Introduction to Traffic and Highway Engineering PDF

Introduction to Traffic and Highway Engineering Transportation is essential for a nation’s development and growth. In both the public and private sector, opportunities for engineering careers in transportation are exciting and rewarding. Elements are constantly being added to the world’s highway, r...

Introduction to Traffic and Highway Engineering Transportation is essential for a nation’s development and growth. In both the public and private sector, opportunities for engineering careers in transportation are exciting and rewarding. Elements are constantly being added to the world’s highway, rail, airport, and mass transit systems, and new techniques are being applied for operating and maintaining the systems safely and economically. THE PROFESSION OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING Data Analysis Forecasting Evaluation PLANNING Technology Transfer Geometric Design RESEARCH AND Pavement DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Drainage Structural TRANSPORTATION Field ENGINEERING Analysis Projects Surface Preparation Grading CONSULTANCY CONSTRUCTION Pavement Bridges OPERATIONS AND Traffic MANAGEMENT Maintenance Intelligent Transportation Surveillance and Control TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE PLANNING INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT  Transportation Systems and Organization in the Philippines  DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION The Department of Transportation (DOTr) is the executive government agency at the forefront of the Philippine transportation sector. It is the main department that oversees everything about the Philippine transportation system— from the development and maintenance to the expansion of safe, secure, and efficient transportation and communication infrastructures—enabling it as an effective instrument for national and economic recovery and progress.  CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD The Civil Aeronautics Board is a government agency of the Philippines attached to the Department of Transportation tasked to regulate, promote and develop the economic aspect of air transportation in the Philippines and to ensure that existing CAB policies are adapted to the present and future air commerce of the Philippines.  OFFICE OF TRANSPORTATION COOPERATIVES The Office of Transportation Cooperatives (OTC) is a government agency of the Philippines mandated to promulgate and implement rules and regulations that governs the promotion, organization, regulation, supervision, registration through accreditation and development of transportation cooperatives which are subject to the approval of the Department of Transportation. It is created through Executive Order No. 898, signed by then President Ferdinand Marcos on May 28, 1983.  OFFICE FOR TRANSPORTATION SECURITY The Office for Transportation Security (OTS) is the single authority responsible for the security of the transportation systems of the Philippines, including civil aviation, sea transport and maritime infrastructure, land transportation, rail system and infrastructure.  THE PHILIPPINE AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION The Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC) is a state-owned aerospace and defense technological development corporation integrated to the Department of National Defense through Executive Order No. 78, s. 2019. s of 2021, PADC is under organizational realignment with the Philippine Department of National Defense's and National Security Council's highly classified plans and programs, including but not limited to its vital functions under Presidential Decree No. 415 and amended by Presidential Decree No. 1081.  CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF THE PHILIPPINES The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines is the civil aviation authority of the Philippines and is responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, economic and efficient air travel. The agency also investigates aviation accidents via its Aircraft Accident Investigation and Inquiry Board.  MACTAN – CEBU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Mactan–Cebu International Airport (IATA: CEB, ICAO: RPVM) is an international airport serving Cebu and serves as the main gateway to the Central Visayas region in the Philippines. Located on a 797-hectare (1,970- acre) site in Lapu-Lapu City on Mactan, it is the second busiest airport in the Philippines. Opened on April 27, 1966, the airport serves as a hub for Philippine Airlines, and as an operating base for Cebu Pacific, Philippines AirAsia, and Sunlight Air.  CLARK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Clark International Airport (IATA: CRK, ICAO: RPLC), known as Diosdado Macapagal International Airport from 2003 to 2014, is an international airport covering portions of the cities of Angeles and Mabalacat within the Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone in the province of Pampanga, Philippines. It is located 80 kilometers (50 mi) northwest of Manila. It is accessible by way of the Subic– Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX).  MANILA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY The Manila International Airport Authority is a government-owned and controlled corporation and agency under the Department of Transportation of the Philippines responsible for the management of Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) formerly Manila International Airport. MIAA was created by virtue of Executive Order No. 778 signed in 1982 by President Ferdinand Marcos.  PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) armed uniformed service of the country attached to the Philippines' Department of Transportation, tasked primarily with enforcing laws within Philippine waters, conducting maritime security operations, safeguarding life and property at sea, and protecting marine environment and resources, similar to coast guard units around the world. In case of a declaration of war, the Coast Guard shall also serve as an attached service of the Department of National Defense.  PHILIPPINE PORTS AUTHORITY The Philippine Ports Authority (Pangasiwaan ng Daungan ng Pilipinas) is a government- owned and controlled corporation under the Department of Transportation as an attached agency. It is responsible for financing, management and operations of public ports throughout the Philippines, except the port of Cebu, which is under the Cebu Ports Authority.  PHILIPPINE MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMY Philippine Merchant Marine Academy is a maritime higher education institution operated by the Philippine government in San Narciso, Zambales. Students are called midshipmen but are often also referred to as cadets. Upon graduation, students are commissioned as ensigns (second lieutenants) in the Philippine Navy Reserve and have the option to join the merchant marine, the Philippine Navy, or the Philippine Coast Guard.  CEBU PORT AUTHORITY The Cebu Port Authority (CPA) was created through the enactment of Republic Act No. 7621 signed on June 26, 1992 to specifically administer all ports located in Cebu Province, thus, effectively separating these ports from the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) system. CPA began operations and officially took over all Cebu ports on January 1, 1996.  MARITIME INDUSTRY AUTHORITY The Maritime Industry Authority (known by the acronym MARINA) is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Transportation responsible for integrating the development, promotion and regulation of the maritime industry in the Philippines.  PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RAILWAYS The Philippine National Railways (PNR) is a state-owned railway company in the Philippines which operates one commuter rail service between Laguna and Quezon, and local services between Sipocot, Naga and Legazpi in the Bicol Region. It is an attached agency of the Department of Transportation.  METRO RAIL TRANSIT The Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC) is a private consortium organized in June 1995. The consortium is composed of seven (7) Filipino-owned companies: Fil-Estate Management Inc (now Metro Global Holdings Corporation), Ayala Land Inc, Ramcar Inc, Greenfield Development Corporation of Unilab, Anglo-Philippine Holdings Corporation, National Book Store Group, Allante Realty and Development Inc, and DBH Inc. The Metro Rail Transit Corporation owns the Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3 running along the EDSA corridor.  LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT The Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) is a public transport operator that is responsible for the construction, operation, maintenance and/or lease of Manila Light Rail Transit System in the Philippines. It is organized as a government-owned and controlled corporation under the Department of Transportation (DOTr) as an attached agency.  LAND TRANSPORTATION FRANCHISING REGULATORY BOARD The Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board is an agency of the Republic of the Philippines under the Department of Transportation (DOTr). The LTFRB was established on June 19, 1987, during the former president Corazon Aquino’s administration. The LTFRB is responsible for promulgating, administering, enforcing, and monitoring compliance of policies, laws, and regulations of public land transportation services.  TOLL REGULATORY BOARD The Toll Regulatory Board is a Philippine government agency that regulates all toll roads in the Philippines. The TRB was created by virtue of Presidential Decree (“P.D.”) No. 1112 or the Toll Operation Decree. It possesses regulatory authority over all toll facilities in the Philippines and is authorized under its charter to enter into contracts on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines, with qualified persons, natural or juridical, for the construction, operation and maintenance of toll facilities.  LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE The Land Transportation Office is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Transportation responsible for all land transportation in the Philippines. Functions of the LTO include the inspection and registration of motor vehicles, issuance of licenses and permits, enforcement of land transportation rules and regulations, and adjudication of traffic cases.  DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS Bure au of De sig n T h e B u re a u o f D e s ig n (B O D ) is r e s p o n s ib le fo r o v e r s e e in g a n d a s s e s sin g th e e n d r e s u lts o f o n -s ite in v e s tig a tio n s fo r D e p a rtme n t o f P u b lic Wo rk s a n d H ig h w a y s (D P W H ) p la n s a n d b lu e p r i n ts to e n s u re th a t th e s u g g e s te d u n d e rta k in g s a r e a lig n e d w ith th e e x is tin g guidelines and standards. Furthermore, this agency also manages the evaluation and agreement in terms of DPWH projects to meet the standardized system design.  DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS B u r e a u of E q u i p m e n t T h e B u re a u o f E q u ip m e n t (B O E ) is a n a g e n c y w h o s e ro le is to d e v e lo p , i m p le m e n t, a n d e n fo r ce p o l i c ie s , r u le s , a n d g u id e lin e s in order to provide optimal allocation and usage of equipment. Their primary goal is to evaluate the requirements for equipment of different f ield offices of DPWH and formulate recommendations for purchasing and provision.  DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS B u r e a u of C o n s t r u c t i o n The Bureau of Construction ( BOC) plays a crucial role in conducting extensive evaluations and assessments of various schemes of DPWH, as well as, inspecting the relevant records and documents of the project, estimated budget, legal agreements and status report of the plan. Also, they inspect and monitor DPWH construction projects in order to guarantee standard compliance.  DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS Bure au of M ainte nance T h e B u re a u o f M a in te n a n c e (B O M ) m a n a g e s th e s u s ten a n c e o f p u b lic in fr a s tru c tu re a n d h ig h w a y n e tw o rk s by regularly managing field in s p e c tio n s. M o re o ve r, th is a g e n c y is a ls o r e s p o n s ib le fo r e ffe c tiv e m o n ito r i n g o f D i s tr i c t E n g in e e ri n g O ffic e s m a in te n a n c e w o r k s in o r d e r to ensure the integrity of the critical resources.  DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS Bureau of Research and Standards T h e B u re a u o f R e s e a rc h a n d S ta n d a rd s (B R S ) h a n d le s th e investigative initiatives and actions to identify the most relevant standards for DPWH scheme implementation in association with the private sector. Also, this agency commits to a well- directed framework research to provide enhancement of technological capacities of DPWH plans.  DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS B u r e a u of Quality and S a f e t y The Bureau of Quality and Safety (BQS) le a d s in im p ro v in g a n d implementing strategies and procedures th a t fo c u s o n s e c u re infrastructure facilities and effective use of construction elements in terms of their quality and proficiency. Moreover, this agency is also responsible for ensuring adherence with the standard schemes and programs approved.  TRANSPORTATION IN THE UNITED STATES Approximately 18 percent of U.S. household expenditure is related to transportation. Transportation accounts for about 28 percent of total energy consumption. Almost 100 percent of the energy utilized for propelling transport vehicles is derived from petroleum resources. Over 50 percent of all petroleum products consumed in the United States are for transportation purposes. Over 80 percent of eligible drivers are licensed to operate a motor vehicle. Each person in the Unites States travels an average of 12,000 miles each year. Over 10 percent of the work force is employed in a transportation-related activity.  INTERACTION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 1 2 State of the economy – Extent and Quality of the System produces the DEMAND for – SUPPLY of transportation transportation facilities and services  INTERACTION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND Relationship between Transportation Demand and Cost  INTERACTION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND Relationship between Transportation Supply and Cost INTERACTION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND Equilibrium Volume The Highway Project Development Process Design Planning (15 to 24 (6 to 24 months) months) Environment Right-of Way (9 to 36 months) (6 to 21 months) Construction (12 to 36 months) Traffic engineering is that phase of transportation engineering which deals with the planning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads, streets, and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships with other modes of transportation. The principal goal of the traffic engineer remains the provision of a safe system for highway traffic. The definitions of transportation and traffic engineering highlight additional objectives: Speed Comfort Convenience Economy Environmental compatibility CONCEPTS OF MOBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY Transportation systems provide the nation’s population with both mobility and accessibility. Mobility refers to the ability to travel to many different destinations, while Accessibility refers to the ability to gain entry to a particular site or area. Mobility focuses on the through portion of trips and is most affected by the effectiveness of through facilities that take a traveler from one general area to another. Accessibility requires the ability to make a transfer from the transportation system to the particular land parcel on which the desired activity is taking place. ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Traffic studies and characteristics involve measuring and quantifying various aspect of highway traffic. Studies focus on data collection and analysis that is used to characterize traffic, including (but not limited to) traffic volumes and demands, speed and travel time, delay, accidents, origins and destinations, modal use, and other variables. Performance evaluation is a means by which traffic engineers can rate the operating characteristics of individual sections of facilities and facilities as a whole in relative terms. ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Facility design involves traffic engineers in the functional and geometric design of highways and other traffic facilities. Traffic engineers, per se, are not involved in the structural design of highway facilities but should have some appreciation for structural characteristics of their facilities. Traffic control is a central function of traffic engineers and involves the establishment of traffic regulations and their communication to the driver through the use of traffic control devices, such as signs, markings, and signals.  ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Traffic operations involves measures that influence overall operation of traffic facilities, such as one-way street systems, transit operations, curb management, and surveillance and network control systems. Transportation systems management (TSM) involves virtually all aspects of traffic engineering in a focus on optimizing system capacity and operations. Specific aspects of TSM include high-occupancy vehicle priority systems, car-pooling programs, pricing strategies to manage demand, and similar functions.  ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) refers to the application of modern telecommunications technology to the operation and control of transportation systems. Such systems include automated highways, automated toll-collection systems, vehicle-tracking systems, in-vehicle GPS and mapping systems, automated enforcement of traffic lights and speed laws, smart control devices, and others.