Conflicts with Native Americans - History & Removal PDF

Conflicts with Natives  History of Conflict Biases, stereotypes, and prejudices led to mistrust and hostility on both sides Before Revolution, British made peace with Natives by drawing Proclamation Line of 1763 through Appalachian Mountains Settled white settlers from unsettled land that b...

Conflicts with Natives  History of Conflict Biases, stereotypes, and prejudices led to mistrust and hostility on both sides Before Revolution, British made peace with Natives by drawing Proclamation Line of 1763 through Appalachian Mountains Settled white settlers from unsettled land that belonged to Native Americans  History of Conflict Proclamation forbade white settlers beyond the line, giving Native Americans some protection Good relationships with British meant many Native Americans sided with them during Revolutionary War  History of Conflict After war, Congress passed Northwest Ordinance, providing way for white settlers to gain land and achieve statehood Ordinance became incentive for white settlers to move into the territory Fearing loss of land, Natives attacked white settlements in Northwest Territory  History of Conflict The Battle of Tippecanoe, in Indiana in 1811, was major defeat for Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his forces during this time During this conflict, UK and USA warred again in War of 1812 Many Natives sided with British Some Creek and many other Native tribes sided with British and Tecumseh  History of Conflict Some Creek and Choctaw sided with USA Andrew Jackson defeated Creeks allied with British Conflicts resulted in lost battles or signed treaties that were soon broken 1778, Delaware Natives signed treaty with US government Treaty broken shortly afterwards  History of Conflict 1794, Pickering Treaty between USA and Iroquois also broken Treaty returned 1 million acres to Iroquois, but land later taken back Due to so many treaties broken, Native Americans highly distrusted white settlers  Efforts to Make Peace Choctaw thought they would be allowed to keep their land because they sided with the USA during War of 1812 Cherokee nation adopted European customs, hoping it would help preserve their land Cherokee created legal system and government blending European and Cherokee traditions Efforts to Make Peace 1821, Cherokee man, Sequoyah, created writing system for his people Cherokee children learned to read and write Cherokee also published newspaper Efforts to adopt European ways failed to end conflict Native American Removal In eyes of government, Natives east of Mississippi River blocked westward expansion At first, tried to convince Natives to rely less on hunting, suggesting farming tobacco and cotton Many Natives adopted farming, but still unwilling to sell their land Pressure on Native Americans 1825, President Monroe suggested moving all Native Americans living east of Mississippi to land west of river Natives occupied good land for growing corn and wheat and raising livestock Northwest Ordinance gave land to white settlers Pressure on Native Americans In South, Native Americans lived on land good for growing cotton Many white settlers arrived with enslaved African Americans Many white settlers demanded Native Americans be removed by force Pressure on Native Americans 1825-1827, state of Georgia passed laws forced Creeks to give up most of their land In the past, these laws usually struck down by Supreme Court In this case, ruling stated that only federal government could acquire land owned by Native Americans, not state or individual  Indian Removal Act Proposed by Andrew Jackson 1830, Congress passed Indian Removal Act Allowed government to take land from Natives in exchange for land west of Mississippi River At this time, over 100,000 Native Americans still lived in the east  Indian Removal Act Some people supported act because they wanted the land Some people supported act to protect Natives from conflict with settlers Believed US wouldn’t expand past Mississippi, so they would have peace Some people were against removal as it was unfair and cruel These people were ignored)  Indian Removal Act Act resulted in expulsion of thousands of Native Americans from their homes In North, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sauk, and Fox signed treaties to move west Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Seminole tried to stay but were eventually forced from their homelands also Indian Removal Act: Results Jackson’s policy opened South to white settlers Many brought slaves with them Today, few Native Americans live east of Mississippi Taking away land impoverished Native Americans for generations Many Native traditions ended  The Choctaw Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek Gave up tribal land for land west of Mississippi Would be allowed to stay if they gave up tribal organization and agreed to be governed as citizens of Mississippi Some remained, most left  The Choctaw 15,000 people left to preserve culture Between 1831-1833, travelled west, guarded by American soldiers Government didn’t provide enough tents, food, blankets, shoes, winter clothes, or supplies Snow and rained caused suffering, walking barefoot in snow and ice for 24 hours  The Chickasaw 1837, government agreed to pay $3 million Expecting money, Chickasaw spent $500,000 buying land from Choctaw US government failed to pay for 30 years As Chickasaw walked to new land, many died of sickness and disease  The Cherokee By 1836, still remained on their land Smal group became citizens of North Carolina, so allowed to stay Others hid in mountain camps President Van Buren forced anyone who hadn’t made agreements to leave  The Cherokee Winter 1838-1839, US Army marched over 15,000 Cherokee westwards Walked several hundred miles in several months to reach Indian Territory Thousands died, mostly children and elderly This became known as The Trail of Tears  The Seminole Resist In Florida, Seminole resisted Led by Chief Osceola, began fighting American Army in 1835 Known as Second Seminole War Most Seminole forced to leave Florida, but some remained 1855, USA waged Third Seminole War to hunt down Seminole still in Florida