Transitions to the Modern Era Test Study Guide 2024-2025 PDF

[Test Study Guide] *Transitions to the Modern Era:* The Decline of Feudalism, the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation-Honors **FEUDALISM** *What problems in Western Europe caused feudalism to come into existence?* *How did feudalism function as an economic/political system?* *What were...

[Test Study Guide] *Transitions to the Modern Era:* The Decline of Feudalism, the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation-Honors **FEUDALISM** *What problems in Western Europe caused feudalism to come into existence?* *How did feudalism function as an economic/political system?* *What were the roles of lords, knights, and peasants/serfs?* *What made feudalism a -pre-Modern system?* *What were the different reasons feudalism declined?* Lord Vassal Knight Peasant/Serf Fief **THE RENAISSANCE** **[Italian Renaissance]** *-How was the Renaissance a bridge to the Modern Era?* *-What caused the Renaissance in Italy?* *-How did Florence become a wealthy city?* *-How was their inequality of wealth and power within Italian communes? -What was the social structure of Italian city states?* *-What contributions did secular thinkers make to the Italian Renaissance?* *-What new forms of political and economic power developed during the Italian \--Renaissance?* *-What were the most powerful/wealthy city-states? What did it mean that they achieved a "balance of power"?* Italian City-States Humanism Secular Thinkers: Machiavelli, Galileo Economic Growth in Florence Communes/Republics - popolo, condottieri, signori, courts, patrons Similarities/Differences between Medieval and Italian Renaissance Art **[Northern Renaissance]** *-Why did the Renaissance spread to Northern Europe?* *-What were similarities and differences between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance?* *-What were similarities and differences between Italian and Northern Renaissance art?* *-What were the specific contributions of Northern Renaissance writers? What was Modern about their ideas?* *-Why was the printing press an important invention?* Hanseatic League Johannes Gutenberg Printing press Albrecht Durer Desiderius Erasmus/Christian Humanism Sir Thomas More-Utopia Christine de Pisan Similarities/Differences between Italian and Northern Renaissance Art [Early Reformation] *-Why could the Protestant Reformation be considered "Modern"?* *-What problems existed in the 16^th^ century Catholic Church?* *-What were Martin Luther's arguments against indulgences?* *-What did Martin Luther mean when he claimed that salvation came through "justification by faith alone"?* *-How did the Church respond to Luther? What was the Diet of Worms?* *-What were common ideas that Protestants agreed about?* *-What were things most Protestants agreed about?* *-How did Martin Luther's ideas appeal to different social classes?* *-What was Luther's attitude about how people should vie secular rulers (nobles)?* *-What was the Radical Reformation? How did both Catholics and Protestants react to it?* *-What key Protestant ideas did Luther express in "Justification by Faith Alone?"* [Different branches of Protestantism in the 1500's] *-Be able to summarize the a) origins, b) beliefs about sin and salvation, c) beliefs about ultimate source of authority, d) rituals and worship, and e) community life of the following Protestant branches: Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism, Anabaptism* *-What were specific differences between the four branches? What were specific similarities?* [REFORMATION TERMS] - clerical immorality - clerical ignorance - clerical pluralism - indulgences - Martin Luther - 95 Theses - Ulrich Zwingli - Branches of Protestantism - Lutheranism - Calvinism - John Calvin - Predestination - Anglicanism - Anabaptism [Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation) and its Effects] *-What were different ways the Catholic Church tried to maintain its power and reputation during the Counter-Reformation?* *-What was the role of the Jesuits?* *-What reforms did the Council of Trent make? What beliefs did it put forth against Protestantism?* *What occurred during the "witch-hunts" in Europe following the Protestant Reformation?* *-How did the Catholic Church crack down on Protestantism?* *-What were the religious effects of the Counter-Reformation?* *-Why did war begin in the Holy Roman Empire in 1546? What was the significance of the Peace of Augsburg?* *-Why did the Thirty Years War begin? What was the result of the Treaty of Westphalia?* *-What were examples of other religious wars?* *-How did the power of monarchs in Western Europe change as a result of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation?* *-Be able to explain the content of the Counter-Reformation primary sources in your own words.* [COUNTER-REFORMATION TERMS] - Jesuits - Ignatius of Loyola - Council of Trent - Inquisitions (Roman and Spanish) - Index of Forbidden Books - Charles V war against Lutheran princes - Peace of Augsburg - Thirty Years War - Treaty of Westphalia - Consolidation of sovereign states