topnotchers_notes-2.pdf

“For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 BLEPT REVIEWER...

“For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 BLEPT REVIEWER “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 ENGLISH “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 English Vocabulary Authors/People Demoted – abase Cruel – despotic William Shakespeare – England’s Praise glowingly – persiflage National Poet Manual skill – dexterity Charles Dickens – Pioneered Serial Shapeless – amorphous Publication Fondness – penchant Charles Dickens – Pickwick Papers Loveliness – pulchritude Doris Lessing – A Room of One’s Own Change – transmuted Nathaniel Hawthorne – Scarlet Letter Supernatural – transcendental Robert Frost – The Road Not Taken Bitterness – rancor Johanne Kathleen Rowling (J K Worldly – carnal Rowling) – Harry Potter Ordinary – mundane Robert Galbraith – J.K. Rowling Obscenity – profanity Sophocles – Oedipus Rex Prophetic – apocalyptic John Milton – Paradise Lost Irrelevant – impertinent Antoine de Saint Exupery – The Little Verbous – loquacious Prince Hero – patriot Confucius – Analects Very brave – intrepid Confucius – Golden Rule (Do not Do) Very eager, cover to cover – voracious Homer – Iliad and Odessy Left behind – abandoned Virgil – The Aeneid Large fire – conflagaration Mark Twain – The Adventures of Tom Excellent – first rate Sawyer Composure – aplomb Mark Twain – The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Will – volition Mcbeth – overwhelming ambition for Equal length of day and night – equinox power Confidential, understandable by few – Hamlet – to be or not to be (indecision) esoteric Merchant of Venice – Mercy from Disorderly – chaotic Heaven Line – queue William Shakespeare – Mcbeth Foretelling – divination William Shakespeare – Hamlet Awkward looking – baduy William Shakespeare – Merchant of Easy to manage – docile Venice Based on false ideas – illusive Charles Dickens – Christmas Carol State of well-being – euphoria Carol S Lewis – Chronicles of Narnia Comforts, facilities, luxuries – amenities Leo Tolstoy – God Sees the Truth But Limited – blue resources Waits Lessen – abate Dante Alighieri – Divine Comedy Dry – arid Wole Soyinka – Nigerian novelist, poet, Embarkation – Ingress and playwright Character Less – Insipid Francis Bacon – Father of English Clever – sly Essay Runaway – abscond Francis Bacon – Father of Empericism Wittiness – jocularity Francis Bacon – Father of Scientific Stingy – parsimonious Method Immature – sophomoric Johannes Guttenberg – Father of Relevant – apposite Printing Unstoppable – irrepressible William Shakespeare – Greatest Foreshadowing – prolepsis English Writer William Shakespeare – Greatest Sonnet Writer “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 William Shakespeare – Bard of Avon Ophelia Dimalanta – known for love Geoffrey Chaucer – Father of English sonnets Literature Ralph Waldo Emerson – “A little Geoffrey Chaucer – Morning Star of knowledge is a dangerous thing” English Literature Salvador Lopez - rival of Doveglion Edgar Allan Poe – Father of Horror Thales of Mellitus – first man to replace Stories myth with natural laws Edgar Allan Poe – Father of Detective William Wordsworth – Intimations of Stories Immortality from recollections of Early Guy De Maupassant – Foremost Childhood French Story Writer Ramon Magsaysay – “For democracy Homer – Mythical Geographer will die” Cicero – Greatest Orator of the World William Ernest Henley – Invictus Psalms of King David – Greatest Lyric Manuel L Quezon – “My loyalty to my Poem party ends when my loyalty to my Rabindranath Tagore – Indian country begin” National Poet Jose Rizal – I die just when the dawn Kalidasa – India’s Shakespeare breaks to herald the day John Milton – Blind Poet of England Guy De Maupassant – regarded as the Panchatantra – Best Known Collection master of the short story form of Folktale and Animal Fables of Indian Guy de Maupassant – Ball of Fat Lit (Vishnusarman) (Masterpiece) Sakuntala – Most Beloved Indian Play Guy de Maupassant – The Necklace (Kalidasa) Virginia Woof – A Room of One’s Own Francisco Petrarch – Greatest Indian Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Poet Cabin Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra – The Gilda Cordero Fernando – Carlos Adventures of Don Quixote Palanca Memorial award for short Jonathan Swift – Gulliver’s Travel stories Leo Tolstoy – Regarded as Greatest 19th Fernando Petrarch – isa pang magaling Century Russian Writer sa sonnet Chinua Achebe – The Vulture Percy Bessy Shelly – writer of Oh! Wild Rabindranath Tagore – Gitanjali West Wind (Song Offerings) Geovanni Boccaccio – The Decameron Abraham Lincoln - Gettysburg Og Mandino – The Greatest Salesman Address in the World Thackery – Vanity Fair Communal authorship – Beowulf Bienvenido Santos – Filipino’s concept Gabriel Okara – Once Upon a Time of American culture Edward Fitzgerald – edited Rubaiyat Nick Joaquin – Filipino Spanish culture Mary Ann Evans – George Eliot Guy de Maupassant – Foremost French Samuel Langhorne Clemens – Mark Story Writer Twain Edgar Allan Poe – Annabel Lee Nelson Mandela – Nigerian against Edgar Allan Poe – The Fall of The racial discrimination (democracy) House of Usher Alexander Demas – The Count of Edgar Allan Poe – The Cask of Monte Cristo Amontillado Ferdinand Blumentrit – bestfriend ni Zulueta Da Costa – Filipinos are like Rizal the Molave Geoffrey Chaucer – Canterburry Tales Jose Garcia Villa – First Filipino (pilgrimage)(a story within a story) National Artist for Literature (1973) William Blake – A Poison Tree (Apple Fernando Amorsolo – First Filipino represents a trap that the persona was National Artist able to make for his enemy) Omar Khayam – Rubaiyat Homer – Iliad and Odyssey Rubaiyat – Grasping pleasure while you Plato – The Republic can Leqi Unninni- The Epic of Gilgamesh “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Virgil – The Aeneid Jonathan Swift – Gulliver’s Travel Euripides – Alcestis William Faulkner – The Sound and the Eurepides – Medea Fury Eurepides – Hippolytus William Faulkner – A Rose for Emily Eurepides – The Trojan Women Herman Melville – Moby Dick Euripides – Electra Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace William Shakespeare – Much Ado Leo Tolstoy – Ananakarenina About Nothing Sigmund Freud – The Interpretation of William Shakespeare – Twelfth Knight Dreams Moliere – The School of Wives James Joyce – Ulysses Moliere – Tartuffe Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince Moliere – The Would Be Gentleman Alexis De Tocqueville – Democracy in Lawrence Sterne – Tristram Shandy America Samuel Coleridge – The Ancient Sophocles – Theban Plays Mariner Sophocles – Oedipus and Colunus Samuel Coleridge – Christabel Sophocles – Oedipus Rex Samuel Coleridge – Kublai Khan Sophocles – Antigone John Locke – Second Treatise of Thucydides – The History of Government Peloponnesian War Henry Fielding – Tom Jones David Hume – An Inquiry Concerning Jean Jacques Rousseau – The Social Human Understanding Contact David Herbert Lawrence – Sons and Aristotle – Ethics Lovers Aristotle – Politics David Herbert Lawrence – Lady Aristotle – Poetics Chatterly’s Lover Herodutos – The Histories David Herbert Lawrence – The Fox Marcus Aurelius – Meditations Ivan Turgenev – Fathers and Sons Kojiki – Record of Ancient Matters (one Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary of the First work of Japanese prose) Emily Dickinson – The Soul Selects No – Classical Theater of Japan Her Society No – World’s Extant Professional Emily Dickinson – A Dimple in the Theater Tomb Nihon Shoki – Chronicles of Japan (one Edith Wharton – The Age of Innocence of the first work of Japanese prose) Edith Wharton – The House of Mirth Valmiki – The Ramayana E M Forster – A passage to India Vyasa – The Mahabharata John Stuart Mill – Oh Liberty William Wordsworth – The Prelude John Stuart Mill – The Subjection of Nikolai Gogol – Dead Souls Women Jean Austin – Emma Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe – Faust Jean Austin – Voltaire Charles Dickens – The Tale of Two Writings Cities Charles Dickens – David Copperfield Gilgamesh – first epic Charles Dickens – Great Expectations Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of Aristophanes – The Clouds writing Aristophanes – Lysistrata Calligraphy – Chinese system of writing Aristophanes – The Birds Mahabharata – longest epic of India Sssu Ma Chien – Records of the Grand Historia Nebelungenlied – medieval German Epic Sun Tzu – The Art of War Rig Veda – collection of Indian sacred Muhammad – The Koran hyms Gabriel Garcia Marquez – One Upanishad – collection of Indian sacred Hundred Years of Solitude texts Gabriel Garcia Marquez – Love in the Gitanjali – song offerings Time of Cholera “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Philosophers Types of Reference Materials Thales – first to replace myths with Almanac – annual calendar, most natural laws important dates, astronomical data, Socrates – question and answer method statistical information, and time table Plato – The Republic Atlas – collection of maps Aristotle – Father of Biology/Taxonomy Encyclopedia – set of books that are Alexander the Great – a great arranged alphabetically conqueror Bibliography – sources and references Biography – peoples life Suprasegmental Gazetteer – geographical dictionaries, (google earth) Stress – emphasis Handbook – a book containing Juncture – slight pause that can make information change in a sentence Index – important pointers about the Pitch – highness or lowness of the tone coverage of the book Intonation – rise and fall of voice Others Logical Fallacy Emergent – reading for meaning, reader Ad hominem reasoning – attacking the can understand the concept/meaning of person and not the argument text Hasty generalization – stereotyping Limerick – humorous and obscene Emotional appeal – attacking/arousing Haiku – 17 syllables, nature as a topic the emotion Tanka – 31 syllables, love and nature as Bandwagon technique – gaya – gaya a topic mentality Couplet – last two line of a sonnet Appositive verb – renames the subject Levels of Comprehension by something that represents it with the use of comma Literal comprehension – lowest form Cinquin – five lines, diamond shape of comprehension, simply what the text Kindergarten – first fosters critical says, foundation of comprehension thinking Inferential comprehension – Skimming – main idea, previewing and prediction, drawing conclusion, implied, surveying stated Scanning – information Critical comprehension – identifying Intensive – careful or in-depth reading the accuracy of the information Extensive – reading for pleasure, Creative comprehension – application element of enjoyment Uncle Tom’s Cabin – nagmapulat kay Reading Levels Rizal upang labanan ang mga Spaniards Trochaic – poetic foot having one Independent reading level – highest stressed syllable followed by one level of reading unstressed syllable Instructional reading level – 2nd /p/ - voiceless sound highest level of reading Devil’s Island – in the Count of Monte Excellent reading level – doing a Cristo, Edmond Dante was wrongfully meaningless decoding imprisoned in ______ Frustration reading level – a reader Uploading – the process of sending a does not have an adequate background file from the computer to another knowledge computer in a network Aesop’s fable – collection of animal stories with moral Jesus – rabbi that uses parables in the bible in his teachings “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Having worked – After ______ all day, father finally found time to rest. Spanish – junda de Filipinas is an oil on canvas painting by _____ Love – not a universal value Waste not, want not – do not waste things, you might need it in the future Bubbly resourceful – lack of correlation Greek and Roman Gods/Goddesses Aphrodite, Venus – goddess of love and beauty Apollo, Apollo – god of music, poetry, and the sun Ares, Mars – god of war Artemis, Diana – goddess of the moon Asclepius, Aesculapius – god of medicine Athena, Minerva – goddess of wisdom Cronus, Saturn – god of the sky and agriculture Demeter, Ceres – goddess of fertility and crops Dionysus, Bacchus – god of wine, ecstasy Eros, Cupid – god of love Gaea, Terra – mother earth Hades, Dis – god of the underworld Hephaestus, Vulcan – god of fire; craftsman for the gods Hera, Juno – queen of the gods; goddess of marriage Hermes, Mercury – messenger of the gods, travel Persephone, Proserpina – queen of the underworld Poseidon, Neptune – god of the sea Zeus, Jupiter – ruler of the gods Others Altogether – entirely or completely All together – everyone or everything together Culpable – guilty Lucid – clear thinking Phantom of delight – lovely Sophisticated – high tech, complicated Color materials – audio-visual set of equipment that can best project visual material in a classroom that is difficult to darken Haiku – 17 syllables “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 FILIPINO “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Manuel Arguila – How my Brother Filipino Leon brought Home a Wife Amador Daguio – Man of Earth Amador Daguio – The Wedding Dance Mga Awiting Bayan Francisco Arcellana – The Mats Paz Marquez Benitez – Dead Stars Oyayi/hele – awit na pampatulog ng Carlos Bulosan – America is in the bata Heart Diona – awit sa pagpapakasal Coreto Paras Sulit – The Bolo Umbay – awit sa paglilibing Kerima Pulotan Tuvera – The Virgin Talindaw – awit sa pamamangka Edilberto Tiempo – More Than the Suliranin – awit sa paggawa Conquerors Kumintang – awit ng tagumpay Estrella Alfon – Magnificence Dalit/imno – awit sa diyos at diyosa Amadis Ma Guerrero – Children of the Kundiman – awit ng pag-iibigan sa City tagalog Paz Latorena – Desire Balitaw – awit ng pag-iibigan sa bisaya Pas Latorena – Sunset Salagintok – awit sa pakikipagkaibigan Jose Garcia Villa – Man Songs Francisco Sionel Jose – Ermita Mga Manunulat Francisco Sionel Jose – Poon Francisco Sionel Jose – My Brother, Aurelio Tolentino – Kahapon, Ngayon My Executioner at Bukas Cirilo Bautista – The Archipelago Graciano Lopez Jaena – Fray Botod Cirilo Bautista – Telex Moon Marcelo H Del Pilar – Fray Locracia Cirilo Bautista – Sunlight and Broken Zoilo Galang – A Child of Sorrow Stars Severino Reyes – Walang Sugat Tita Lacambra Ayala – Sunflower Amado V Hernandez – Isang Dipang Poems Langit Magdalena Jalandoni – Juanita Cruz Lualhati Bautista – Dekada 70 Magdalena Jalandoni – Ang Dalaga sa Lualhati Bautista – Gapo Tindahan Lualhati Bautista – Bulaklak ng City Maximo Ramos – The Creatures of Jail Philippine Celso Al Carunungan – Ang Satanas sa Maximo Ramos – Lower Mythology Lupa Gilda Cordero Fernando – People in Paz Latorena – The Small Key the War Modesto de Castro – Urbana at Feliza Gilda Cordero Fernando – The MhDP – Caiigat Cayo Visitation of the Gods Alejandro Abadilla – Ako ang Daigdig Gilda Cordero Fernando – The Genoveva Edroza Matute – Kwento ni Butcher, The Baker and Candlestick Mabuti maker Hermogenes Ilagan – Dalagang Bukid Jessica Hagedorn – Dog Eaters Idelfonso Santos – Ang Guryon Jessica Hagedorn – Gangsters of Love Jesus Balmori – “Batikuling” Maria Luisa Igloria – Encanto “Makatang Laureado” Maria Luisa Igloria – Blood Sacrifice Juan Abad – Tanikalang Ginto Juan Crisostomo Sotto – Lidia Liwayway Arceo – Uhaw ang Tigang Kerima Pulotan Tuvera – The Hand of na Lupa the Enemy Lope K Santos – Banaag at Sikat Gregorio Brillantes – The Living and MhDP – Dasalan at Tocsohan The Dead Inigo Regalado – Ang Sampaguitang Gregorio Brillantes – A Wind Over the Walang Bango Earth Francisco Baltazar – Florante at Laura Gregorio Brillantes – Distance to Juan de Placencia – Doctrina Cristiana Andromeda Alberto Florentino – The World is an Ricardo Demetillo – No Certain Apple Weather “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Ricardo Demetillo – Barter in Panay Sagisag Panulat Ricardo Demetillo – Daedalus Ricardo Demetillo – Masks and Euripides – Electra Signatures Virgilio Almario – Rio Alma Francisco Benitez – What is an Cicilio Apostol – Catulo Educated Filipino Cicilio Apostol – Calipso/Calypso Nick Joaquin – The Woman Who Had Francisco Baltazar – Balagtas Two Navels Andres Bonifacio – Agapito Nick Joaquin – Summer Solstice Bagumbayan Nick Joaquin – May Day Eve Andres Bonifacio – May Pag-Asa Carlos Bulosan – The Laughter of My Andres Bonifacio – Magdiwang Father Felipe Calderon – Simoun/Simeoun Carlos Bulosan – The Voice of Bataan Felipe Calderon – Elias Carlos Bulosan – The Power of the Florentino Collantes – Kuntil Butil People Jose Corazon de Jesus – Husing Batute Salvador Lopez – Literature and Jose Corazon de Jesus – Pusong Hapis Society Jose Corazon de Jesus – Luksang Carmen Guerrero Nakpil – My Paruparo Humble Opinion Jose Dela Cruz – Husing Sisiw Carmen Guerrero Nakpil – Women Epifanio Delos Santos – G. Solon Enough Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales – Bienvenido Santos – The Volcano MVM Gonzales Bienvenido Santos – The Man Who MhDP – Plaridel (Thought He) Looked Like Robert MhDP – Dolores Manapat Taylor MhDP – Piping Dilat Bienvenido Santos – The Day the MhDP – Siling Labuyo Dancers Came MhDP – Pupdoh Bienvenido Santos – Scent of Apples Severino Reyes – Lola Basyang Arturo Rotor – Zita Fernando Ma Guerrero – Fluvio Gil Arturo Rotor – The Wound and Scar Fernando Ma Guerrero – Florisel Aida Rivera Ford – Now and at the Amado V Hernandez – Amante Ernani Hour Amado V Hernandez – Herminia de la Leona Florentino – Poems in Spanish Riva and Ilocano Amado V Hernandez – Julio Abril Paz Marquez Benitez – Stepping Stone Emilio Jacinto – Dimas Ilaw Paz Marquez Benitez – Half a Life Emilio Jacinto – Pingkian Edith Tiempo – The Native Coast Nick Joaquin – Quijano de Manila Edith Tiempo – The Tracks of Babylon Graciano Lopez Jaena – Bolivar Edith Tiempo – Blade of Fern Graciano Lopez Jaena – Diego Laura Edilberto Tiempo – The Witch Juan Luna – JB Carlos Bulosan – My Father’s Tragedy Juan Luna – Buan Alejandro R Roces – My Brother’s Antonio Luna – Taga – Ilog Peculiar Chicken Juan Luna – Potacio Manuel Arguilla – Morning in Apolinario Mabini – Paralitiko Nagrebcan Apolinario Mabini – Katabang Aida L Rivera – Love in the Cornhusk Jose Palma – Anahaw MVM Gonzales – Bread of Salt Jose Palma – Esteban Estebanes Jose Palma – Gan Hantik Jose Maria Panganiban – JoMaPa Pascual Poblete – Anak Bayan Mariano Ponce – Tikbalang Mariano Ponce – Kalipulako Mariano Ponce – Nanding Jose Rizal – Dimas-alang Jose Rizal – Laong Laan “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Jose Rizal – Agno Diogracias Rosario – ama ng maikling Jose Rizal – Calambeno kwento Lope K Santos – Anak Bayan Severino Reyes – ama ng sarswelang Lope K Santos – Doktor Lukas tagalog Lope K Santos – Lakandalita Lope K Santos – ama ng balarilang Pio Valenzuela – Madlang Awa Pilipino Jose Garcia Villa – Doveglion Francisco Balagtas – ama ng panulaang tagalog Mahahalagang Tao Pascual Poblete – ama ng pahayagang tagalog Jose Corazon de Jesus – Pagka Unang Amado V Hernandez – ama ng tunay na Makata (Parangal) panitikang manggagawa Andres Bonifacio – Kauna-unahang Amado V Hernandez – makata ng nagsalin ng “Mi Ultimo Adios” sa manggagawa tagalog Valeriano Pena – ama ng nobelang Cicero – “Ang retorika ay isang pahayag tagalog na dinesenyo upang makapanghikayat Greoge Mendel – father of genetics Teodoro Agoncillo – Madamdaming Jose Garcia Villa – First Filipino mananalaysay ayon kay Carmen National Artist for Literature Guerrero Nakpil Jose Garcia Villa – excessive use of Estrella Alfon – ipinalagay na comma pinakaunang babaeng manunulat sa Salvador Lopez – rival of doveglion ingles bago makadigma Ramon Magsaysay – “For democracy Jose Corazon de Jesus – Makata ng will die” Pag-ibig Gilda Cordero Fernando – Carlos Jose Corazon de Jesus – Hari ng Palanca Memorial award for short Balagtasan stories Jose Palma – Sumulat ng titik ng lupang hinirang Uri ng Pangungusap na Walang Paksa Julian Felipe – naglapat ng musika sa lupang hinirang (composer) Essentialism – oldest educational Lope K Santos – nagbalangkas ng philosophy Abakada Eksistensiyal – nagtatanong kung Lualhati Bautista – kilalang mayroon o wala feministang manunulat Modal – gusto, nais, pwede o kailanman MhDP – dakilang political analyst ng Padamdam – masidhing damdamin kilusang propaganda Pamanahon/phenomenal – nagsasaad Pedro Paterno – nagsulat ng kauna- ng oras o panahon unahang nobelang panlipunan sa wikang Pormulasyong panlipunan – mga bati kastila (Ninay) William Shakespeare – “Ang pag-ibig Tayutay ay hindi pag-ibig kapag nagbabago kung nakakakita ng pagbabago” Pagtutulad – simile Fidel Ramos – nagdeklara ng Agosto Pagwawangis – methapor bilang buwan ng wikang pambansa Pagsasatao – personification Florentino Collantes – Unang Paghihimig – onomatopoeia makatang Pilipino na tumuligsa sa mga Pagmamalabis – hyperbole Amerikano Pagtatambis – oxymoron Isabelo Dels Reyes – founded Union Pagpapalit tawat – metonymy Obrera Democratica (first labor union in Pagpapalit saklaw – synecdoche the Phil.) Pag uyam – irony Nick Joaquin – Filipino Hispanic Pagtawag – apostrophe Culture Paglumanay – euphemism Bienvenido Santos – American Filipino culture Maneul Roxas – ama ng wikang pambansa “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Bahagi ng Pananalita Pang-uri Panggalan – noun Kaantasan Panghalip – pronoun Lantay – declarative Pang uri – adjectives Pahambing – comparative Pandiwa – verb Pasukdol – superlative Pang abay – adverb Pangatnig – conjunction Panghalip Pang ukol – preposition Padamdam – interjection Pamatlig – ito, ditto, iyan, diyan, iyon, doon Morpemang Leksikal Pang – uri Panggalan – noun Panghalip – pronoun Pamilang – wala, isa, dalawa, etc. Pandiwa – verb Panunuran – ikatlo, pang-apat, Pang uri – adjective ginagamit sa pagtukoy sa pagkaka-ayos o pagkakasunod sunod ng mga Pang abay – adverb pangngalan Morpemang Pangkayarian Pagtakda – iisa, singkwenta, nagsasabi ng tiyak na bilang o halaga Pang angkop – na, ng, g Others Pangatnig – kaya, at, saka, pati, at iba Denotasyon – meaning sa dictionary pa Kontasyon – pagpapakahulugan Pang ukol – sa, tungkol sa/kay, ayon sa/kay Karaniwang ayos – walang “ay” Pananda – ay, si, ang, ng, sina, ni/nina, Di karaniwang ayos – may “ay” kay/kina Palansak – isahan, waluhan, animan, palansak, etc. Pokus ng Pandiwa Pananda – ang mga Arbitraty – nagpapahayag na ang wika Tagaganap o actor – gumagawa ng ay nauunawaan ng lahat at kilos (sino) napagkasunduan ng isang lahi/pangkat Layon – binigyang diin Ganapan – lugar na pinangyarihan ng Wastong Gamit kilos, may hulaping “an” ang pandiwa Lantay – declarative Tagatanggap – tao o bagay na Subukin – to test/try nakinabang (receiver of action) Subukan – to see secretly Gamit o instrumental – ginamit sa Operahin – specific body part (titistisin) paggawa ng kilos, may unlaping “ipi” or Operahan – tao o hayop na sasailalim “pi” ang pandiwa sa pagtitistis Sanhi – kadahilanan ng kilos (bakit), Pahirin at punasin – to wife off may unlaping “iki” ang pandiwa Pahiran at punasan – to apply Din, daw, doon at ditto – nagtatapos sa Aspekto ng Pandiwa katinig Rin, raw, roon at rito – nagtatapos sa Perpektibo – past tense patinig at malapatinig Imperpektibo – present tense Kontemplatibo – future tense “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Panitikan Mga Epiko Panulaan (liriko) Alim – mga bathala ni Punholdayan at Oda – papuri sa mga bagay Makanungan Elehiya – papuri sa patay Biag ni Lam Ang – pinakasikat na Soneto – 14 na taludtod epiko ng mga ilokano Dalit – tungkol sa Birheng Maria (18 Bidasari – epiko ng Muslim syllables per line) Hinilawod – kasaysayan ng pag-iibigan Kanta – awiting bayan ng mga bathala mula sa Ilo Ilo, Antique at Aklan Panulaan (pasalaysay) Ibalon at Aslon – mabubuting Kanta – awiting baya pamumuhay ng mga taga Bikol Epiko – tungkol sa kabayanihan, may Lagda – bisaya, mga kautusan ng pambihirang katangian ang tauhan pamahalaan gaya ng kodigo ni Awit – pangkaraniwang buhay, 12 kalantiyaw ng Aklan pantig, walang magic, Florante at Laura Indarapatra at Sulayman – Korido – may pagpapadala ng prinsipe ng kanyang kababalaghan/kapangyarihan, 8 pantig, kapatid na lalaki upang patayin ang Ibong Adarna halimaw sa kabilang bundok Panulaan (pasalaysay) Mga Kwento Kanta – awiting b Duplo – pagtatalo/inaalay sa patay Fray Botod – tumutuligsa sa Balagtasan – pagtatalong pumalit sa kamangmangan at pagmamalabis ng duplo mga prayle Karagatan – singsing ng prinsesa, Banaag at Sikat – pinakamahalagang nahulog sa dagat nobelang Pilipino, paksang puhunan Moro moro – tunggalian ng mga laban sa paggawa at sosyalismo kristiyano at muslim Walang Sugat – hangarin ay reporma Panunuluyan – paghahanap ng sosyal at patriotism matutuluyan nina Maria at Jose Ang Sampaguitang Walang Bango – Sinakulo – buhay at paghihirap ni pagtataksil sa asawa Hesukristo Urbana at Feliza – pangaral tungkol sa Tibag – santacruzan, paghahanap ni kagandahang asal at wastong pag uugali Reyna Elena sa crus na pinagpakuan kay Doctrina Cristiana – kauna-unahang Hesus aklat na nalimbag sa Pilipinas Nuestra Senora del Rosario – Tuluyan ikalawang aklat na nalimbag sa Pilipinas Alamat – pinagmulan Vocabulario dela Lengua Tagala – Pabula – mga hayop ang tauhan kauna-unahang talasalitaan sa tagalog Parabola – galing sa bibliya Hapones/Hapon – gintong panahon ng Maikling kwento – may panitikan sa Pilipinas kakintalan/isang basahan lamang Nobela – maraming kabanata Wika Talambuhay – kwento ng buhay Wika – (sinasalitang tunog), buhay, Sanaysay – may pormal at di pormal naglalarawan ng kultura ng bansa, at Anekdota – karanasang hindi naglalahad ng saloobin ng tao malilimutan ng isang tao Arbitraryo – may grammar Talumpati – pagsasalita sa harap ng Monolingual – isang wika ang alam maraming tao Bilingual – dalawang wika ang alam Salaysay – Naratibo/nagkukwento Polyglot – maraming alam na wika Dula – may entablado Linggwistika – maagham na pag-aaral ng wika Lingguista – taong nag-aaral ng wika “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Antas ng Wika Ponolohiya Pormal Pares minimal – tila-tela, misa-mesa, Pambansa – wika sa edukasyon at etc. pamahalaan Ponemang malayang nagpapalitan – Pampanitikan – malikhaing wika ng lalaki-lalake, babae-babai, etc. manunulat Klaster – klase, prutas, tren, eroplano, etc. Di-pormal Diptongo – baliw, ungoy, bahay, etc. Lalawiganin – may kakaibang tunog at bigkas Mga Teorya ng Pinagmulan ng Wika Kolokyal – ginagamit sa pang-araw araw Tore ng Babel – Genesis 11: 1-9 Balbal – salitang kalye, Bow wow – tunog na nalilikha ng mga pinakamababang antas ng wika, hayop/kalikasan pinakadaynamikong antas ng wika Ding dong – bagay – bagay na may sariling tunog Barayti ng Wika Pooh pooh – matinding damdamin bunga ng pagkatakot, sakit, labis na Kanta – awiting ba katuwaan o kalungkutan Dayalek – wika sa isang lugar o rehiyon Yo he yo – indayog ng awitin ng mga Sosyolek – ginagamit ayon sa relasyong taong nagtratrabahon ng sama sama sosyal/pangkat sa lipunan Yum yum – nagmula sa pagkumpas ng Idyolek – pansariling wika, “magandang maestro ng musika, kumpas o galaw ng gabi bayan” “excuse me po” dila Etnolek – wika ng pangkat etniko Tata – galaw o kumpas ng kamay Ekolek – wika sa bahay Gawa 2 11 – ang wika ay kaloob ng Jargon – wika ng professional, wika sa diyos sa tao, gift of tounge trabaho Jean Jacques Rousseau – ang wika ay Pidgin – wikang nabuo ng paguusap ng nagmula sa sinaunang tao, kalayaan ang dalawang taong nagmula sa magkaibang nagtulak para makabuo ng wika lahi (nagkaintindihan) Arameon – primitive, Syria, Creole – pidgin na nang lumaon ay Mesopotamia – wika Aramaic, nagmula naging wika ng isang lugar sa Afro-Asiatic Pitong Tungkulin ng Wika (M.A.K Holliday) Mga Batas sa Wikang Pambansa Pnag instrumental – wika ay Article 14, section 3, 1935 constitution pangtransakyon/transaksyunal – dapat magkaroon ng wikang pambansa Pang regulatori – pagkontrol ng ugali o na nakabatay sa isa sa mga umiiral an asal ng tao wika sa bansa Pang interaksyon – paraan ng Batas komonwelt blg 184 – pakikipagtalastasan lupon/committee na pipili ng batayan ng Pampersonal – pala palagay o kuro wikang pambansa kuro Kautusang tagapagpaganap blg 234 – Pang imahinasyon – malikhaing guni- tagalog ang magiging batayan ng wikang guni sa paraang pasulat o pasalita pambansa Pang heuristiko – paghahanap ng Kautusang tagapagpaganap blg 263 – impormasyon dapat magkaroon ng diksyonaryong Pang impormatib – tagalog/Pilipino pagbibigay/paghahatid ng kaalaman o Kautusang pangkagawaran blg 7 – impormasyon Pilipino ang wikang pambansa, nilagdaan ni kalihim Jose Romero Batas komonwelt blg 570 – wikang pambansa ang wika ng edukasyon, pananaliksik at pangangalakal “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Article 14, section 6 1987 constitution – Filipino ang wikang pambansa Proclamasyon blg 1041 – idineklara ang Agosto bialang buwan ng wikang pambansa ni Fidel Ramos Executive order #335 (Cory Aquino) – gamitin ang wikang Filipino Morpolohiya Assimilasyon – pantali, pampalo, pangnilalaman, etc. Assimilasyong di ganap – pansukli, pampalo, pantali, etc. Assimilasyong ganap – panukli, pamalo, panali, etc. Pagkakaltas – sunudin-sundin, takipan- takpan, dalahan-dalhan, etc. Pagpapalit ng ponema – tawahan- tawanan, lapadan-laparan, bilugan- bilogan, etc. Metatesis o paglilipat – yinakap- niyakap, linipad-nilipad, etc. Others Maikling kwento – ang gintong panahon ng mga manunulat noong panahon ng Amerikano ay batid sa uring ______ Kagamitang biswal – ang paggamit ng globo ay nabibilang sa ____ Hindi sumusunod sa magulang – “Ang laki sa layaw, karaniwang hubad” – Balagtas Tuldokkuwit – bantas an ginagamit upang pagsamahin ang mga lipon ng pangungusap 28 – ponema ng alpabetong Filipino 199 – greatest prime number lesser than 200 Mapagkunwari – talipandas “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 MATH “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Chinese – first used the decimal Math numeration system wit face value concept Polygons Apollonius Pergaeus – the great geometer Triangle – 3 sides Bombelli – often called as the inventor Quadrilateral – 4 sides of complex number Pentagon – 5 sides Albert Einstein – father of physics Hexagon – 6 sides Ayabhata – provided the definitions of Heptagon – 7 sides trigonometric functions complete and Octagon – 8 sides accurate sine and cosine tables, solutions Nonagon – 9 sides to simultaneous quadratic equatons and Decagon – 10 sides accurate approximation of pi Undecagon – 11 sides Ronald Fisher – father of statistics Dodecagon – 12 sides Diophantus – father of algebra Triskaidecagon – 13 sides Gottfried Leibniz – father of calculus Tetradecagon – 14 sides Gottfried Leibniz – developed a Pentadecagon – 15 sides practical calculating machine using Hexadecagon – 16 sides binary system Heptadecagon – 17 sides Sumerians – used the earliest Octadecago – 18 sides documented counting and measuring system Nonadecagon – 19 sides Gaspard Monge – the inventor of Icosagon – 20 sides descriptive geometry Math People Babylonians – used clay tablets dealing with fractions, algebra and equations Thales – considered as the first true Leonard Euler – king of mathematics mathematician Rene Discartes – man behind the use of Rene Discartes – father of analytical superscripts to express powers in algebra geometry Leonardo Fibonacci – introduced the Euclid – considered as the father of Arabic numbering system geometry 55 – sum of first 10 counting numbers Elements – one of the earliest known 129 – sum of first 10 prime numbers math books Uniform Resource Locator – address Alan Turing – father of computer location in the web science, formulates algorithms and 5h 15min – quarter after five computations for a computer Sieve of Eratosthenes – has been used to find prime numbers George Cantor – introduced the cardinal and ordinal numbers Hipparchus – father of trigonometry Evariste Galois – proved that there is no general algebraic method for solving polynomial equations of degree greater than four Ada Lovelace – considered as the world’s first computer programmer Archimedes – provided the exact numerical value of pi Thales of Mellitus – the founder of abstract geometry George Boole – his algebra uses the operators and, or, and not Pythagoras – “number rules the univers” “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 BIO - SCI “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Golgi bodies – the road, packages and Science transport materials outside the cell Rough endoplasmic reticulum – holds Bio the ribosome Nucleus – control cell activities, Biology – study of life contains hereditary information Nucleolus – dark region of nucleus Botany – plants Zoology – animals Vacuole – storage of food and water Microbiology – microorganisms Chloroplast – cite for photosynthesis Cell wall – protection Anatomy – structure and parts of living organisms Domains of life Physiology – function of living organism Archaea – lives on extreme Morphology – structure and form of environment living organism Bacteira – unicellular Bacteriology – bacteria Eukaryote - multicellular Cytology – structure and function of cell Mammalogy – mammals 9 Major Phylum of Kingdom Animalia Dermatology – skin Ecology – interrelationship of organisms Porifera – sponges and their environment Cnidaria – poisonous animal bcoz of Epidemiology – widespread of diseases sting Entomology – insects o Nematocyst – poison released by Histology – tissues cnidarian Ethology – animal behaviour Platyhelmentis – flat worms Genetics – heredity Nematode – round worms/parasitic Herpetology – reptiles and amphibians worm Itchyology – fish Annelida – segmented worm Mycology – fungi o Leech – segmented worm used Ornithology – birds for anticoagulation Paleontology – pre historic life Molluska – shell and no shell forms/fossils Anthropoda – joited leg and Pathology – diseases exoskeleton Taxonomy – classification and naming Echinodermata – spiky bodies of organism Chordate – vertebrae Helmentology – worms Conchology – shells Six Kingdoms Parasitology – organisms that live in Archaebacteria – live on extreme other organism environment Anthropology - man o Thermophiles – live on extreme temperature Parts and Function of Cell o Halophiles – very salty environment Cytoplasm – holds the entire organelles o Methanogen – no oxygen, Ribosome – cite for protein synthesis methane Semi permeable membrane – controls Eubacteria – true bacteria the movement of molecules into and out o Bifidobacterium/probiotics – of the cell good bacteria Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – Protest – animal, plant, and bacteria like lipid/fat synthesis o Trichonympha – helps anay for Mitochondrion – cellular respiration, digesting wood powerhouse of the cell, responsible for Fungi – decomposer; saprophytes the production of ATP Plantae – plants Animalia – animals “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D  “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Others Important Terms Gastropod – one shelled Bivalves – two shelled Amplexus – frog mating position Cephalopods – no shell Trilobite – first vertebrate to appear on earth Plants Egg cell – largest cell in human body Prokaryote – single celled organism Bryophytes – non-vascular; plant that Eukaryote – multicellular has no transport vessels Mitosis – division of somatic/body cells Trachyophytes – vascular; plants with - diploid transport vessels Meiosis – division of gametes; lahat ng o Gymnosperm – cone/non- may kinalaman sa sex/reproductive flowering plant organ – haploid o Angiosperm – fruit Metastasis – spread of cancer cell bearing/flowering plant Metabolism – chemical process of ▪ Monocot – parallel digesting food leaves o Catabolism – break down ▪ Dicot – netted leaves o Anabolism – build up Thermo regulation – release of heat VIP’s Homeostasis – maintain constant internal balance on environment Aristotle – father of biology/taxonomy Insulin – secreted by pancreas to Carolous Linnaeus – father of modern regulate high sugar level taxonomy/binomial nomenclature Glucagon – secreted by pancreas to Gregor Mendel – father of genetics increase sugar level when it is low Demitri Mendelev – modern periodic Instinct – response under conscious table level Rodulf Virchow – all organisms are Impulse – a force that produce sudden made up of cells motion Mathias Schleden – cell is the basic Tropism – growth/movement of plants functional unit of organism in response to certain stimuli Theodore Schwan – cell arise from pre- Sugar – building block of carbohydrates existing cell o Fructose – isomer of glucose Jean Baptiste Lamarck – theory of o Mitose – not an example of evolution; use and disuse, etc. naturally occurring sugar Charles Darwin – theory on natural o Glucose – 6-carbon simple sugar selection Amino acid – building block of protein Adolf Edward Myer – discovered Triglycerides – building block of lipids tobacco mosaic virus Nucleotides – building block of nucleic Robert Koch – germ theory of disease acid Robert Koch – tuberculosis Type A – universal blood recipient Louis Pasteur – vaccine for anthrax Type O – universal blood donor Edward Jenner – vaccine for smallfox Pituitary gland – master gland Alexander Fleming – discovered Central nervous system – brain and penicillin spinal cord Paul Erlich – early development of Peripheral nervous system – nerves chemotheraphy Ectopic pregnancy – pregnancy sa Galen – greatest authority on human fallopian tube anatomy Transcription – DNA to RNA Anton Van Leuwenhook – father of Translation – RNA to Protein microbiology Cellulose – most abundant organic compound in biosphere Plasmodesmata – cell to cell connection of plant cell Gap junction – cell to cell connection of animal cell “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Passive transport/osmosis/diffusion– Saphrophytes – decomposers higher concentration to lower Omnivore – eats both meat and plant Active transport – lower concentration Scavenger – consumer of dead organism to higher concentration Xylem – transport vessel of water in Scurvey – swelling of gums and loosing plants of teeth Phloem – transport vessel of food in Bile – secreted by liver plants Lack of vitamin A – fat malabsorption Anticoagulation – for better blood flow and liver disorder Sequoia – largest and tallest tree in the Beri beri – lack of vitamin B world Scurvey – lack of vitamin C Monotremes , platypus – egg laying Rickets – lack of vitamin D mammals Genotype – hereditary Marsupials, kangaroo – pouch information/constitution mammals Phenotype – physical appearance Uterians, human – placental Vestigial – structure w/o function Osmosis – upward movement of water Homologous – same origin but diff. in small plnts function; human’s arm, bat’s wing, Transpiration – upward movement of dolphin’s flipper water in very small plants Analogous structure – diff. origin but Capillary action – upward movement of same function water in tall plant Isolation – prevention of mating or inter Obligate carnivore – meat only ang breeding food Behavioural – isolation by ritual Facultative carnivore – pag walang Geographical – isolation by area meat kain ng ibang pagkain Morphological – isolation by Selective carnivore – pinipili ang meat form/pattern na kakainin Ecological – isolation by Tropical – heavy rainfall, constant ecosystem/habitat warmth Temporal – isolation by time/season Coniferous – long and severe winter and Pathogen – microorganism that causes little vigitation disease Desidous – moderate precipitation, cold Plasmodium – protest that causes winters, warm summer malaria Grassland – rainfall and temperate, Anopheles – mosquito that causes strong and prevailing wind dengue Savannah – full of grasses Entomeoba histolytica – protest that Desert – extreme daily temperature causes dysentery changes Vibrio chlolerae – bacteria that causes Tundra – permanently frozen sub chlolera 10 % - percent of biomass Leptospira interogans – bacteria that transfer/energy transfer sa food causes leptos pirosis pyramid/chain Mycobacterium – bacteria that causes Mandible – panga tuberculosis Zygomatic – checkbone E coli – bacteria that causes diarrhea Femur – longest bone Aedis aegypti – mosquito that causes Cocynx – buntot dengue Cerebellum – body movement, Comma – shape of vibrio chlolerae coordination and balances Bacilli – rod shaped Cerebrum – intelligence, memory and Cocci – circular learning behaviour Spirilla – sphere shaped Medulla oblongata – involuntary Whale shark – largest fish activities Blue whale – largest animal/mammal Thalamus – consciousness, alertness, Honey fungi – largest organism sleep, etc. Autotroph – producers Karyokinesis – division of nucleos Heterotroph – consumer Cytokinesis – division of cytoplasm “A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.” – Ayn Rand To be better than what I used to be! – Yore’s truly :D “For I know the plans for you,” declares the Lord, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:11 Gene theraphy – correction of genes Blue Book Genetic engineering – improving genes Estivation – slowing down of response Leech – segmented during warm season 5 liters – average blood in the Hibernation – slowing down of circulatory system of an average person response during cold season Ecosystem – interaction of a community Eutrophication – cause: pollution or organisms with their physical effect: diminished sea harvest environment Enzyme amylace – chemical substance Food chain – hierarchical series of that speeds up digestion organisms wherein each is dependent on Pituitary gland – master gland the next as a source of food Bioremediation – bacteria used to clean Pendulum – when swinging, total oil spill, digest carbon, clean toxic waste mechanical energy is conserved Cartilaginous – giants of the sea Visible light fall – responsible for Commensalism – orchid on a tree, one seeing an object, located b/w infrared benefits one neutral and ultraviolet radiation Parasitism – host-parasite (electromagnetic spectrum) Ammensalism – one is unaffected the Capsid – coiled structure composed of other is harmed proteins that enclose the nucleic acid of Competition – same ang gusto, tree and a virus flower na magkataid Artificial insemination – technique Viscosity – lapot ng substance employed during breeding in captivity in order to restore the populations of Serendipity – accidental scientific endangered and threatened species to discovery safe level Luster – shiny appearance Salvaging – taking away of life w/o due Brittleness – ability to resist breakage process Ductile – elongate Gas – energy source which is abundant Malleable – flattened into thin sheets in the Philippines but still not fully Lignite – brown coal, lowest developed Anthracite – darkest coal, highest Typhoon – storm in the pacific area Ionization – gas to plasma Lignite – lowest rank of coal/brown coal Recombination – plasma to gas Ferromagnetic material – iron Condensation – gas to liquid Serendipity – accidental scientific Vaporization – liquid to gas discovery Deposition – gas to solid