TPT346 Chapter 3: National & International Regulatory Bodies PDF

TPT346 CHAPTER 3: NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY BODIES LEARNING OUTCOME: After completing this chapter students must be able to; 1. Identify the differences between National and International Regulatory Bodies. 2. Identity the roles of functions of National a...

TPT346 CHAPTER 3: NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY BODIES LEARNING OUTCOME: After completing this chapter students must be able to; 1. Identify the differences between National and International Regulatory Bodies. 2. Identity the roles of functions of National and International Regulatory Bodies. 3. Understand the importance of Regulatory Bodies Nationally and Internationally INTRODUCTION International Regulatory Bodies International regulation in transportation refers to a set of rules, standards, and agreements established by international organizations and governing bodies to govern and facilitate various aspects of transportation across borders. These National Regulatory Bodies regulations are essential for promoting safety, National regulation in transportation refers to efficiency, and consistency in international rules, laws, and standards set by local or transportation and trade. regional authorities to govern various aspects of transportation within a specific geographic area, such as a city, county, or state. These regulations are designed to address the unique transportation needs and challenges of the local area and to ensure the safe, efficient, and orderly movement of people and goods.  3.1 REASONS AND RATIONALE OF POLICIES IMPLEMENTATION BY STATUTORY BODIES AND ORGANIZATION  Reasons for policy implementation: Controlling excessive The basis for operation Controlling monopolies competition The implementation of a certain plan or set Regulatory measures and policies implemented Transport industry regulation focuses primarily of rules constitutes the framework for the by government agencies to prevent or mitigate on preventing monopolistic behavior and functioning of the transportation system. the emergence and abuse of monopolistic fostering competition, as opposed to market power in the transportation industry. regulating excessive competition. When it comes to the management of their day-to-day activities, the operator might look A monopoly exists when a single company or The emphasis is on avoiding anticompetitive to these laws and regulations as a kind of entity dominates a market, typically resulting in practices that are negative to consumers and guidance. limited competition, higher prices, fewer the market. Typically, excessive competition is options for consumers, and possibly inefficient not a problem, as it can result in reduced operations. prices, enhanced services, and innovation. Nonetheless, regulators do play a role in assuring equitable competition and stable market dynamics. Ways in which regulation helps maintain a healthy level of competition in the industry: Regulations can be designed to lower barriers to entry for new competitors, making it easier for new businesses to enter the market. Removing regulatory hurdles, streamlining licensing processes, and reducing red tape can encourage competition. Market Entry Barriers How regulation helps control the social cost of transport; 1 2 3 EMISSION STANDARDS FUEL EFFICICENCY STANDARDS NOISE REGULATIONS Regulations set limits on the Regulatory bodies can mandate fuel efficiency Noise regulations establish acceptable emissions of pollutants and standards for vehicles. These standards require noise levels for transportation greenhouse gases from vehicles and automakers to produce more fuel-efficient infrastructure and vehicles. For transportation infrastructure vehicles, which reduce fuel consumption and example, installation of noise barriers emissions, leading to lower social costs in near highways to reduce noise terms of pollution and fuel consumption. pollution. 4 5 6 SAFETY REGULATIONS LAND USE AND ZONING REGULATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS Regulatory bodies set safety standards Land use and zoning regulations can encourage Regulations may require environmental for vehicles, infrastructure, and sustainable urban planning, which reduces the impact assessments for major operations. These regulations aim to need for long commutes and excessive car transportation projects. These assessments reduce accidents and the associated travel. This helps control social costs by help identify potential environmental and social costs, including injuries, fatalities, reducing congestion, fuel consumption, and air social impacts and require developers to and medical expenses. pollution. mitigate or offset these effects. 7 8 9 SAFETY AND SECURITY COMPLIANCE WITH REGULATIONS SERVICE EFFICIENCY Ensuring the safety and security of passengers, The transportation industry is highly regulated, In the pursuit of providing efficient cargo, and infrastructure is paramount in the with rules and standards set by national and services, transportation organizations may transportation industry. Statutory bodies and international bodies. Organizations must adhere organizations implement control policies to implement policies to optimize schedules, to these regulations to operate legally. Statutory reduce delays, and ensure that resources prevent accidents, incidents, and unauthorized access. For example, strict security measures at bodies play a key role in enforcing and are used effectively. airports help safeguard against acts of terrorism. monitoring compliance.  3.2 LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY BODIES RELATED TO TRANSPORT AND TRADE – THEIR POLICIES AND EXTENT OF ITS INFLUENCE. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AIR ORGANISATION (ICAO) Development of International Standards and Policies: The Council is responsible for developing and adopting international standards and policies related to civil aviation. These standards cover areas such as safety, security, air navigation, and environmental protection. ICAO is a specialized agency of the 1 The Council ensures that global regulations are in place to facilitate safe and efficient international air travel. United Nations that was created to Oversight of ICAO's Work: The Council supervises the implementation of ICAO's work program. This involves overseeing the promote the safe and orderly development of international civil 2 organization's activities, projects, and initiatives, and ensuring that they align with the organization’s strategic objectives. aviation throughout the world. Monitoring Compliance: The Council monitors the compliance of member states with international civil aviation ICAO sets international standards and 3 standards and regulations. It evaluates the implementation of safety and security regulations for aviation safety, security, measures and provides assistance to states to help them meet international standards. efficiency, and environmental Dispute Resolution: protection. Its’ mission is to Achieve The Council plays a role in resolving disputes related to civil aviation between 4 member states. It can facilitate negotiations and mediate disputes to find amicable the sustainable growth of the global solutions and maintain harmonious international air travel. civil aviation system. Budget and Finance: Members of ICAO 5 The Council is responsible for approving ICAO's budget and overseeing the organization's financial management. This ensures that ICAO has the resources has 193 member states as in necessary to carry out its mission effectively. September 2021. These member states Election of Leadership: are countries that are part of the 6 The Council is responsible for electing the President of the Council and other senior leadership organization and participate in its positions within ICAO. These individuals play a key role in representing the organization and guiding activities and governance. Each its activities. member state is represented in ICAO's 7 Cooperation with Other Organizations: decision-making processes and The Council collaborates with other international organizations, such as the United Nations and regional aviation contributes to the development of bodies, to promote global aviation safety and security. 8 international civil aviation standards Representation: Council members represent the interests of their respective regions and member states. They participate in Council meetings and regulations. and discussions to advocate for their countries' positions on various aviation issues. The Roles Of ICAO; Safety: ICAO develops and updates international safety standards and recommended practices to ensure that civil aviation operations are safe. These standards cover various aspects of aviation, including aircraft design, air traffic management, and airport operations. Security: ICAO establishes global standards and practices related to aviation security to prevent acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation, such as terrorism. Air Navigation: ICAO promotes the harmonization of air navigation procedures and technologies to ensure the efficient and orderly flow of air traffic. This helps reduce congestion and improve airspace management. Environmental Protection: ICAO addresses environmental issues in aviation, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and noise pollution. It develops standards and policies to make aviation more environmentally sustainable. Capacity Building: ICAO provides technical assistance and training to member states to help them develop and maintain safe and efficient civil aviation systems.  Regulation under ICAO; Chicago Convention on MARPOL Annex VI (International Montreal Convention (Convention ICAO Document 4444 - Annexes to the Chicago Convention for the Prevention of for the Unification of Certain Rules Procedures for Air Navigation International Civil Convention Pollution from Ships, Annex VI) for International Carriage by Air) Services Air Traffic Management Aviation (PANS-ATM): This is the foundational ICAO's annexes contain While MARPOL is primarily The Montreal Convention PANS-ATM provides treaty that established detailed technical under IMO, ICAO oversees governs airline liability in guidelines and procedures ICAO. It sets out the standards and Annex VI, which deals cases of injury or death of for air traffic management, fundamental principles recommended practices with air pollution from passengers, as well as lost including air traffic control, and arrangements for (SARPs) that cover various ships, including emissions or damaged cargo during communication, international civil aspects of aviation, of sulfur oxides and international air travel. It navigation, and aviation. It addresses including aircraft nitrogen oxides. It sets sets uniform rules for surveillance. It helps issues such operations, airworthiness, standards for the control of liability and compensation. ensure the safe and as airspace sovereignty, aerodromes, air traffic air pollution from ships efficient flow of air traffic air traffic rights, and management, and aviation and aims to reduce the globally. safety standards. security. These annexes environmental impact of provide the framework for aviation. safety and security in international air travel. INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION (IMO) IMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for OBJECTIVES: regulating and coordinating international shipping. Its primary 1. Safety purpose is to ensure the safety, security, and environmental To ensure the safety of shipping and prevent accidents at sea by establishing and enforcing safety standards for ships, crews, and sustainability of shipping operations worldwide. IMO was established navigation. in 1948, and its headquarters are located in London, United Kingdom. The four pillars of IMO are: 2. Environmental Protection To prevent and control pollution from ships, reduce emissions, and protect the marine environment through regulations and practices. International Convention on Maritime Labour Standards of Training, 3. Efficiency Convention Certification and Watchkeeping To improve the efficiency and reliability of international (MLC) for Seafarers (STCW) shipping by setting standards for ship design, equipment, and operations. 4. Security To enhance the security of international shipping against threats like terrorism and piracy by establishing security measures and standards. International International Convention Convention for the for the Prevention of 5. Capacity Building Safety of Life at Sea To help countries, especially developing nations, build their Pollution from Ships (SOLAS) maritime capabilities through training, technical assistance, and (MARPOL) technology transfer. 6. Cooperation To foster cooperation among Member States and stakeholders in the maritime industry to achieve common goals related to safety, security, and environmental protection. The Roles And Functions Of IMO Members: Legislation and Regulation: Member States participate in the development and enactment of international conventions and regulations related to various aspects of shipping, such as safety, security, environmental protection, and liability. They are responsible for implementing these international standards within their national legal systems. Safety Standards: Member States work together to establish and maintain high standards of safety for ships, crews, and passengers. They contribute to the creation of maritime rules and guidelines that address issues like ship design, equipment, crew training, and operational procedures. Environmental Protection: IMO Member States collaborate to minimize the environmental impact of international shipping. They set standards for the prevention of marine pollution, including emissions from ships and the handling of hazardous substances. Security: In an era of heightened security concerns, Member States play a role in ensuring the security of ships and port facilities. They implement international security codes and practices to prevent threats to maritime transportation. Decision-Making: Member States participate in the IMO's decision-making processes through various committees, sub-committees, and governing bodies. They influence the development of policies, standards, and resolutions by providing their insights and expertise. Monitoring and Compliance: Member States are responsible for monitoring their national vessels for compliance with international regulations. They conduct inspections and investigations, working in conjunction with the IMO to ensure adherence to safety and environmental standards.  Regulation under IMO; The International Maritime Organization (IMO) oversees a wide range of regulations and conventions related to various aspects of international shipping. These regulations are designed to promote safety, security, environmental protection, and efficiency in the maritime industry. Five main regulations under the IMO: SOLAS (International MARPOL (International STCW (International ISPS Code (International LL (International Convention for the Prevention Convention on Standards of Ship and Port Facility Convention on Load Convention for the Training, Certification and of Pollution from Ships) Security Code): Safety of Life at Sea) Watchkeeping for Seafarers) Lines) MARPOL addresses the STCW sets minimum training SOLAS focusing on the safety The ISPS Code addresses the LL regulates the minimum prevention of pollution from and certification standards for of ships and security of ships and port freeboard of ships to ensure ships. It aims to reduce marine seafarers to ensure seafarers. It establishes facilities to prevent security their stability, buoyancy, and pollution competence and safety at sea. comprehensive safety incidents and acts of terrorism safety under different by regulating emissions into requirements for ship design, in the maritime sector. The ISPS conditions. The convention the atmosphere and discharges STCW establishes requirements construction, Code requires the development establishes load line marks on into the sea. for training, certification, and equipment, and operation. and implementation of security ships to indicate the maximum watchkeeping for seafarers in plans for ships and port allowable draft (the depth a MARPOL includes regulations various positions on board SOLAS includes regulations for facilities. It includes measures ship can safely submerge) related to oil pollution, sewage, ships. It covers topics such as fire safety, life-saving to enhance security awareness, under different circumstances. garbage disposal, air emissions, ship handling, firefighting, first appliances, navigation, assess security threats, and It helps prevent ships from and ballast water management. aid, and navigation. stability, and other safety respond to security incidents. being overloaded and ensures It requires ships to have measures. It also mandates their safety in various sea specific equipment and regular ship inspections and conditions. systems to prevent and control surveys to ensure compliance. pollution. ROAD TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT 1. To establish and regulate the registration and licensing of motor vehicles in a systematic, reliable and innovative manner. 2. Establish and administer the road transport law with the commitment to Objectives of produce competent, law abiding and prudent drivers of motor vehicles. Road Transport 3. To enforce and administer the road transport law with integrity and commitment to create a society that has a culture of adherence to the rules Department of the road. 4. To monitor and administer motor vehicle safety standards with efficiency and integrity to meet the needs of the environment and the country's automotive industry. 1. Vehicle Registration 2. Driver Licensing 3. Road Safety Enforcement Main 4. Vehicle Inspection Functions: 5. Development of Policies and Regulations 6. Licensing and Permitting MARINE DEPARTMENT 3. To provide The Marine Department operates Functions: 2. To provide shipping as a governmental agency shipping services services to overseen by the Ministry of to commercial ships entering vessels such as into the Transport Malaysia, with the 1. To ensure vessel inspection, Malaysian primary goal of managing certification, the safety of waters and administrative functions related merchant registration and Port. to shipping, ports, and maritime ships. licensing. matters within Malaysian waters. Prior to the establishment of the Marine Department of Peninsular Malaysia, three separate marine departments existed for Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak, each led by distinct Heads of Services. PORT AUTHORITY As one of the primary governmental agencies within the Ministry of Transport, the Port Authority of Malaysia shoulders the responsibility of maintaining and improving port infrastructure, enforcing maritime regulations, and fostering international trade and connectivity. Its reach extends to the nation's major ports, including those in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak. This introduction will offer a deeper exploration of the mission, functions, and significance of the Port Authority of Malaysia, highlighting its instrumental role in the country's maritime and trade activities. The Port Klang Authority (PKA) came into existence as a legal entity on the 1st of July in 1963, with the primary objective of assuming control over the administration of Port Klang, a role previously held by the Malayan Railway Administration. In line with the government's strategic plan to introduce private sector management practices and principles into various government-owned and -controlled ventures across the nation, Port Klang witnessed its initial experience with privatization in 1986. Specifically, the container terminal operations managed by the Port Klang Authority were privatized, and Klang Container Terminal Berhad took over this responsibility. Importantly, the Authority retained a 20% stake in this newly formed company. Following this, additional segments of the port’s operational facilities and services were privatized in 1992 to Klang Port Management Sdn Bhd. Furthermore, the newly developed port facilities on Pulau Lumut were privatized in 1994 to Kelang Multi Terminal Sdn Bhd. These private entities were also granted the opportunity to develop the remaining port facilities outlined in the Port Master Plan 1990 - 2010. As a result of these three distinct privatization endeavors, where operational functions and services were transferred to separate entities, the Port Klang Authority's role transformed into that of a facilitator for trade, a regulator, and a landlord, thereby enhancing its functions and responsibilities." The main functions of the Authority under the redesigned role are as follows: i. Trade Facilitation ii. Port Planning and Development iii. Regulatory Oversight of Privatized Facilities and Services. iv. Free Zone Authority v. Asset Management The Johor Port Authority (JPA), also known as "Lembaga Pelabuhan Johor" in Malay, is a governmental agency responsible for regulating and overseeing port activities within the state of Johor, Malaysia. The authority plays a crucial role in managing and developing port infrastructure and ensuring the safe and efficient movement of goods and vessels through the ports under its jurisdiction. Objectives: 1. Port Development: Enhance and expand port infrastructure, facilities, and services to accommodate the growing demands of international trade and shipping activities. 2. Trade Facilitation: Streamline port processes and procedures to ensure the efficient and cost-effective movement of goods, promoting the competitiveness of Johor's ports 3. Safety and Security: Enforce and uphold maritime safety and security standards, in compliance with international regulations, to safeguard port operations. 4. Environmental Responsibility: Implement measures to reduce the environmental impact of port activities, including pollution control and environmental preservation. 5. Economic Contribution: Contribute to the economic development of Johor by fostering industrial growth, job creation, and trade expansion. 6. Efficiency and Modernization: Embrace modernization and advanced technologies to optimize cargo handling and logistics operations within the ports. Ports under JPA jurisdictions: a) Pasir Gudang Port Pasir Gudang Port is one of the largest and most significant ports in Malaysia. It is a multipurpose port that handles various types of cargo, including containers, bulk cargo, and liquid bulk cargo. The port's strategic location along the Straits of Malacca makes it a crucial gateway for international trade. b) Tanjung Langsat Port Tanjung Langsat Port, located near Pasir Gudang, serves as an important industrial port that supports the petrochemical and chemical industries in the region. It is equipped to handle bulk liquid cargo and is integral to the supply chain of these industries. These ports are pivotal to Malaysia's trade and logistics networks, and they contribute to the economic development of the state of Johor and the country as a whole. The Kuantan Port Authority, also known as Lembaga Pelabuhan Kuantan in Malay, is the organization responsible for the management and administration of the ports in Kuantan, Malaysia. Kuantan is the capital of the state of Pahang and is strategically located on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The port authority plays a crucial role in facilitating maritime trade and transportation in the region. Kuantan Port Authority (Lembaga Pelabuhan Kuantan) oversees and manages several ports and terminals under its jurisdiction. These ports and terminals are located in and around the Kuantan area on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Ports and terminals that fall under the Kuantan Port Authority's management may include: a) Kuantan Port: This is the primary and most significant port under the authority’s jurisdiction. Kuantan Port is a major gateway for trade and commerce in the region, handling a wide range of cargo, including bulk and containerized cargo. b) Kuantan Liquid Bulk Terminal (K-LBT): This terminal specializes in handling liquid bulk cargo, such as petroleum and chemical products. It has the infrastructure and facilities to accommodate vessels carrying these types of cargo. c) Kuantan Multipurpose Terminal (K-MT): The multipurpose terminal is designed to handle various types of cargo, making it versatile for different shipping needs. d) Kuantan General Cargo Terminal (K-GCT): This terminal primarily deals with general cargo, which can include a wide variety of goods that are not in bulk or container form. Bintulu Port, also known as Bintulu Port Authority, is a major port located in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. It plays a crucial role in the economic development of the region, particularly in the transportation of goods and commodities, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), timber, and other products. Bintulu has a history as a fishing village, and its growth as a port began with the development of the timber industry in the early 20th century. Timber became a major export, and Bintulu was a primary point of shipment. The Bintulu Port Authority was established in 1981, under the Ports Act 1963 (revised 1981). This marked a significant step in the development of the port and its formal governance. Objectives: i. Port Management and Development: To manage and oversee the development of the port to ensure it meets the growing demands of the region's trade and industry. This includes the expansion of infrastructure and facilities as necessary. ii. Operational Efficiency: To enhance the efficiency and productivity of port operations, including cargo handling, vessel traffic management, and other logistics-related functions. iii. Safety and Security: To prioritize the safety and security of port facilities, vessels, and personnel. This involves implementing safety measures and security protocols to prevent accidents, protect the environment, and guard against potential threats. iv. Trade Facilitation: To facilitate international trade by providing the necessary infrastructure, services, and regulations that encourage the smooth flow of goods in and out of the port. v. Economic Development: To contribute to the economic development of the region by attracting investment, creating jobs, and stimulating economic activity related to the port and its operations. Port associated under The Bintulu Port Authority. The Bintulu Port Authority manages and oversees the operations of several ports and terminals in the Bintulu area in Sarawak, Malaysia this includes i. Bintulu Port: This is the primary port under the Bintulu Port Authority. It serves as a major maritime gateway for various industries, including the liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector, general cargo handling, and the petrochemical industry. ii. Samalaju Industrial Port (SIP): Located in the Samalaju Industrial Park, SIP is an extension of Bintulu Port and is specifically designed to support the industries in the area, including the Samalaju Industrial Estate. It focuses on bulk cargo and other industrial cargo handling. iii. Tanjung Kidurong Port (TKP): This is another subsidiary of Bintulu Port Authority, strategically located in Kidurong, Bintulu. It primarily handles cargo related to the energy sector, such as the import and export of oil and gas equipment. PPC was created on January 1, 1956, under the Penang Port Commission Act, 1955. PPC is a Ministry of Transport Statutory Body. PPC manages Penang Port as a statutory organisation. The Penang Port Commission Act, 1955 requires PPC to offer and maintain port and ferry service and improve port growth and utilisation. International port Penang Port is ideally placed in the Straits of Malacca on Peninsular Malaysia's North West Coast. Penang Port handles containers, liquid bulk freight, dry bulk cargo, and general cargo with modern facilities. Penang Port Sdn. Bhd. (PPSB) has operated the port and ferry services since 1 January 1994 under the Ports (Privatisation) Act 1990. PPC operates as a Port Authority, Regulatory Authority under the Ports (Privatisation) Act 1990, Port Resource Centre for the north, and Free Commercial Zone (FCZ) Administrator under the Free Commercial Zone Act 1990 and Free Zone Regulations 1991. Parliament amended the 1955 Penang Port Commission Act in 1995. These revisions expand PPC's authority to additional ports. After Teluk Ewa Jetty, Langkawi was privatized, PPC became the Port Authority and Regulatory Authority on January 1, 1999. Objectives: i. Facilitating Trade: Penang Port's foremost objective is to promote and facilitate international trade by providing efficient and reliable port services to importers and exporters. It aims to streamline the movement of goods in and out of the region. ii. Economic Development: Penang Port plays a pivotal role in contributing to the economic development of the region. It attracts investment, generates employment opportunities, and stimulates economic activity by serving as a gateway for industries and businesses. iii. Efficient Port Operations: Ensuring the efficient handling of cargo and vessels is a core objective. Penang Port aims to continuously improve its infrastructure, equipment, and operational processes to enhance efficiency and productivity. iv. Safety and Security: The port places a strong emphasis on the safety and security of port facilities, vessels, and personnel. It implements measures to prevent accidents, protect the environment, and address potential security threats. v. Environmental Responsibility: Penang Port is committed to conducting its operations in an environmentally responsible manner. It seeks to minimize the environmental impact of shipping and cargo handling through sustainable practices.  THE LAND PUBLIC TRANSPORT AGENCY (APAD) OBJECTIVES: The Land Public Transport Agency Planning power - Licensing - Monitoring and (APAD), formerly known as the Land Establishing a Master Plan regulating operator Public Transport Commission (SPAD), to ensure a comprehensive, performance standards is a regulatory body in Malaysia integrated, and sustainable through licensing and responsible for overseeing and infrastructure development. engagement sessions. regulating land-based public Enforcement - Monitoring transportation services in the country. service levels to ensure users get safe, efficient APAD's primary mission is to ensure and reliableservices. the efficient, safe, and sustainable operation of land public transport services, which encompass various modes of transportation, including buses, taxis, e-hailing services, and other land-based transport options DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT In Malaysia, the Department of Environment (DOE) is a key government body that oversees protecting the country's natural assets and promoting sustainable growth. The Ministry of Environment and Water gives the DOE the important job of protecting and improving the country's environment while also controlling and implementing environmental laws and policies. THE GOAL OF DASN IS TO ACHIEVE: A clean, safe, healthy, and productive environment for present and future generations. The preservation of a unique and diverse cultural and natural heritage with the help of all parts of society and A way of life, patterns of consumption, and production that is sustainable. There are eight (8) principles under the DASN: Active Conservation Sustainable Participation in of Resilience The Role of the Use of Natural the International and Diversity Private Sector Resources Community of Nature Continuous Environmental Integrated Commitment Improvement of Monitoring Decision Making and Environmental Accountability Quality  COMMERCIAL VEHICLE INSPECTION CENTRE (PUSPAKOM) Emissions Testing: PUSPAKOM performs emissions tests Commercial Vehicle Inspections: to measure the level of pollutants For commercial vehicles, PUSPAKOM emitted by vehicles, particularly in assesses not only safety and emissions an effort to reduce air pollution and but also compliance with load and contribute to environmental weight regulations. This is crucial to conservation. ensure that vehicles transporting FUNCTIONS goods are within legal limits. Safety Inspections: PUSPAKOM conducts 2 comprehensive safety inspections 3 to check for defects and issues Motorcycle that may compromise the safety Inspections: of the vehicle and its occupants. PUSPAKOM also This includes examining critical conducts inspections components like brakes, steering on motorcycles, systems, lights, and tires. assessing their safety features, emissions, 1 4 and overall roadworthiness.  OTHER REGIONAL BODIES (TRANSPORT RELATED) MALAYSIAN HIGHWAY AUTHORITY Enable effective 4 interurban public road transportation to be provided throughout OBJECTIVES: Link all existing major 3 Enable effective interurban public road transportation to be the country. 2 townships and potential provided throughout areas of development the country. thereby contributing to the economic, cultural and social development and 5 Undertake all related tasks to ensure 1 Provide a fast, safe incorporation of the nation. absolute development 4 and efficient means Plan and carry out of highways and all of road transport research to ensure facilities along them. 3 for the country as a Collect toll from efficient utilization of whole. the users of highways and other highways and facilities along Supervise and execute highways; 2 other dues from the design, facilities along construction and highways. maintenance of rest Supervise and execute the and service areas and FUNCTIONS OF MHA design, construction and other facilities that may maintenance of highways as be deemed necessary 1 determined by the Government along the highways. MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH (MIROS) MIROS is a specialized research organization in Malaysia that focuses on road safety and conducts research to mitigate road traffic accidents and improve road safety measures. MIROS plays a critical role in reducing road accidents, injuries, and fatalities on Malaysia's roads. Functions and roles i. Research and Development: ii. ii. Road Safety Policies: iii. iii. Data Collection and Analysis: iv. Vehicle Safety: v. Road Infrastructure and Design: vi. Driver Behavior and Education: vii. Public Awareness Campaigns: viii. International Collaboration: ix. Road Safety Education and Training:. RAILWAY ASSETS CORPORATION (RAC) FUNCTIONS OF RAC Infrastructure Financial Fleet Development: Management: Management: RAC often plays a role RAC manages the If the RAC owns in developing and financial aspects of rolling stock, it is expanding railway railway operations. responsible for Asset Management: infrastructure. This can Safety and Regulation: This includes Operational the management, RAC is responsible for the include the Ensuring the safety of budgeting, revenue Efficiency: maintenance, management of railway construction of new railway operations is a collection, and cost RAC aims to improve and replacement assets, including tracks, railway lines, upgrading critical role. RAC may management to the operational of the train fleet. stations, bridges, existing tracks, and set and enforce safety ensure the financial efficiency of the signaling systems, rolling improving railway standards and sustainability of the railway network. This stock, and other stations and terminals. regulations to protect railway system. includes optimizing infrastructure. This passengers, schedules, reducing involves planning, employees, and the delays, and maintenance, and general public. enhancing the ensuring the long-term overall performance viability of these assets. of train services. Service provided by RAC THANK YOU ANY QUESTION?