured drainage systems, and standardized weights and measures.
The civilization predates many known Copper Age societies in India.
The Jasandhu culture had limited use of iron, indicating reliance on earlier materials.
Cotton production and the innovation of wearing cloth began with the Harappan civilization, showcasing their textile advancements.