Honors US History Midterm Outline 2025 PDF

Honors US History Midterm Outline: The exam will consist of 30 multiple choice questions and TWO SECs (Set 1 and Set 2), and a Civics Issues Short Answer Question Causes of the Revolutionary War The Great Awakening ○ In the early 1700s membership in the puritan church declined ○...

Honors US History Midterm Outline: The exam will consist of 30 multiple choice questions and TWO SECs (Set 1 and Set 2), and a Civics Issues Short Answer Question Causes of the Revolutionary War The Great Awakening ○ In the early 1700s membership in the puritan church declined ○ John Edwards: minister who sought to revive the Puritan vision. ○ Preachers began traveling, giving passionate speeches encouraging people to return to the church. ○ Brought people to organized churches who had never been ○ Led to an increase in higher education and emphasized the importance of the individual Troubles with Native Americans in New England -Native Americans believed no one owned land. The English understood the gifts they received from the Native Americans meant that they could stay permanently in New England. They misunderstood and this led to conflicts between the English and the Natives. Mercantilism- an economic system. Its ultimate goal was to make a mother country self-sufficient. Each country wanted to get the most gold and silver. Colonies traded raw materials they produced, with their mother country. The English colonies also traded raw materials with Spain, France, and Holland (The English considered this a threat because they were not gaining profit and were losing control of the colonies. Navigation Acts - Restrictions on colonial exports, imports, and manufacturing. GOAL: Make colonies depend on British manufactured goods. What did the Navigation act state? Colonies could only import manufactured goods from Britain, can only import goods from other countries via Britian, (If a colony wanted something from a different country they would have to buy it from a British importer rather than the other country directly.) Effects of the Navigation Acts 1. The increased price of goods being sent to the colonies 2. Increase in colonial smuggling of goods among those who resented England imposing these restrictions. 3. In 1684 King Charles II began punishing the leaders of Massachusetts who resisted English Authority 4. How did England enforce their laws? -Massachusetts was made a royal colony  -local assemblies were banned Salutary Neglect- England's policy that as long as colonies fulfilled their economic responsibilities to England they would not be monitored closely. The colonists paid colonial governors (This mattered because it influenced the governor's decisions and gave a feeling of self-government.) Salutary neglect worked and the colonists remained loyal to the British in the early 18th century. The French and Indian War Causes The French competed with Britain for world dominance. As Britain expanded further into North America they competed with France over the valuable fur trade in Ohio valley. British and French both claimed the right to colonize the Ohio River Valley The French built fort Duquesne and the British responded with a militia led by George Washington from Virginia. Fort Necessity was built by the British. The French were winning the war in the beginning but Britain reversed the roles and defeated the French. Effects The treaty pf Paris- 1763 Britain gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi river Spain gained all French land west of the Mississippi Spain gave Florida to Britian -Financial struggles- war doubled Britain's national debt, straining the economy! 10,000 british troops were stationed in the colonies and the colonists felt threatened Proclamation Line of 1763- N.A were unhappy about Britain's success in the war. They were worried about the increasing number of colonists encroaching their territory. This led to conflicts between the British and the Native Americans. Ex: pontiacs rebbellion. Proclamation of 1763-colonist were not allowed to cross the proclamation line. This was hard for the British to enforce and the proclamation failed because the colonists felt that the British government did not care about their needs. Writs of Assistance- Used to search for smuggled goods. The Albany Plan- Ben Franklin created a political cartoon to encourage people to fight. ( The snake Image). Ben Franklin and Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson supported the Albany plan of Union which would create a unified government among the colonies in the face of the coming war with France.. British Taxes o The Sugar Act was created to ease Britain's financial struggles. - Reduced price on foreign-made molasses in order to discourage smuggling. Smugglers would be tried in British courts, not colonial courts.  o Stamp Act - British Prime Minister George Grenville persuaded parliament to pass the Sugar and Stamp Act. The Stamp Act put taxes on Newspapers, legal documents, dice, and playing cards. - Response to the stamp act Delegates from nine colonies met in NY and rejected the stamp act. Stated that Parliament had no right to issue taxes because the colonists were not represented in Parliament. they protested No taxation without representation.” - In march 1766 Parliament removed the stamp act o Townshend Acts - Replaced the stamp act. Items such as glass, paper, lead, and tea were taxed. - Colonial resistance - Colonists signed non-impartial agreements, boycotting British goods. - more people joined the Sons and Daughters of Liberty - homespun movement o Tea Tax ▪ Colonial responses Boston massacre - March 5, 1770: a mob of 60 colonists taunted British guards at the customs house. Reinforcements called - crowd threw rocks and snowballs. The British fired on them killing 5 people including Crispus Attucks, a former slave. British soldiers were cleared of all charges and Britain will use force when necessary from now on. The Tea Act The British east india company was allowed to sell tea directly to the colonists, skipping the colonial tea merchants - the price of tea went down but colonial tea merchants had been cut out of the tea trade. They thought it was a trick to make the colonists accept the tea tax. To protest against the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty organized the Boston tea party. o Boston Tea Party Approximately 50-60 men dressed as Native Americans and they boarded British tea ships and dumped all the tea overboard in the water. ▪ Intolerable Acts (the coercive acts) 1. The ports of boston was closed until the colonists paid for the destructed tea 2. the royal governor could ban town meetings and boston was placed under martial law. 3. British officials accused of crimes would stand trial in britian instead of in Massachusetts 4. a new Quartering act was passed allowing british troops to stay quartered in unoccupied colonial buildings and homes  Colonial response Delegates from 12 colonies met at the first continental congress They decided to defend the colonists rights to run their own affairs supported protests in Massachusetts and urged each colony to set up its own militia. They agreed to meet again in 1775 The Enlightenment played a key role in the American Revolution by promoting ideas of liberty, equality, and individual rights. Thinkers like John Locke argued for natural rights and government by consent, which inspired colonists to challenge British rule. The movement encouraged questioning authority, advocating for democracy, and using reason to solve problems. Revolutionary leaders, like Thomas Jefferson, used these ideas to justify independence, as seen in the Declaration of Independence. Overall, Enlightenment ideas helped shape the motivations and goals of the revolution. Inspired ideas such as : People had natural rights to Life, Liberty, and Property (Locke) The right to govern comes from the consent of the government People can resist and overthrow the government (social contract) Montesque created the 3 branches of government (1. Legislative 2. Executive 3. Judicial) The Second Continental Congress 1775 - Meeting of colonial delegates (representatives) - Some leaders urged independence but others were not ready - Delegates created the continental army and placed George Washington in charge Thomas Paine o common sense - Pamphlet written by thomas o Encouraged thousands of colonists to support independence o Independence can give equal social and economic opportunity to all o Almost 500,000 copies of the pamphlet (common sense) was sold The revolutionary war The Second Continental Congress 1775 - Meeting of colonial delegates (representatives) - Some leaders urged independence but others were not ready - Delegates created the continental army and placed George Washington in charge Declaration of Independence - The Continental Congress appointed Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence  - it was inspired by enlightenment ideas - declaration of Independence listed complaints about the king's rule - it stressed that all men are created equal - the declaration was adopted on july 4 1776 Battles (Not sure if on the test but good to know) American strengths - Familiar with the land, good leadership, motivated for independence - their weaknesses - A lot of their soldiers were untrained, shortage of food and ammo, poor navy, no strong centralized government to enforce wartime policies British strength - trained army, navy, and government. They had money, ammo, food and the support of colonial loyalists - Their weaknesses were that they did not know the land and had weaker military leaders Battle of Bunker Hill - Deadliest battle of the war - british won but 1,000 redcoats (British soldiers) died - the olive branch petition - peace offering sent to king george III - He rejected it and declared the colonies in rebbellion Battle of trenton - On christmas of 1776,washington and 2400 soldiers marched nine miles to New Jersey to Hessians occupied area - Americans killed 30 and took 918 hostage - This battle brought american morals up - Princeton New Jersey, another battle win 8 days later for the colonists Victory at saratoga - Upstate New York - British general Burgoyne lead an army from canada (british controlled) to new york - British goal : isolate New England from the rest of the colonies Redcoats, Hessians, Mohawk Indians all fought together - During the trip from canada to new york, food ran low and it was a slow trip - Burgoyne met colonial opposition during his trip ex: Ethan Allen in vermont - Continental army appoints Horatio Gates - Gates puts together as many men he could find and surround Burgoyne at Saratoga New York (Fall of 1777) - Burgoynes surrenders and british change their strategy - New strategy : stay close to the coast Why was the battle of Saratoga considered a turning point in the war? - The victory in saratoga put trust in the american army, more confidence - French recognized american independence - In 1778 they signed an alliance that said french couldn't make peace with the british till they recognized american independence Battle of Yorktown 1781 General cornwallis set up camp in Yorktown Virginia French fleet prevented cornwallis from receiving supplies from british navy French and U.S corner cornwallis in yorktown He surrendered on october 17,1781 Treaty of paris 1783 British recognized america as an independent nation Did Not specify when the british would evacuate their american forts British returned florida to spain U.S promised to ask state legislatures to pay loyalists for their property losses in war however, mosts states paid the loyalists nothing A.O.C - government created after the constitution - it failed because it was weak and lacked control over the people. The government was limited - shays rebellion showed the weakness of the AOC The Constitution Constitutional convention – 55 delegates from the states meet and the initial plan was to revise the Article of confederation Eventually delegates decide to create an entirely new government o Compromises o Compromise 1 o Virginia and New Jersey Plan : ▪ Virginia plan – Proposed strong national government, congress would be bicameral (reputation based on population) power of congress under virginia plan – makes national laws, veto state laws in conflict with national law, forced a state to obey national laws ▪ New Jersey Plan – proposed by William Patterson a lawyer, congress would be unicameral (representative would be equal in each state), power of congress under new jersey plan – limited power to tax, limited power to regulate trade between the states o The connecticut (great) compromise ▪ Senet has equal representation and house of representatives has representation based on state population How to count enslaved people o Compromise 2 o (the 3/5ths compromise)south fought for enslaved people to be counted and the northern colonies disagreed o Result : 3/5ths of all slaves would be counted in state population  Compromising on trade o Compromise 3 o The commerce clause gave congress broad power to regulate interstate commerce and restrict states from impairing interstate commerce and the states couldn't get involved o Gave congress the power to trade with foreign nations with indian tribes o Congress was forbidden to tax the export of goods from any states o Congress couldnt ban the slave trade for at least 20 years How to elect an executive o Compromise 4 o Electoral college compromise ▪ Some people wanted popular vote because they feared congress having a say in elections ▪ Others were against popular vote because they thought 18th century voters lacked resources to be fully informed voters ▪ Compromised by using the electoral college : they wouldn't be picked by congress or elected by the people. Rather, the states would each appoint independent ‘electors’ who would cast the actual ballots for the presidency o Federalism - power is divided between a federal government and several state governments. Federal government is supreme o Separation of Powers - authority of the national government was limited by checks and balances among 3 branches of the government. Each branch has specific responsibilities (executive branch, judicial branch, Legislative branch) o Checks and Balances - a system that allows each branch of government to amend or veto acts of another branch to prevent any one branch from having too much power o The Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause - allows congress the ability to make laws necessary to help carry out the powers given to the federal government by the constitution o Ratification - For the constitution to be legit, each state needed to ratify (approve) it o When the Constitution went public, Americans began to debate it - framers knew it would create conversation. States held conventions to debate the ratification of the Constitution. People became divided into federalist and anti-federalists o differing opinion of Federalists v Anti-federalists Federalists -majority were rich and well educated - Federal government over state government, strong central government - James Maddison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay worked together under fake names  - Publius (the secret names they met under) to create 85 essays – federalist papers in support of the constitution - Federalists argued that government power outlined in the constitution were necessary to protect liberty and solve the problems experienced under the articles of confederation - Federalists believed states were expected to give up some power for the good of the nation Anti-Federalists - majority were poor - Anti-federalists responded to Federalist papers arguing that the constitution was a threat to their liberty - Believed that the new constitution would give the central government all the important powers leaving little for the states - The necessary and proper clause and the supremacy clause were loopholes for the central government to get more power - the wanted to protect individual rights and the power of states - Bill of Rights (first ten amendments of constitution) - Federalists did not want this while the anti federalists did - Proposed amendments to the constitution protecting citizens rights (ex: freedom of speech) - Federalists believed the government can only do what the constitution says - Antifederalist believed that power hungry leaders could get around the limits on power. They had absolutely no faith that the constitution would worth the way it was intended to The bill of rights was accepted and the Constitution was ratified The First Administration Washingtons presedensy - As a hero of the revolution, Washington was the unanimous choice in the first presidential ballot. - The Constitution provided a strong foundation but it was not a detailed plan for governing - Washington and Congress had to shape the new government Challenges facing washington 1. The nation had millions of dollars in debt 2. there was no navy and the army only had 400 men 3. spain closed the missisippi river in new orleans to american trade 4. British troops occupied and along the great lakes Judiciary Act 1789 Set by congress Supreme court had 6 judges 3 federal circuits and 13 district courts  Maintained article 6 supremacy clause that stated the federal laws are “the supreme law of the land” Shaping the executive Washington needed help so he created a cabinet Cabinet - Heads of state that helped the president and vice president govern Three executive departments were created: - Department of War to handle military matters (Henry Knox) - department of state to deal with foreign affairs (Thomas Jefferson) - the department of treasury to manage finances ( Alexander Hamilton) o Washington’s Farewell Address - Washington left office after two terms, setting another precedent - He stressed two main points 1. Warns of political party divisions. political unity is key to success 2. warns about the dangers of foreign entanglement - no permanent friends or foes First party based election - John Adams (federalist) v. Jefferson (Demo. Republican) - Adams won and jefferson became vice president XYZ affairs After Jay's treaty (a treaty between america and britain), french retaliate by taking american merchant ships going to britain Adams sent 3 diplomats to negotiate with french (1797) France sent 3 low level officials named “X” “Y” “Z” to demand a bribe from US – pay french 250,000 to speak to more powerful officials US began have a feeling of anti-french Adams calls off negotiation Alien And Sedition act Anti french feeling led to panic Fear – french agents (living in the US) plot to overthrow the government Suspicions arose due to many new immigrants at the time Federalist pushed alien and sedition acts through congress (1798) Alien act (1798) : allowed the president to deport any alien who was considered a threat to the country ; the number of years an alien to become a US citizen increased from 5 years to 14. Political motive of adams : he wanted to target democratic republicans – he didn't want them to have more voting power with the aliens Sedition Act (1798) anyone found guilty of sedition (speaking out against the government) could be fined or jailed ; prosecuted and jailed many democratic republican journalists Virginia and Kentucky adopted resolutions opposing the Alien and the sedition acts. The kentucky resolution - Asserted the principle of nullification (that states had the right to nullify any act of the congress considered unconstitutional. (this showed there was still issues between state and federal power) Hamilton v. Jefferson o Federalists v Democratic-Republicans: core beliefs and how they viewed Federalists - Leader Alexander Hamilton Core beliefs - strong centralized government leads to industry and wealth. Loose constitutional interpretation. They emphasized manufacturing, shipping, and trade and favored a national bank. Favored a protective tariff and were pro-British. Democratic republicans - leader thomas jefferson - core beliefs - states rights over national government. Strict constitutional interpretation. Emphasis on farming, oppose national bank. Tariffs should be low and were pro-french. The National Bank Debate Pay off war debt immediatly and in full - 11.7 million owed - only way to create confidence in new nation - bank for government money and loans - believed that the necessary and proper clause gave congress power to charter bank - Helped the US consolidate its debt and pay its creditors - offered stability to the US economy Jefferson’s Presidency The election of 1800 - Jefferson defeated adams ( first democratic republican president) Aaron Burr received the same amount of electoral votes as jefferson so the house of representatives decided who would be president and who would be vice president. This led to the 12th amendment which called for electors to cast separate ballots for president and vice president o The Louisiana Purchase: impact on the nation, constitutional issues o France needed money o Jefferson wanted the port of New Orleans to gain further access to the Mississippi River. o Napoleon sold louisiana to the U.S for 15 million dollars in 1803 o The Federalists lost power - National expansion westward worked against the Federalist party because settlers moving west often voted democratic republican. o Equal numbe War of 1812 o causes and effects Cause 1:  - Napoleonic war causes tensions beween U.S and Britian because both britian and france ignored american neutralitybut britain was more of a threat because they would impress american merchant ships. - Impress - take over and capture the merchants and often forced them into the British navy - People going to be frusterated with the british Cause 2: - Embargo act of 1807 - Congress passed it. It prohibited exports from foreign countries - This was a disaster to the american economy. (goods piled up, ships sat in harbors, and people lost jobs and businesses failed. - When maddison was elected in 1808 he reopened all trade except with BRITAIN AND FRANCE Cause 3: fighting out west Britian supplied native americans with weapons to fight against the U.S War Hawks- Southern congressmen who pushed for war aginst britain. They were convinced that they would loose independence if they did not fight. Benefits of going to war 1. Could lead to reopening trade and more money 2. National pride 3. Stopping the impressment of sailors 4. Gain canadian territory Drawback 1. Not everyone wanted war 2. Military was small and Britain was a great power 3. People feared being crushed and loosing territory Result of the War: Reaty of ghent. War ended in stale mate and no one gained or lost territory. American showed they could hold their own. Effects of the war U.s national identity Manufacturing improved Native American power is broken The Marshal Court: Know the significance of: John marshall - Was a federalist who was the chief justice and he Increased federal government power. In many cases, he increase federal power. Ex: Gibbons v Ogden and McCulloch v Maryland ○ Marbury v Madison - On adams last night in office he appointed 16 federal judges (Midnight Judges). Mos were federalist. - Since the documents authorizing some of the appointments had not been delivered by the time adams left office, jefferson argued that these appointments were invalid. - One judge, Marbury, sued for his appointment - The judiciary act of 1789 required the appointment to be delivered. This was unconstitutional Key questions from this case Did marbury have a right to commission? Yes Was a court order (mandamus) the proper solution? Bo b/c the judiciary act was unconstitutional Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish laws laws that are seen as unconstitutional. (known as Judicial review) ○ Gibbons v Ogden Gibbons wanted to come with his boat into NY but Ogden said he had a monopoly and that gibbons could not enter. the Commerce Clause - Gives federal government (congress) authority over interstate navigation. Impact on Federal v State Power Federal power is supreme. Increase in federal power ○ McCulloch v Maryland  Explanation for decision - Maryland cannot tax the federal government and the federal government has the power to establish a national bank because its constitutional Impact on Federal v State Power Increase in federal power because the established a national bank using the necessary and proper clause (states federal power is supreme. Can do something constitutional. Ruling prevented federal government from being taxed Sectionalism and Nationalism Nationalism- Pride in ones nation Sectionalism- loyalty to a specific region or state over loyalty to the nation as a whole o The Cotton Gin - impact on slavery How were the economies of the north and south different? North - Due to rocky soil the north grew crops on a smaller scale - Focused on growing one or two crops that could be sold locally - Smaller farms and less labor intensive crops led to little demand for slaves which lead to slavery declining in THE NORTH South Grew crops on a larger scale. (cash crops) Eli whitney’s cotton gin led to an increase in the production of extremely profitable cotton. (COTTON BECAME KING!) Increase in slavery because they needed more cotton planted and picked to be used in the cotton gin. After the war of 1812 james monroe became president and the federalist party was wiped out leaving the demo. Rep. as the only political party - Era of good feelings - Time frame where there were no political arguments just different economies ○ American Plan  - Plan of Henry Clay (speaker of the house) - Government-sponsored program aimed at uniting the economies of the north and south - Would ultimately make America’s economy stable and self sufficient Plan: 1. Protective tariff- promote American industry 2. Reinstate the National bank 3. Improve transportation to facilitate the transfer of goods Tariff of 1816 - Congress removed competition by imposing the tariff of 1816, which put a tax on imports designed to protect american industry. (Tariff increased price of foreign goods, made american goods cheaper so people bought American goods.) - Tax money used for internal improvements (transportation, roads, canals, etc.) - North loved it because they profit more from American goods - South hated it because they disliked the federal government Second National Bank - In 1816 president madison signed a bill creating the second bank of the U.S. - Before it was created state banks made too many loans and gave too much money. Led to inflation and money became worth less - The second bank restored order to the economy helping American business grow The National Road - first american highway funded by congress The Erie Canal - Proposed in 1808 and finished in 1825 Connected lake erie to the Hudson river Was paid for by tolls o Monroe Doctrine - Was a response to the threats made by european powers including france and russia, to help spain recover land lost in south America  - Doctrine declared that European powers may not interfere with american lands and should not be colonized. The U.S would not interfere with european affairs and europeans should not interfere with any nation in the western hemisphere o The Missouri Compromise: historical circumstances and impact Historical circumstances Missouri applied for statehood The U.S had an equal number of slave and free states and adding to either would create an imbalance in regional power Goals - Compromise to fix the situation Outcome Henry clay ( the great compromise) created the compromise of 1820. Maine would become a free state and missouri would become a slave state creating an equal balance. Any territory north of missouri is considered a free state and any territory south of it is a slave state. Temporary fix to the slave v free conflict Growing division Southern whites felt insulted by the northern attacks on their reliance on slavery The missouri compromise caused a slave revolt and the southerners blamed the comproimise The revolt was shut down before it had a chance to start and the leaders were hung. The Jackson Presidency The Corrupt Bargain (1824) o What happened? In order to be president you must have majority, 131 electoral votes out of 261. None of the candidates (Jackson and John quincy adams and crawford) could get the majority so the decision was up to the house of representatives ( From the top three). Clay was not in the top three so he backed J.Q Adams. Adams won and clay became secretary of state. Jacksons supporters believed that clay and adams made a deal known as the corrupt bargain. Jacksonians left the Democratic republican party and formed the democratic party.  Expansion of democracy Adams Lacked of popular support and was seen by many as arrogant Throughout the 1820’s many states decided to expand suffrage to those who did not own property, increasing the number of eligible voters throughout the country. Presidential campaign in election of 1828 - Jackson's supporters portrayed the campaign as a contest between the democracy of the country on one hand and the arrogant aristocracy on the other hand. - Adams supporters depicted jackson as an illiterate backwoodsman, murderer, and adulterer - Jackson won decisively. (He potrayed himself as a man of the people saying he grew up in a log cabin) - Nickname Old Hickory Jacksonian Democracy Government run by the people and for the people (democracy) Democracy in economic, social, and political life. Wanted a split between farming and Manufacturing Limited Governmnet but strong president Jeffersons democracy (Government run by the educated elite class (the rich), limited govt, democracy in political life, and wanted mainly farmers and mainly agricultural life) o The Spoils System - jackson awarded government appointments to his friends and supporters. He removed 10% of federal employees and replaced them with his supporters o Nullification Crisis Context: Tariff of 1816 - Tariff on imported manufactured goods to protect US-produced goods. - Northerners liked this because it made foreign made goods more expensive so people had to buy US goods from the north - Southerners hated it because Europeans bought less Southern goods as a way of retaliating against the US and the southern economy suffered. Congress passed another tariff in 1832 which upset southerners Jackson and south Carolina:  South Carolina nullified the tariff of 1832. - Nullification; Theory stating states have the right to nullify and ignore unconstitutional federal laws - Jackson declared SC traitors and SC threatened to secede - Congress passed force bill which says that Federal government can use the army or navy against SC - Comprimised and agreed the tariff would fade out in 10 years o Bank Veto - Jackson thought that bank had too much power and argued that the bank only benefited stock holders - Clay and biddle tried to recharter the bank but jackson refused to sign the bill. - Jackson dropped calhoun and ran with van buren - Jackson vetoed the bank and appointed a secretary of treasury that was willing too place all federal government funds in state banks called pet banks - the charter expired and their was no central bank until 1913 o The Indian Removal Act - At president Jacksons request, congress passed the indian removal act, which provided funds to move Native americans west of the mississippi river to present day oklahoma. Could move them by force. o Worcester v Georgia - Cheif Justice John Marshall ruled that the cherokees were a domestically dependent nation and could not be forced to move - Jackson ignored the courts decision and continued removal Threats to Checks and Balances - Jackson ignoring a court decision is a threat to checks and balances because it gives the executive branch more power than the other two branches. o the trail of tears - became divided - the federal government signed the treaty of enchota - In 1838 the 20,000 cherokees still in Georgia were forced to move - This led to the trail of tear because the U.S army escorted thousands of cherokees west and many died. - Indian removal was a deeply divisive national issue  - Jackson’s policy expressed the opinion of most southerners and westerners however the northerners, led by religious groups, strongly opposed the removal act. o formation of the Whig Party - Debates about the bank and the tariff aswell as ongoing debates about the power of the federal government v. the power of the state government is going to lead to the development of new political parties Whigs Democrats - Less concentrated about - the widening gap the widening gap between rich and poor between rich and poor was alarming - strong national - Wanted the indian government to removal coordinate the - opposed tariffs expanding economy was - opposed federal support essential for internal improvement - opposed indian removal - oppose the national - favored tariffs bank - supported a national bank The Second Great Awakening context Started because people became less religious. less church’s and the enlightenment contributed to people becoming less religious. - It was a renewal of religious sentiment that took place in the early 19th century - it originated as a reaction to increased secularism in society - Emphasized converting people to evangelical Christianity - Charles Finney- Famous preacher who inspired emotional religious faith through a dramatic style of preaching - Finney rejected the 18th-century Calvinistic belief that God predetermined one's salvation or damnation - Finney and other preachers held revivals which were emotional meetings designed to awaken religious faith through impassioned preaching and prayer. - preachers taught individual responsibility was the way to salvation  - Brought Christianity on a large scale to enslaved African Americans through “Democratic churches” - Camp meetings held by the new Baptist and Methodist churches were opened to both blacks and whites - In the east African Americans worshipped in separate black churches - the church became a political, cultural, and social center for African Americans providing schools and other services that whites denied them - Other social reform movements like abolition and temperance came as a result of the revivals. - I. Transcendentalism a. What did transcendentalist thinkers emphasize? Non-conformity, individualism, importance of nature, and self reliance b. Ralph Waldo Emerson - led a philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and admiring personal emotion and imagination c. Henry David Thoreau - Incorporated the idea of self-reliance into practice and urged people to practice civil disobedience. Because transcendentalists believed each person is capable of individual truths directly, they opposed any authority beyond that of the individual mind, including cultural and social conventions. For the first time in America ‘the self’ became something to celebrate rather than deny. The Abolition Movement 1820s - American colonization society (ACS) advocated for resettlement of free black people in Africa Northerners viewed free black people as inferior Most free black people considered America their home. Abolition was fueled by preachers like Charles Finney who called slavery a great national sin a. Leaders William Lloyd Garrison - The most radical white abolitionist - Published the Liberator, which called for the immediate emancipation of enslaved people  - He founded the New England Anti-slavery Society and the American anti-slavery Society. He was alienated when he attacked the government and churches for their support of slavery. Fredrick Douglass - Douglas was born a slave in Maryland - Learned how to read as a child before escaping slavery to New York - He joined black churches quickly becoming connected to the abolitionist movement - Gained notoriety for giving speeches - Douglass started the anti-slavery newspaper the North Star Sojourner Truth - United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women. b. How were ideas spread? Newspapers, speeches. Life under slavery Rural slavery - large plantations - worked all day usually along side their masters Urban slavery - slaves with special skills working in industry - Better fed and clothed c. Nat Turner’s Rebellion Many slaves tried to escape to the North but few were successful i. What is the significance of the rebellion? - In 1831, a black preacher and former slave named nat Turner led a revolt of about 80 men in Virginia and killed 57 whites. - Turner was caught and hung ii. Impact on slaves - southerners responded by killing 200 black people, most of which were innocent - Southerners tightened their control of enslaved people II. The Happy Slave Myth a. How did southern slave owners justify slavery? Used the bible”obey your masters” to justify actions The myth of the happy slaves was that enslaved people benefitted from slavery because they were members of civilized society.  They were protected and cared for their entire lives. By the 1830s southern whit ministers were speaking against slavery 1836 southern delegates (representatives) adopted a gag rule - A rule limiting debate of an issue Repealed in 1844 The Women’s Rights Movements The cult of Domesticity - A women ‘sphere’ was in the home ( It was a refuge from the cruel world outside) - A woman's role is to civilize her husband and family. Women and the temperance movement - Movement inspired by the Second Great Awakening - Alcohol was commonly consumed - Doctors used alcohol for patients prior to surgery - 1826 the American Temperance Society was founded and they held rallies and produced pamphlets that brough about a decline in the consumption until the 1860s Early 19th century women's rights 1. Unable to vote 2. legal status of a minor 3. single = could own her own property 4. married = no control over her own property or children 5. could not initiate divorce 6. could not make wills, sign a contract, serve on a jury, or bring suit in court without her husband's permission. i. Demands – What rights were women fighting for? Women fought for Citizenship, the right to vote, and education. (Men were divided on these issues) World Anti-slavery convention - London, England (1840) - Motivated by the unequal treatment of women at the convention, Lucretia Mott and Elizebeth Stanton decided to hold a women’s rights convention. ii. The Seneca Falls Convention (1840) - In 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott held a women's rights convention, the Seneca falls convention - Nearly 300 men and women attended  - “A convention to discuss the social civil, and religious conditions of women” - Delegates at the Senecas Falls Convention demanded the following: - education and professional opportunities - property rights - legal equality - repeal of laws awarding the father custody of the children in divorce - suffrage rights Created the “Declaration of sentiments” with their agenda and grievances (needs) Participants approved all parts of the declaration unanimously except the right to vote - Passed by a narrow margin Westward epansion Manifest Destiny A belief shared by many Americans in the mid 1800s that the U.S had the right to expand across the continent to the pacific ocean. It was God's will to expand the land President Polk believed it was our manifest destiny to settle land all the way to the pacific ocean in order to spread democracy. Early westward expansion 1803 - Louisiana purchase 1819 - Spain gives Florida to the U.S for 5 million a. Annexation of Texas - In 1821 Texas was a part of mexico - American, Stephen Austin was an empresario - agent to bring settlers to texas - Mexican govt encouraged the settlement of Americans - Austin brought the first 300 families to texas - known as the old three hundred - By 1830, 25,000 Americans were living in Texas. They were required to become Mexican citizens, obey Mexican laws, and become catholic. They outnumbered native Mexicans - Whem Americans complained about these requirements, Mexico closed Texas to further American immigration Texas Revolution  - After Mexico closed Texas to Americans, Stephen Austin went to negotiate with the Mexican president, Antonio Lopez de Santa anna - Austin was jailed and the Texans revolted - March 2, 1836, Texas seceded, becoming and independent country - From feb. 23 - March 6, 1836, Mexico, with 6000 troops attacked the Texans at the Alamo. - This thirteen-day siege resulted in the killing of all the Americans (except some women children and some slaves) - In April, the Mexican army massacred the Texan rebels at Goliad - After the Alamo and Goliad, Sam Houston suprise attacked santa anna at the battle of San Jacinto - Texans won its independence Texas statehood - Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty giving Texas its independence - Texas became an independent nation in 1836 called the Lone star republic - Sam houston became president - In 1838, the Texan president Houston invited the U.S. to annex them into the U.S. - Annexation was delayed because: 1. Worry that adding texas as as slave state would upset the balance between free and slave states 2. Fear that annexation would lead to war in mexico North- opposed annexation because it would create an imbalance in rep in senate between slave and free states South-wanted it because Texas would become a slave state and expansion was good for America. - Texas joined the U.S and became the 28th state in 1845 b. The Mexican American War - President Polk wanted to expand the U.S territory clear to the Pacific Ocean - He offered to buy california and new mexico territories for 30 million. mexico refused.  - After the U.S annexed Texas, Mexico and the U.S. disagreed on the Texas border - The U.S claimed the border was at the Rio Grande River - The Mexicans claimed it to be at the Nueces river - U.S sent troops to patrol the border and conflict broke out and the mexican army killed U.S troops on disputed land - Polk declared war claiming that Mexico killed U.S troops on american soil - Many congress members viewed war with the mexicans as immoral War with Mexico - The U.S army were more equipped than the mexican army - The U.S took New mexico territory without a fight and claimed the territory - Zachary Taylor defeats Santa Anna at the battle of Beuna Vista - U.S troops under Winfred Scott (old fuss and Feathers) captured Mexico City - This led to the treaty of Guadalupe which ended the war Mexican Cession - In the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico gave the U.S teh territories of California, nevada, and utah, Most of arizona and new mexico, and parts Wyoming and colorado - The U.S paid 15 million dollars for the territory which made the U.S increase its size by 25% Gadsden purchase -After the war Americans wanted to guarantee that any southern railroad to california would be built completely on American soil - U.S paid 10 million dollars for the southern part of Arizona and New Mexico The existing border between Mexico and the U.S was fixed i. Pros and Cons of Land Acquisition Pros- expansion cons- diversity, statehood problems, political and social problems  c. Trails to the West - how did people move out west and what motivated them motivations - Abundant amount of land for farming and speculation, expand trade with Aisa - New markets. Oregon territory had natural harbors that were good for trade and the U.S could establish naval stations in the pacific They moved out west through various trails and through the use of guidebooks and wagons donner party - in their quest to california they got trapped, ran out of food, and ate each other. No survivors. Oregon trail - First wagon trail created which benefited many future travlers d. California Gold Rush - Gold was found in sutter mills in 1849 - In 1849, about 80,000 gold seekers known as forty niners came to california hoping to strike it rich - Panning for gold was the simplest method - Mining camps were set up wherever large amount of people gathered to look for gold - At these camps many people prospected (search for gold). Others ran businesses that catered to the miners. (Laundry, food, innkeepers, legal services, supplies.) - Impact - population boom, immigration to the west even from europe an aisa, which led to an increase in diversity, California became a state in a year, growth of new businesses and industries transformed californias economy - boom towns. Discrimination increased e. Mormons joseph smith and the mormons founded the Church of jesus of latter-Day saints in 1830 By 1839 there wre 20,000 mormons living in illinois and they practiced polygamy which made them outcastes Mob in illinois killed Smith and Brigham became mormon leader wanted to escape religous persecution so they moved to salt lake city The Wilmot Proviso - Amendment by pennsylvania democrat David Willmont - Wilmont and other northerners were angered that the federal government was dominated by southern issues  - wanted the land west to be a place where whites could work without competition of slave labor The Compromise of 1850 o causes The Differences between the north and south - The issue of slavery dominated the US politics in the early 1850’s and the north and south had different perspectives on what to do with california Perspectives on expansion of slavery North: Slave territory adds slave states; no jobs for free workers South: slaves are property under the constitution, and they feared more free states Threat of secession - By 1850 california had written a constitution and applied for statehood - wanted to be a free state - president zachary taylor supported admitting california as a free state - taylor recommended that each state decide the issue of slavery for themselves - the south was angry about this and wanted slavery to exist in the new territories- some threatened secession Compromise of 1850 - was a series of laws passed in the United States aimed at resolving tensions between the North and South over issues like slavery and territorial expansion. 1. California became a free state: California was admitted to the Union as a free state, which meant no slavery could exist there. 2. Territory from Mexico: After the Mexican-American War the U.S. gained new territories (like Utah and New Mexico). The question of whether these areas would allow slavery was left up to the people living there (popular sovereignty). 3. Fugitive Slave Act: A stricter law was passed requiring people in the North to return runaway slaves to their owners in the South, even if slavery was illegal in the North. This angered many in the North. 4. Abolition of the slave trade in Washington, D.C.: While slavery was still legal in the capital, the sale of slaves was banned within Washington, D.C. 5. Border dispute between Texas and New Mexico: Texas gave up some land to New Mexico in exchange for 10 million in compensation. Results of the compromise - Clays compromise began a debate among daniel webster who supported the north and john c. calhoun who supported the south - The senate voted on the compromise but rejected it - Stephen A. Douglas took the compromise and began proposing each part one at a time instead of all at once - President fillmore (took over after pres taylors death) supported the compromise and it finally passed through negotiations with the south in 1859 o The Fugitive Slave act - part of the compromise (explained earlier) - alleged fugative slaves denied trial and teh right to testify on their own behalf - federal commisioners paid more to return slaves rather than freeing the sccused - if someone helped an escaped slave they faced imprisonment or fines - The new bill allowed for a slave owner to approach any state official ranging from judge to postmaster to reclaim his slave with sufficient proof, and a federal marshal was able to issue the arrest warrant and could arrest the slave in the same manner as an owner. The new bill applied a $1,000 fine for those who harbored or assisted the fugitive slave. o Northern and Southern Reactions o Northerners resisted the law and some resorted to violence - northern states passed personal liberty laws - forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guarenteed that they wudl have a trial by jury Resisting Slavery o Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe - Anti-slavery novel - showed moral objections to slavery - renewed debate about slavery o Harriet Tubman - The most famous conductor of the underground railroad. Led over 300 slaves to freedom o Underground Railroad - network of abolitionists helping slaves escape to freedom The Kansas-Nebraska Act US wanted to organize new territories - proposed by senetor stephen douglas and was passed in 1859 - Problems deciding what to do with unorganized land from the Louisiana purchase - proposed dividing nebraska territory into two states - used popular sovereignty- people of each territory voted on whether or not to allow slavery - repealed the missouri compromise - both territories were north of the 36,30 and should not have been allowed to have slaves o “Bleeding Kansas” - Before the vote on slavery: - Northerners crossed the border to keep Kansas a free state  - southerners crossed the border to make kansas a slave state - Both sides claimed victory on the vote - Pro-slavery and anti-slavery set up governments - border ruffians - missourri - crossed over the border and voted for slavery in missourri Political Parties - beliefs? o Know Nothing Party - nationalists, anti catholics and anti immigrants - After the 1854 kansas nebraska act, whig members began joining alternative parties - nativism - believing in favoring native-born americans over immigrants - When asked about their activities they answered with “i know nothing” - Split over the issue of slavery o Free Soil - Opposed the extension of slavery into the territories (Slavery impacted white wage earnings of the north) - United over anger with the fugitive slave act and the push to repeal the Missouri Compromise o Republican Party - Founded in 1854 - Republicans opposed slavery in territories - attracted temperance supporters, small farmers, commercial farmers, and manufacturers who needed internal improvements to prosper - gave the republican party strength Dred Scott v Sandford - dred scott was a slave from missouri - scott and his owner Dr emerson moved around the country and scott lived in various free states - scotts owner died after returning to missouri - scott sued for his freedom on the grounds that he was being wrongfully held. he claimed that he had a legitimate right to freedom because he was in free state areas for a while. - this case made it to the supreme court in 1856 o Court’s Justification - Enslaved people like dred scott were not citizens - had no rights and could not expect any protection from the federal government - no claim to freedom - congress cannot ban slavery in territories o Northern and Southern Reactions North:  Outraged by the decision, many in the North saw it as a pro-South ruling that threatened to spread slavery into free states and territories. South: The South celebrated the ruling, as it confirmed the legality of slavery in the territories and protected the institution. John Brown o The Sack of Lawrence - A proslavery gang of 800 armed men swept into Lawrence, kansas, and burned down antislavery headquarters, destroying two newspapers printing presses, and looting houses and stores - Pottawatomie massacre In 1856, an abolitionist named john brown murdered five proslavery men over two hundred people died in the fighting that followed o Harper’s Ferry John Browns raid: - in 1859 brown and his followers raided a federal arsenal in Harpers ferry, virginia with the hop of starting a slave rebbellion - US marines stop brown an dten of browns followers were killed while brown was caught and sentenced to death bu hanging - many northerners admired brown while southerners feared future uprisings Election of 1860 o Republican Party o Lincoln tried to reassure Southerners that he would not interfere with their slaves Lincoln (republican) won the election of 1860 but received less than half the popular vote he received no Southern electoral votes