Traffic Management - CRI 224 Part 1 PDF

Traffic Management Prepared by: MGempesao #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 Overview  This module presents the various endeavors of the government for a systematic traffic management. Further, it discusses the different areas of traffic management...

Traffic Management Prepared by: MGempesao #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 Overview  This module presents the various endeavors of the government for a systematic traffic management. Further, it discusses the different areas of traffic management as well as the roles of government and non-government agencies responsible for traffic management. To understand better this module, it is divided into:  Lesson 1. Fundamentals of Traffic Management  Lesson 2. The Pillars of Traffic  Lesson 3. Traffic Safety Education #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 Fundament als of Traffic Manageme nt Arterial Highway/Roads High capacity urban roads that direct traffic from collector roads to expressways or freeways.  ARTICULATED VEHICLE. It means a combination of vehicles comprising a motor vehicle and a semi-trailer coupled to the motor vehicle (UN-VCRT, 1968). #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  BUILT-UP AREA. It refers to an area with entries and exits especially sign posted as such or otherwise defined in domestic legislation (UN-VCRT, 1968). #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  CARRIAGEWAY It means the part of the road normally used by vehicular traffic (UN-VCRT, 1968). It is also known as ROADWAY. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 Collector Highway Distributor road which connects low to moderate highways or roads to arterial highway such as entering residential properties.  Highway It means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way dedicated to a public authority when any part of the way is open to the use of the public for the purpose of vehicular traffic. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 COMBINATION OF VEHICLES It means coupled vehicles which travel on the road as a unit (UN-VCRT, 1968). INTERSECTION. It means any level crossroad, junction or fork, including the open areas formed by such crossroads, junctions or forks (UN-VCRT, 1968). #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 Shoulder It refers to either side of the roadway especially along highway. Sidewalk It refers to the paved walkway along the side of a street. Through Highway It means every highway or portion thereof on which vehicular traffic is given the right of way and at the entrance to which vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is required by law to yield.  Thruway or Throughway It is a highway that has limited entrances and exits such as the expressways, freeways, or motorways. It is known as autobahn in German-speaking countries and autostrada in Italian-speaking countries. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 Traffic It came from French trafique from old Italian word traffico (noun) and trafficare (verb) means to carry on trade. It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel. Intersection Define as the area embrace within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curb lines, or if none, then the lateral boundary lines of the roadways of two highways which join one another. 3 Way Intersection It is commonly known as the T or Y crossroad which link three roads.  T –crossroad Y-crossroad 4-Way Intersection The most common types which involved the crossing of two roadways. Regular intersection Skewed intersection 5-Way Intersection + It involves the crossing of five roads. 6- Way Intersection + It involves the crossing of three streets most often two perpendicular roads and one diagonal. Staggered Intersection  It involves two successive T crossroads. Classification of Intersection According to Traffic Control Controlled Intersection Uncontrolled Intersection Box Junction Cloverleaf  Controlled Intersection Yield-controlled Intersection – it is usually controlled by a Yield sign or Give way sign. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  Controlled Intersection Stop-controlled Intersection – A stop sign s usually installed.  Controlled Intersection Traffic Circle - this intersection is directed by a circle, rotary island, or a runabout sign. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  Uncontrolled Intersection This intersection has no traffic signals or traffic signs. Crossing is by observing the right-of-way rule. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  Who has the right of way? For instance, you come upon a stop sign at the same time as another driver in a cross street and he is on your right. You yield (give up) the right of way to that driver by letting him go first #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  Box Junction This type generally prohibits entry unless the exit is clear. is a road traffic control measure designed to prevent congestion and gridlock at junctions.  Cloverleaf A highway interchange at which two highways, one crossing over the other, have a series of entrance and exit ramps resembling the outline of a four-leaf clover and enabling vehicles to proceed in their direction on either highway.  Refers to the activities Traffi c Management Is the application of the undertaken by a highway processes and skills in transportation agency to planning, organizing, improve roadway system staffing, directing, safety, efficiency, and coordinating, and effectiveness for both budgeting to traffic affairs. providers and consumers of transportation services. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  Types of Traffic Management The two distinct types of traffic management are the used or utilization of: 1. Traditional Traffic engineering tools or devices to regulate or control traffic. 2. Intelligence Transportation System (ITS)  Why Traffic Management is necessary? #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 A. Major Causes of Traffic Congestion  Physical Inadequacy  Poor Control Measures  Human Errors  Poor Maintenance 1. Physical This is characterized by lack Inadequacyof roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings, lack of traffic facilities, etc. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  2. Poor Control Measures This is characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices, inefficient traffic officer, and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulation. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  3. Human Errors Traffic congestion are caused by slow drivers or poor driving habits, pedestrian mistakes, officers’ error, poor planning, poor legislation; and traffic accidents which are mostly attributed to human errors. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 4. Poor Maintenance Oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road pavement concreting. Specific Traffi c Problems Traffic Build-up Traffic Congestions Traffic Jams (Snarl- up) Bottlenecks Gridlocks Accidents collisions  1. Traffic Build-up – It is characterized by the gradual increasing of traffic users in a given portion of the highway or trafficway. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  2. Traffic Congestions – These are conditions on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  3. Traffic Jams (snarl-up) – These are situations in highways in which the movement of traffic users (motor vehicles or pedestrians) is very slow or stationary. a situation in which a long line of traffic is unable to travel forward because something is blocking the road: #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  4. Bottlenecks – These are narrow points or areas in highways where traffic congestions or traffic jams usually occur or traffic may be held up. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 5. Gridlocks - A state or condition of severe road congestion arising when continuous queues of vehicles block an entire network of intersecting streets, bringing traffic in all directions to a complete standstill. These traffic blockages are usually caused interlocking of intersection grids. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  6. Accidents – These are events or incidents which may cause unintentional damage to property, loss of limbs, and/or death. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  7. Collisions – These are incidents or instances of one moving traffic unit or person striking violently against another. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 Scopes of Traffic Management 1. All public surface facilities traversing and parking and all types of conveyances for the movement of persons and things. This includes the provision on the controlling traffic flow as well as provision for the allotment of parking lots or parking places. Scopes of Traffic Management 2. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow requirements, planning, approving, funding, construction and/or maintaining these public facilities for such movements. This area includes traffic planning committees, those involved in traffic engineering, and the legislative bodies in the appropriations of funds. Scopes of Traffic Management 3. All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting, stopping, prohibiting or controlling the use of these facilities. The agencies involved in this area are the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and other traffic enforcement agencies. Agencies Involved in Traffic management  Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)  Academic Institutions  City or Municipal engineers’  Courts Office  Department of Public Works  Public Information Offices and highways (DPWH)  Barangay Peacekeeping  Legislative Action team (BPAT)  Philippine National Police (PNP)  Citizen Support groups  Traffic management Bureaus  Tri-Media (including the (TMBs) internet).  1. Department of Transportation (DOTr, formerly DOTC).  The DOTr through the Land Transportation Office (LTO) is responsible for the implementation of the Land Transportation Code of the Philippines (R.A. 4136) particularly on the issuance of drivers’ licenses, registration of motor vehicles, approval of franchises for public conveyances (through the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB)), and conducting traffic 2. City or Municipal engineers’ Office In the local level, these offices are responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities within their respective locality.  3. Department of Public Works and highways (DPWH) This is the main executive department which is responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities particularly those categorized as national highways and other major road arteries.  4. Legislative (Congress/City or Municipal Boards). The legislative bodies are not only responsible for the passing or amendment of laws concerning traffic but also they are involved in the planning and approval of government projects. 5. Philippine National Police (PNP) The PNP through its Highway Patrol Group (PNP-HPG) (formerly the Traffic Management Group (PNP- TMG)) is responsible primarily for the direct enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations. They also perform other functions such as conducting of information dissemination campaign, submitting traffic scheme proposals, and other functions as the need arises. 6. Traffic management Bureaus (TMBs) These are offices created mostly under the offices of city/municipal mayors with the primary task of assisting the local PNP traffic division/units in the enforcement of traffic ordinances/laws. 7. Academic Institutions Schools, both public and private, are responsible for the basic traffic education by integrating in their respective programs and curriculum subjects or topics on traffic safety.  8. Courts The courts are responsible for the adjudication of traffic-related cases filed before them. 9. Public Information Offices Provides the necessary updated information to the public by creating traffic safety campaigns and other activities relating to traffic through Philippine Information Agency (PIA)  10. Barangay Peacekeeping Action team (BPAT) Barangay tanods or barangay security forces are the usual traffic control officer in their respective localities particularly during times of emergencies. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 11. Citizen Support groups  The private institutions or organizations also help in the prevention of traffic congestion by assisting government offices in various activities particularly during special occasions and holidays where traffic problem is likely to happen. 12. Tri-Media (including the internet). Government and privately-owned publications, and radio and television broadcasting companies provide necessary and updated traffic-related information to the public through their respective programs.  THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  1. Traffic Engineering It is the science of measuring traffic and travel the study of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 Fact- finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations; Functions of Trafficking Supervisions and maintenance to the application Engineering of traffic control devices; and planning of traffic regulations. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  Same with the Agencies and/or officer under traffic Provincial Its scope Engineering is national but limitedtheto which includes responsibility for network determining trafficof DPWH- streets law, pattern, origin and and draw roads within the Provincial Government destinations Same - National with the barangays Roads - Yearly Limited to Municipal but Maintenance Municipal Government traffic facilities limited to on the of network Chartered Cities municipalities streets and within roads thethe within province cities To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic. c. Objectives of Traffic To prevent traffic accident. Engineering To simplify police enforcement actions and performance. To show that good police actions and performance makes engineering plans effective. To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the improvement of traffic problems. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 d. When and where the objectives of traffic engineering are applied? 1. habitual congested commercial areas. 2. Heavily traveled thoroughfares 3. Congested local areas and intersections 4. During special occasions and events. 5. During disasters or emergencies 6. A school crossings  e. Methods in Achieving the Objectives of Traffic Engineering 1. Planning and Geometric Design-Factor Employed in Planning Composition of traffic streams Traffic volumes for capacity Origin and destination #mgempesao2022 #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-232nd term/1st sem/22-23 e. Methods in Achieving the Objectives of Traffic Engineering 2. Factors Influencing Design  Composition of traffic streams  Volume of traffic  Speed of vehicles  The starting, turning and stopping abilities of traffic units  Performance values of road users e. Methods in Achieving the Objectives of Traffic Engineering (3) Regulation and Control-Traffic Regulation  (a) Based and confined within the boundaries of  safety, public welfare and convenience.  (b) Limitations imposed on road users and their  load.  (c) Basic general rule of road use and conduct.  (d) Prohibition and Restrictions. 2. Traffic Education It refers to any act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge on traffic or any matter relating to the use of the traffic way or road ways. A. Schools (Public and Private) Traffic Education can be carrier out by imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety, training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety and developing traffic safety morality.  Elementary In this level traffic education is focused on safety and guides stressing traffic safety, classroom discussions of accidents, incidents and safety rules, organizing safety patrols. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  Secondary Traffic education for high schools students is geared towards school safety organization  Higher Education Some colleges and universities offer and conduct courses regarding traffic safety subjects. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 B. Public Information Programs The public should be informed on al activities affecting the citizens and the community relating to traffic (dissemination of information). C. Citizen Support Groups These are mostly composed by voluntary non-government organizations (NGOs) radio communication groups, rotary organizations and other voluntary clubs. C. Traffic Enforcement This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and regulations.  A. Land Transportation Office (LTO) 1. Vehicle Registration 2. Vehicle Inspections 3. Drivers licensing (examinations, suspension and revocations) 4. Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 B. Legislative Bodies Included are the senate Congress, Provincial Boards, and City and Municipal Council. They are responsible for the passing and amending of laws and ordinances. C. Police Traffic Enforcement This pillar is not limited to the PNP-HPG but it includes all government personnel who are dully authorized for the direct enforcement of traffic laws such as:  1. The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) for the National Capital Region  Police/Traffic Auxiliaries  LTO Law Enforcement Service 4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale and density of new urban. A. What are the Environmental effects of the urbanization of transportation? 1. NOISE #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 Average background noise: (a) typical home - 40 to 50 dBA; (b) heavy trucks - 90 dBA at 15m/ft; (c) freight trains - 75 dBA at 15m/ft; (d) air conditioning - 60 dBA at 6m/ft. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 (2) Vibration. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 (3) Air Pollution. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  (4) Dirt. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  (5) Visual Intrusion #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23  (6) Loss of Privacy. (7) Changes in Amount of Light. (8) Neighborhood Severance, both physical and sociological. (9) Relocation. (10) Distraction during planning and construction. (11) Accident Experiences. (12) Pedestrian Journey. (13) Congestion and Other Benefits to Vehicles. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 B. External Factors that influence the existing and future behavior of population Rapidly increasing population growth Rapidly increasing urbanization Rapidly increasing motorization Industrialization and technical modernization Improvement of the transportation network that is the street network and the public transportation C. Alternatives A more pleasant environment can be achieved without negative implications for economy and trade so that any reasonable step in this direction by decision makers deserves support. D. Laws and Statures Concerning Traffic Ecology  PD 1181 – Providing for the prevention, control and abatement of Air Pollution from motor vehicles and for other purposes.  Letter of Instruction No. 551. “Sec.1 - The purpose is to Directing theandlaw prevent, control, enforcement agencies to implement the pollution abate control the emission of air pollutants from motor program vehicles in order to protect the health and  RA 8749 otherwise known as the Clean Air welfare Act. of the An and people act providing for the regulation of mort vehicles to preventemitting or toxic gases like the use of the diesel and leaded gasoline  TRAFFIC ThisECONOMY is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy.  Activity Today 5 Pillars of Traffic Functions Agencies/ Management Institutions Involved 1 2 3 4 5 TRAFIC SAFETY EDUCATION What is traffic education? It is the process of training roads users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic related accidents.  It refers to reduced risk of accidents or injury on the roads, achieved through multidisciplinary approaches involving road engineering and traffic management, education and training of road users and vehicle design. #mgempesao2022 #CRI319 2nd term/1st sem/22-23 A. Factors Contributing to Accidents 1. Human Errors Include: a.Going too fast or excessive speed; b.Failing to give at junctions; c.Following too closely; d.Overtaking improperly; e.Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead; f. Intoxication of alcohol or drug; and g.Lack of skill Factors Contributing to Accidents  2. Road Deficiencies that are main contributory factors are: a.Poor design of layout and control at junctions; b.Inadequate signing, road marking and lightning; c.Slippery roads; and d.Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle, on going road constructions. Factors Contributing to Accidents  3. Main Vehicle factors are: a.A defect in tires, brakes and lights; b.Absence or non-using of seat belts, and’ c.Poorly maintained motor vehicles.  B. The Three (3) Principles of Traffic 1. Engineering (traffic engineering)  Effective construction and maintenance of traffic facilities which does no only expedite the movement of traffic but also prevents the occurrence of traffic accidents. 2. Education (in traffic safety) When road users are informed of the traffic laws, rules, and regulations, accidents are likely prevented. 3.Enforcement (of traffic rules)  One of the causes of accidents is the blatant non-compliance of motorists and pedestrians to traffic laws, rules, and regulations. 4. Ecology/Environment  People should be educated regarding the adverse effect of traffic to our environment that directly or indirectly affects the population’s health. 5. Economy  People should also learn to develop schemes and/or devices and programs that do not only lessen expenses but are also accident-free. C. Levels of Traffic Safety Education 1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety; 2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge; and 3. Developing traffic safety morality. D. Traffic Safety for Children 1.Elementary 2.Secondary 3.Higher Education E. TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION FOR ADULTS F. DRIVERS EDUCATIONS  E. TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION FOR ADULTS  Safety education for elder pedestrians and drivers is relatively easier compared to the education designed for younger children since the former group is in a better position to understand what is being taught to them. G. FOUR (4) BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION METHODS 1. Comprehensive This method places the student into real life driving situations from the beginning G. FOUR (4) BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION METHODS 2. Traditional Instruction This type of instruction depends on instructor student communication G. FOUR (4) BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION METHODS 3. Commentary Driving Method G. FOUR (4) BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION METHODS 4. Simulated Conditions a. Partial Simulation Method b. B. Global Simulation c. Classification of Films H. ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF DRIVING TASKS I. BIORHYTHM 23 Day Cycle – AKA our cycle of strength, endurance and courage (the male component of a person) 28 DAY EMOTIONAL CYCLE equivalent to a females 28 day menstrual cycle is our cycle of sensitivity, love and intuitions 33 DAY CYCLE all this items are present at the time we are born J. IMPORTANCE OF BIORHYTHM In the field of study, it should be Bourne in mind that biorhythm does not predict what actually will happen. K. SAFETY CAMPAIGN Is also known as Road Propaganda which may be intended simply to inform or it may be felt that the public is already aware o the recommended behaviour by need to be persuaded into adopting it.  2. Considerations to be taken. a. minimum delay to motorist b. thorough checking procedure c. protection/safety of both motorist d. timing, location and frequency