Form, Meaning and Function PDF

## Form, Meaning and Function ### Present Perfect Simple Tense Use the present perfect to talk about actions that started at an indefinite time in the past. It is often used to talk about a time period from the past to now in a person’s life. * **Q:** Have you been to Kuwait? * **A:** Yes, I've...

## Form, Meaning and Function ### Present Perfect Simple Tense Use the present perfect to talk about actions that started at an indefinite time in the past. It is often used to talk about a time period from the past to now in a person’s life. * **Q:** Have you been to Kuwait? * **A:** Yes, I've been to Kuwait. I have visited many places in the Middle East. Use the present perfect to talk about recently completed actions. * Mohammad Abdul Latif Jameel has contributed greatly to the government's Saudization program in the Kingdom. Use the present perfect simple to emphasize an action that started in the past and has continued until now and will continue in the future. * Li Ka-shing has lived in China for all his life. ### Time Expressions with For and Since Use the present perfect simple tense with *for* to indicate the duration of the action: for two months, for a year, for a long time. Use the present perfect simple with *since* to indicate when the action began: since yesterday, since last June. ### Questions with How Long * **Q:** How long has the clothing store been in operation? * **A:** It's been in operation since 1975. * **A:** It's been in operation for about 50 years. ## Vocabulary Match each word to its definition: 1. **circuits** - e. paths for electrical currents 2. **condensed** - b. shortened 3. **determined** - f. decided 4. **extensively** - c. covering a wide range or area 5. **rank** - d. position in an ordered group 6. **span** - a. extend across ## Comprehension Answer the questions: 1. What was the average life expectancy in 1900? 35-50 2. What predictions did the author make about the English language? There will be no "C" in the English alphabet. Have they come true? 3. What do you think the author was referring to when he used the term air-ships? 4. Choose a prediction and give an example of how it has come true. 5. Which prediction do you think is the least likely to ever come true? Why? ## Vocabulary Match each word to its definition: 1. **chain** - c. a group of businesses owned by the same company 2. **commonplace** - e. frequent or usual 3. **estimated** - g. given an approximate cost 4. **lucrative** - d. expensive 5. **orbit** - b. a path in space followed by a planet, moon, or satellite 6. **rigorous** - a. extremely difficult 7. **simulate** - h. imitate 8. **steep** - f. producing a lot of money ## About the Conversation 1. What options is Ahmed considering? 2. How is he driving people crazy? He can't make up his mind. 3. What do you think he'll do with the money? Why? ## Your Turn Role-play with a partner. Discuss a choice that one of you has to make. ## Discussing Options * At the same time … * But then again … * I could always … * On the other hand … ## Real Talk * **lugging** - carrying, especially something heavy or awkward * **ditch** - leave, get rid of * **check out** - look at something in order to evaluate it. * **go with the flow** - accept things * **hoopla** - excitement created by a large amount of publicity ## Put the verbs in parentheses in either the future tense (*will* or *be going to*) or the present tense. * I’ll call (call) you as soon as I get (get) home. * The company will manufacture (manufacture) the parts when they receive (receive) the order. * After I make (make) a million dollars, I’m going to (buy) my parents a house. * I’m going to (travel) the world before I get (get) married and settle down. * He will run (run) to the store before it starts (start) raining. * When you drive (drive) down the road, you are going to (see) a large, red building. * Are you going to argue (argue) with me until I change (change) my mind? ## Look at the pictures. Then complete the paragraph about how life will be different in the year 2050. Use the future perfect, future perfect progressive, and the future with dependent time clauses. ## Simple Present of the Verb Be * **Q:** What's your last name? * **A:** It's Al Zahrani. * **Q:** How's it going? * **A:** Fine, thanks. * **Q:** When's the festival? * **A:** It's in February. * **Q:** Where’s your friend from? * **A:** He’s from Jeddah. * **Q:** Who's that tall man? * **A:** That’s my uncle. * **Q:** Why's he here? * **A:** He’s here for the festival. ## Simple Past of the Verb Be and Be Born * **Q:** Where were you born? * **A:** I was born in Oman. * **Q:** Where was he/she born? * **A:** He/She was born in Kuwait. ## Simple Past with Regular and Irregular Verbs * **Q:** Did you/he/she/they live in Riyadh? * **A:**Yes, I/he/she/they did. * **A:** No, I/he/she/they didn’t. * **Q:** Where did you live? * **A:** I lived in Riyadh. * **Q:** What did he wear? * **A:** He wore formal clothing. ## Irregular Past Form * be - been * buy - bought * come - came * do - did * drive -drove * eat -ate * feel -felt * fly -flew * go -went * give -gave * have -had * know -knew * make -made * meet -met * ride -rode * see –saw * spend -spent * swim -swam * take-took ## Some words we associate with space and the planetary system * technology * space station * spacecraft * robot car * gas * gravity * stars * meteors * solar system * rocks * volcanoes * poisonous air * high mountains * the moon * the sun * Earth * orbit * launch * land * take photos * build. ## Complete the conjunctions, the present perfect, and the simple past. Then provide the missing words. 1. **A:** Have you ever *given* to charity? * **B:** No, I haven't. Have you? * **A:** Yes, I *gave* some clothes and books. * **B:** That’s great! I want to make a donation, too. 2. **A:** I *ate* tacos in Mexico years ago. * **B:** What did they taste like? * **A:** They *were* spicy. 3. **A:** *Has* Sheikh Sulaiman bin Rajhi always *been* a billionaire? * **B:** No, he hasn't. * **A:** *Has* he ever *given* money to charity? * **B:** Yes, he *has*. He *gave* some to charity in 2011. 4. **A:** I’ve never *been* in a helicopter. * **B:** I have. I've *flown* in one once. * **A:** I’d like to do that one day. ## Make some notes in the chart below. Work with a partner. Ask and answer about your personal experiences. | People I have met| Places I have been| Events I have attended| |---|---|---| ## Complete each sentence with the correct paired conjunction and an idea of your own. * Arrived with both her brother **and** her sister. * We like neither fast food **nor** Chinese food. * The university is both prestigious **and** expensive. * He not only plays basketball well, **but also** football. * We're either going to eat pizza **or** burger. * I neither watch TV **nor** listen to the radio. ## Match the independent clauses. Then rewrite them as one sentence using a conjunction and correct punctuation. * You can admit your mistake, or you can just hope no one notices it. * You can admit your mistake. **c** * The other lives in Argentina. **b** * I told them I’d come over for dinner. **f** * He’s a vegetarian. **e** * She's lied to her more than once. **a** * One of their children lives in Japan. **b** * He’s very comfortable in the U.S. **d** * I’m really not feeling well. **x** * She continues to consider her a friend. **a** * You can just hope no one notices it. **c** * He continues to miss his home in Britain. **b** * He's not going to eat any beef burgers. **b** * But/yet * So * and * but ## Write sentences about the animals using both paired conjunctions and coordinating conjunctions. * The cheetah and the ostrich are fast runners. * The dolphin and the deer are mammals. * The salmon swims but the bear can’t. * The camel is big but the hawk is small. ## Just = really, very ## Hard to swallow = not easy to believe ## A dime a dozen = something so common that it does not have much value. ## Doze off = fall asleep ## Choose a phrase or idiom from the box above and write a sentence using it. * I find it hard to swallow that he wants to become a teacher. ## Choose a topic or idea from this reading, in which two people might disagree. Discuss your opinion and one that you might disagree with. * Do you think that air-ships will be able to take us to the moon? I think it will be possible, but it's a long-term goal. * I don’t think we will ever travel to the moon by air-ship. It will take much too long, we are better spending our resources on other things. ## Form, Meaning, and Function ### The Comparative Use *more/less* + *adjective*, or *adjective* + *er* to make the comparative. * Detective stories are *more/less* popular than stories about space travel. * Goldfish are *smaller* than clownfish. Use words such as *a little, slightly, much, a lot, considerably, definitely, and certainly* to show how much one thing differs, or to add emphasis. * Children's TV films are *considerably* better than they used to be. Use *as* + *adjective* + *as* to compare things that are equal or similar. * Dora and the Lost City of Gold is *as good as* Sonic the Hedgehog. Use *not as* + *adjective* + *as* to compare things that are different. ## Vocabulary Match each word to its definition. 1. **altered** - f. changed 2. **captivates** - d. captures someone's attention 3. **confronts** - i. meets something difficult or dangerous 4. **crucial** - b. extremely important 5. **defects** - c. imperfections 6. **enduring** - e. lasting 7. **exotic** - a. unusual and attractive 8. **ironically** - h. against the way it appears 9. **phenomenal** - g. great, remarkable