TPT 346 Chapter 4 PDF

CHAPTER 4 CURRENT TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT LEARNING OUTCOME: For this chapter you will be learn on: 1. Changing methods and practices in transport industry 2. Challenges in transport operations 3. The role of technology in transport operations 4. Latest developm...

CHAPTER 4 CURRENT TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT LEARNING OUTCOME: For this chapter you will be learn on: 1. Changing methods and practices in transport industry 2. Challenges in transport operations 3. The role of technology in transport operations 4. Latest development in transport such as low carbon society  4.1 CHANGING METHODS OF OPERATIONS AND PRACTICES OF ALL MODES CHANGING METHODS OF OPERATIONS AND PRACTICES OF ALL MODES The transportation sector is a perfect example of an industry grappling with rapid changes in technology and customer expectations. In particular, these changes are being driven by three major trends: electrification, automation, and servitization. We know that transportation is a major cause of greenhouse gas emissions with these emissions largely coming from the burning of fossil fuels (particularly gasoline and diesel) to run cars, trucks, ships, planes, and trains. We urgently need to transition to greener vehicles – which is where electrification comes in. When it comes to cars, electric vehicles (EVs) appear to be reaching a tipping point. And it’s not just cars that are going electric: TREND 1: 1. Indian ride-sharing company Ola has invested massively in e-scooters. The ELECTRIFICATION company’s e-scooter plant in India is gearing up to produce 10 million electric scooters a year making it the world’s largest e-scooter facility. 2. Companies like Daimler are investing in electric truck technology. 3. Norway has been running electric car ferries since 2015, and the country now aims to run an all-electric fleet by 2023.  CHANGING METHODS OF OPERATIONS AND PRACTICES OF ALL MODES Autonomous vehicles provide an incredible In freight, several companies are opportunity to revolutionize the way people and working to develop autonomous goods are transported, improve road safety and trucks, including TuSimple, which is ease congestion on our busy roads. working with UPS to conduct test operations in Arizona and Texas. They may even change the way our cities are built; less parking lots Currently, TuSimple trucks still have driverless vehicles will be able to drop us at our a driver on board ready to take the destination and come back for us later. wheel, but the company was planning to conduct its first driverless trials in 2021 and start Example: selling autonomous trucks in 2024. i. Tesla’s autonomous vehicle technology would be capable of where the vehicle can carry out all driver tasks in any situation ii. Many other automakers are working towards achieving Level 4 autonomy – where the vehicle can drive itself under certain conditions only – over the next few years. iii. Driverless taxis are already a reality in some parts of the world. Waymo, Alphabet’s autonomous taxi service, launched fully driverless rides for the general public in 2020. In China, AutoX launched its fully driverless TREND 2: taxis in early 2021. AUTONOMOUS, CONNECTED VEHICLES CHANGING METHODS OF OPERATIONS AND PRACTICES OF ALL MODES Servitization is a massive trend that will affect almost all industries, and mobility is no exception. TREND 3: Plus, with the rise of ride-sharing services like Uber and Didi Chuxing, transportation is now much more complex SERVITIZATION and multi-layered than the traditional private ownership model. Increasingly, then, we'll turn to mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) providers to meet our transportation. A company like Uber could technically fall under this bracket, but the MaaS operators of the future will offer customers multiple mobility options via a single payment channel and interface. For example, with a MaaS provider, you could borrow a car for a few hours one day, pick up an e-scooter in town later that day, and hop home on public transport – all via one platform. The key notion here is access to mobility rather than ownership. In the future, the majority of city dwellers may never need to own a car at all.  4.2 CHALLENGES IN THE TRANSPORT BUSINESS CHALLENGES IN THE TRANSPORT BUSINESS Cost of fuel and Routing strategies Traffic predictions Fleet Maintenance Labor Shortage fuel efficiency Transportation routing Transportation operations rely Transportation operations Ensuring that all vehicles are Transportation operators strategies can be complex heavily on fuel costs, and rising must plan their routes and in good working condition face a labor shortage as prices can have a and regularly serviced to and difficult to manage. schedules based on traffic experienced and skilled significant impact on the meet safety requirements. Companies must develop bottom line. Transportation predictions. This involves drivers are difficult to comprehensive plans that analyzing road conditions, Transportation operators managers must take into come by. Transportation must have a comprehensive take into account the account the cost of fuel when weather patterns, peak operators must invest in maintenance schedule in availability of carriers, developing their routing travel times, and more to recruiting, training, and strategies. And companies place, with regular delivery times, load sizes, anticipate traffic patterns inspections of the vehicle’s retaining qualified drivers. must invest in fuel-efficient and geographic location. and delays. Accurate mechanical systems, brakes, They must also ensure technologies and practices to reduce costs over time. predictions are essential wheels, and tires. that their drivers receive Transportation managers for successful Transportation managers proper credentials and must also consider any Regulatory compliance: transportation operations, must keep up with all certifications for the job additional costs Transportation operations as delays can lead to scheduled maintenance tasks before they are allowed to associated with routings, must also adhere to a variety missed deadlines or and document all operate the vehicles. of regulations, such as maintenance activities. such as fuel surcharge fees increased costs. Transportation operators emissions standards or speed Transportation operators or tolls. limits. Organizations must stay Transportation managers need to have systems in must use a variety of tools must also incorporate place to monitor driver up-to-date on changes and data sources to preventive maintenance into in regulations and take the performance, review DOT their operations, such as necessary steps to ensure develop accurate traffic logs, and ensure compliance, which can add regularly checking oil levels, predictions to run their compliance with safety costs to their operations. filters, fluids, and visual operations. inspections. regulations. CHALLENGES IN THE TRANSPORT BUSINESS Social Costs – Pollution, Congestion, Accidents Transport economics is characterized by several categories of social costs. Some of the standard types of social transport costs explored include congestion delays, accident costs, noise, and air pollution and greenhouse gases. A C P Overall demand for transport activity (for both passenger and freight) is growing rapidly, and there is a growing consensus on the need for more sustainable patterns of transport activities. C O O Moreover it is necessary to shift to more environmentally friendly modes of transport and improving vehicles C N L and fuels, as a priority to reduce urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. I G L In order to reduce volumes of traffic and emissions, regulations and standards, environmental friendly D E U technologies and concepts for public transport and 'green cities' have to be implemented. UNEP supports governments and partners in implementing policies, technologies and investments that lead to low-carbon, E S T green transport on the ground. N T I Share the Road that advocates a systematic inclusion on non- The Global Initiative on Promoting Bus UNEP supports also the "Make Roads Rapid Transit and Promoting Sustainable Safe - Campaign for Global Road T I O motorized transport (NMT) infrastructure in urban road Transport in Latin America aims to facilitate the shift from private Safety“ which addresses politicians, international institutions, vehicle S O N investments. It combines the agendas for mitigating motorization to public and non motorized transport. Another initiative is manufacturers and road planners. It aims to reduce road deaths and N climate change, improving road safety The Partnership for Clean Fuels and injuries with a focus on developing and increasing accessibility to essential Vehicles, that aim at reducing vehicular countries, poor communities and services by investing in NMT emissions in developing countries to children. infrastructure. improve urban air quality. CHALLENGES IN THE TRANSPORT BUSINESS Social Costs – Pollution, Congestion, Accidents Transport economics is characterized by several categories of social costs. Some of the standard types of social transport costs explored include congestion delays, accident costs, noise, and air pollution and greenhouse gases. A C Traffic Congestion is a traffic Common types of congestion include: i. Congestion caused by Traffic-Influencing Events: Weather conditions like C O phenomena characterized by slower vehicle speeds rain or snow, construction works or accidents can reduce the capacity of roads and intersections. C N longer trip times increased queuing of vehicles. I G ii. Gridlock: This means that all roads leading to a major intersection become blocked, making it impossible for any cars to pass through the Traffic congestion occurs when the D E number of vehicles is larger than the intersection. E S capacity of a road or intersection. iii. Bottleneck: This happens when a certain section of road becomes too narrow for all cars, causing some to slow down or even stop completely. N T As a result vehicles pile up, velocity decreases and trip time increases. T I iv. Shockwave: This occurs when one car suddenly slams on its brakes, causing several other cars behind it to also slow down or stop. The point at which road or intersection S O capacity equals traffic demand is v. Congestion caused by special Events: Certain events such as football N referred to as saturation. games or concerts can cause increased traffic due to the influx of large numbers of people coming into the area. CHALLENGES IN THE TRANSPORT BUSINESS Social Costs – Pollution, Congestion, Accidents Transport economics is characterized by several categories of social costs. Some of the standard types of social transport costs explored include congestion delays, accident costs, noise, and air pollution and greenhouse gases. A Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) defines accidents as occurs when a vehicle hits a person, object, or another C vehicle, causing injury, fatality, or damage. C There are two types of crash data collection in terms of method to track road crash and fatalities; I i. Authorized-based by the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) ii. Research-based by the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety D Research (MIROS). E Investigation by RMP serves legal purposes grounded by the Road N Transport Act 1987 and covers all level of crash severity on the spot. The research-based approach by MIROS identifies crash and injury T factors consisting of human, engineering and environmental aspects, conducted by two criteria, retrospective and on the spot. S The number of road accident in Malaysia is increased during last ten years (Figure 1). Meanwhile, the number of fatalities has been a steady reduction from peaked at 7,152 in 2016 and showed the lowest number at 6,167 in 2019 during the last ten years (Figure 2). CHALLENGES IN THE TRANSPORT BUSINESS Safety Issues Public transportation poses a higher risk of safety and security since there happen to be more passengers in one car. The problem becomes worse in developing countries, because of the lack of suitable and integrated approaches. Road accidents are one of the For continuity, the Malaysia Road Safety Plan 2022–2030 leading causes of death in the (PKJRM 2022-2030) has been developed. The plan has country. targeted a 50% reduction in the number of deaths due to road accidents by the end of 2030. The Malaysia Road Safety Plan 2014-2020 (PKJRM 2014-2020) implemented by the This target is in line with UN resolution government has succeeded in 74/299 which also declared the period of recording a decrease in road 2021-2030 as The Second Global Decade of accidents by 4.8% each year. Action for Road Safety. CHALLENGES IN THE TRANSPORT BUSINESS Environment and Energy Issues Transportation from the environmental Transportation from the energy perspectives consumption perspectives  Transportation activities support increasing mobility demands for  Transportation and energy can be seen from a cost-benefit perspective, passengers and freight, and with transport activities also associated with where requires a proportional amount of energy and subject to environmental impacts that can have negative effects. different transport modes, each having its utility and level of performance.  Further, environmental conditions affect transportation systems regarding operating conditions and infrastructure requirements such as construction  Passengers and high-value goods can be transported by fast but energy- and maintenance. intensive modes since the time component of their mobility tends to have a high value, which conveys the willingness to use more energy.  Transportation and the environment can thus be perceived as a system with retroactive effects. The transport sector, including all modes,  Economies of scale, mainly those achieved by maritime transportation, accounts for about 25% of global CO2 emissions. are linked to low energy consumption per unit of mass transported but at a slower speed. This fits freight transport particularly for bulk, where  Further to these emissions, there are environmental impacts unique to time is less critical and buffer stock can be accumulated. transportation, such as the procurement, refining, and distribution of fossil fuels and noise emitted by transport operations with conveyances and  Comparatively, air freight has high energy consumption levels linked to terminals. high-speed services with limited buffer stocks.  4.3 TRANSPORT AND TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY AND AIR TRANSPORTATION Ticket Purchasing Security Features In-Flight Amenities These developments have focused on the detection of Rather than head to a travel agent, modern drugs, weapons and contraband, and the identification In-flight entertainment has evolved from a travelers can go online and use any of travelers through immigration. To prevent illegal few communal televisions per plane to number of websites to find the cheapest items being smuggled onboard, airport security has individual screens with full a range of fares and make online bookings to see introduced 3D full body scanners and other hi-tech multimedia to choose from. You can even where the best seats are on a particular measures. often find in-flight Wi-Fi with some airlines. model of plane for maximum comfort. Border security systems have begun to rely on technologies such as biometric security, where eye tracking, facial recognition and fingerprinting are used To enhance your comfort on board, noise Plus, once the airline ticket has been to confirm the identity of those entering countries. cancelling headphones have made enjoying booked, the boarding pass can often be all this entertainment even easier, as well as saved to a smartphone and used without Similarly, electronic chips in passports and e-Visas drowning out the in-flight ambient noise of any paper whatsoever. allow governments to properly track people’s the plane. movements and move away from the manual process of passport stamps. TECHNOLOGY AND RAIL TRANSPORTATION The most obvious developments with rail transport in recent memory have been the faster speeds offered by high-speed rail. A perfect example of this is Japan’s Shinkansen network, often known as bullet trains. Linking up cities across the country, bullet trains are high-speed trains that quickly and comfortably take passengers about Japan. The speed and convenience of the bullet train means that they’re often just as fast as flying when considering all the necessary pre- and post-flight activities. The Japanese Shinkansen is such an innovative model that it is inspiring similar approaches in places like India. Rather than relying on an engine and conventional tracks, Maglev trains use a series of powerful magnets to levitate and propel the train along the route. With no moving parts, maglev trains can run faster and smoother than traditional trains. Currently, the fastest of Japan’s bullet trains reach 224 mph, while the Shanghai Maglev train reaches 267 mph. Maglev is widely seen as the future of train travel, given that the current fastest train speed of 374mph belongs to the Chuo Shinkansen Maglev train network currently being developed. TECHNOLOGY AND LAND TRANSPORTATION Ride Sharing Electric & Apps Hybrid Cars Ride-sharing apps have become extremely In a move to reduce humanity’s reliance on These vehicles use a range of technological popular alternative in big cities. Services like Uber fossil fuels, electric and hybrid cars have grown information inputs to navigate both road and Lyft offer a form of on-demand carpooling in popularity. These cars incorporate an electric networks and traffic to bring a passenger to through their smartphone apps, connecting motor and rechargeable battery technology, their destination. drivers with passengers. although hybrid cars use a fuel engine to power their electric motor. When properly implemented, it is seen to Ride-sharing is often seen to lead to a better have a multitude of benefits, from reducing customer experience, thanks to rating systems Since they generally lead to lower greenhouse the frequency of accidents to improved traffic and the ability to track your vehicle with the gas emissions, these vehicles are widely flow. Of course, this approach also has driver’s details. considered environmentally- friendly. The benefits for those with mobility issues or who biggest challenge to electric cars still is their cannot drive as it provides them with greater Although they’re seen as convenient, a study by range between charges, although some models accessibility to transportation. the UC Davis Institute of Transportation Studies can reach as far as 315 miles on a full charge. found that rather than ride-sharing services There are still some concerns with self-driving replacing private car journeys, people are often technology including incidents with using ride-sharing services instead of public pedestrians and the potential for software transport, cycling or walking. This of course leads glitches. to greater congestion and is less environmentally friendly.  4.4 LOW CARBON SOCIETY A low-carbon society is a society where people collaborate to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, whether emitted from the goings-on of daily life or from industrial and factory processes. The ultimate aim is to produce only enough carbon dioxide that can be absorbed by nature, so that we can be carbon neutral. There is an urgent need for the world to reduce carbon emissions. After all, the Earth has already warmed about 1 degree Celsius since the 19th century due to the effects of greenhouse gases. At the 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP24) the participating countries set a goal to keep this century’s average temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius.  4.5 CERTIFICATE OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCY (CPC) The Certificate of Professional Competence (CPC) is a legally required certification for all operators of heavy vehicles across Europe. The vehicles that fall under the CPC requirement include:  Buses, coaches, and other vehicles with a passenger capacity of nine or more seats  Commercial heavy goods vehicles (HGVs)  Large goods vehicles (LGVs) with a weight capacity exceeding 3.5 tons It is required over and above the driver or operator's license. The CPC came into effect for bus and coach drivers on September 10, 2008 and for HGV and LGV operators the following year, on September 10, 2009.  4.6 OTHER CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS Today’s systems employ advanced technology like GPS for real-time vehicle tracking, data analysis for optimal routing, and telematics for driver communications. Amidst this complexity, they must also account for environmental impacts like air pollution and fuel consumption. Transportation operations encapsulate every aspect of a business’s transportation services, ranging from maintaining the fleet and adhering to government regulations to choosing and optimizing routes and dispatching vehicles. This includes managing the supply chain, ensuring safety and security, adhering to customer service standards, training drivers, and balancing costs. Furthermore, it necessitates tracking evolving customer needs to deliver a proficient and reliable service that aligns with their expectations. At its core, Transportation Operations involves managing the numerous elements that constitute a successful transportation system, from choosing routes to optimizing vehicles, and monitoring performance. Through meticulous coordination of these components, it ensures the movement of goods and people is both safe and efficient. This strategic orchestration not only meets business objectives but also fosters customer satisfaction. Transportation helps shape a nation’s economic health and quality of life. Not only does the transportation system provide for the mobility of people and goods, it also influences patterns of growth and economic activity by providing access to land. The performance of the system affects public policy concerns like air quality, environmental resource consumption, social equity, land use, urban growth, economic development, safety, and security. THANK YOU ANY QUESTION?