Gender and Society Past Paper PDF

GE ELEC 2 Gender and Society Chapter 1 - Understanding Sex, Sexuality and Gender 1. Meaning of Sex and Sexuality 2. Sex Roles and Morality 3. Meaning of Gender 4. Theoretical Perspective of Gender  GE ELEC 2 Gender and Society is under this program… Ge...

GE ELEC 2 Gender and Society Chapter 1 - Understanding Sex, Sexuality and Gender 1. Meaning of Sex and Sexuality 2. Sex Roles and Morality 3. Meaning of Gender 4. Theoretical Perspective of Gender  GE ELEC 2 Gender and Society is under this program… Gender and Development (GAD) Gender and Development (GAD) - development perspective and process adapted by the national government in 1980s. - it helps promote participatory process, empowerment, equity and sustainable development. - the community/institution must be free from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potentials. Magna Carta of Women What is development? Economic - market growth - modernization - infrastructure improvement - trade and employment - etc. What is development? People - Centered In designing a project... Gender and Development (GAD) It seeks to achieve gender equality as a fundamental value that should be reflected in development choices and contends that women are active agents of development, not just passive recipients of development (PCW, 2011). G E Gender Accountable N D E Gender Fair/Equity R M Gender Responsive I L E Gender Sensitive S T O Gender Aware N E Gender Blind S  Gender Milestones Gender Blind - lack of recognition of gender as an essential determinant of life choices that are available in society. Gender Aware - recognition of gender inequality; that there are differences between men and women in terms of access to and control over resources, including opportunities for development.  Gender Milestones Gender Sensitive - recognition of the underlying and hidden cause of gender inequality. Differences are felt undesirable and unjustifiable. Problems resulting from inequality and discrimination are identified. Gender Responsive - presence of programs, projects and processes that systematically incorporate or address gender concerns and issues.  Gender Milestones Gender Fair/Equity - society where women and men equitably share in the responsibilities, power authority and decision-making and enjoy the benefits. Gender Accountable - gender equity is viewed as the key commitment of the organization; it assumes responsibility to make gender an integral part of what the organization is and what it does.  Gender Sensitivity - the ability to recognize gender issues and especially the ability to recognize women’s different perceptions and interest arising from their different social location and different gender roles. Core Messages on Gender Sensitivity Gender Sex Equality Family Gender School Gender Equity (Women Empowerment) Agents of Church Gender WID, WAD Socialization and GAD Media Gender Gender Issues Paradigm  There is equal distribution of There is equitable distribution of opportunities, such as everyone opportunities, such as everyone being provided with the same thing being provided with what they to ensure they achieve their best. need to ensure they do their best.  Parable of the Blind Men and the Elephant Sex and Sexuality Sex is … - biological characteristics of being a female or a male (kasarian) Physical attributes pertaining to a person’s body contours, features, hormones, genes, chromosomes and reproductive organs (genitals). - generally permanent and universal - attributes are equally valued  Primary Sex Characteristic MEN WOMEN Penis, testes (androgen Uterus, ovaries (estrogen and testosterone), and progesterone) ovum, scrotum, sperm, fallopian tubes cervix, vagina, vas deferens, etc. clitoris, etc.  Secondary Sex Characteristic development the body become of the breast more muscular pelvic widens shoulder & chest & hips broaden become broader voice deepens adam’s apple grows slightly vocal cord enlarge hair grown underarm, pubic hair under the arms & hair on the face, & in the pelvic chest & shoulders region start to grow ovaries start penis & testes to function enlarge regular testes begin to menstruation make sperm  Sex Roles They are socially coded behaviors and practices often related to a person’s reproductive capacities, such as women with the roles of motherhood and men with fatherhood.  Sex Roles Female Male ▪ Gestation ▪ Ovum ▪ Lactation fertilization ▪ Child-bearing ▪ Produces spermatozoa which determine child’s sex  Human Sexuality - knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, values and behaviors of individuals. It deals with anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the sexual response system, with roles, identity and personality, with individual thoughts, feelings, behaviors and relationships. Source: UP Center for Women Studies, 2005 Christianity teaches that… Sex is a GIFT to be celebrated and received as God intended it to be expressed. God gave us that gift for pleasure, for procreation, and for many purposes known or unknown to us. God is glorified when we enjoy the gift He gave us as He intended.  Gender… Set of qualities, differentiated roles or responsibilities, attitudes, and values assigned by culture and society to women to women and men... Photos credit to dreamsstime.com  Gender … expectations, held about the characteristics, aptitudes, and likely behaviors of both women and men. Photos credit to dreamsstime.com  Gender … sociologically constructed categorize as feminine (pagkababae) and masculine (pagkalalaki) time and place bound learned and changing  Activity: Typical Roles, Characteristics, Attitudes, Values and Expectations of Women and Men  Variables Women Men Roles (tungkulin) Characteristic (katangian) Attitude (saloobin) Behavior (kilos) Expectation (inaasahan) Value (pagpapahalaga) Places visited (lugar na pinupuntahan) Things used (mga bagay na ginagamit) Reproductive Organs Sex Roles  Variables Women Men Roles (tungkulin) Nangangalaga sa mga anak Naghahanap- buhay at at mga gawaing bahay nagpapa - aral sa mga anak Characteristic (katangian) Matiyaga Matapang Attitude (saloobin) Maunawain Mapusok Behavior (kilos) Mahinhin Mabilis Expectation (inaasahan) Masinop Masikap Value (pagpapahalaga) Pamilya Pamilya Places visited (lugar na Simbahan, palengke at Beerhouse, simbahan, pinupuntahan) paaralan ng anak park, atb. Things used (mga bagay Make-up, suklay, bra, Belt, brief, pabango, na ginagamit) panty, wallet, atb. medyas, atb. Reproductive Organs Ovary, Clitoris, Uterus, Vagina Testes, Penis, Scrotum… Sex Roles Breast feeding, child Ovum fertilization, produce bearing… spermatozoa that determine the child sex  Variables Men Women Roles (tungkulin) Nangangalaga sa mga anak Naghahanap- buhay at at mga gawaing bahay nagpapa - aral sa mga anak Characteristic (katangian) Matiyaga Matapang Attitude (saloobin) Maunawain Gender Mapusok Behavior (kilos) Mahinhin Mabilis Expectation (inaasahan) Masinop Masikap Value (pagpapahalaga) Pamilya Pamilya Places visited (lugar na Simbahan, palengke at Beerhouse, simbahan, pinupuntahan) paaralan ng anak park, atb. Things used (mga bagay Make-up, suklay, bra, panty, Belt, brief, pabango, na ginagamit) wallet, atb. medyas, atb. Reproductive Organs Testes, Penis, Scrotum Ovary, Clitoris, Uterus, Sex Ovum fertilization, produce Vagina Sex Roles Breast feeding, child spermatozoa that determine bearing … the child sex …  Gender Roles Culturally determined activities and responsibilities that are assigned to men and women on the basis of their perceived gender differences. They include the different jobs expected of males or females by a particular culture.  Gender Roles Gender Roles Gender Roles of Women of Men ▪ Cooking ▪ Leader ▪ Childcare ▪ Providing ▪ Housekeeping income for the family  Gender Roles Gender Roles Gender Roles of Men of Women ▪ Cooking ▪ Leader ▪ Childcare ▪ Providing ▪ Housekeeping income for the family  Gender Division of Labor Men Women Productive Role Reproductive Role Tasks that contribute economically Care and maintenance of the households (income generating) to the household and its members, including the bearing and to the community like agriculture, and caring of children, food preparation, manufacturing, livelihood enterprise, water, fuel collection, shopping, services, wage employment, etc. housekeeping and family health care. Community Role Tasks that have to do with managing activities of community organizations and projects or they have to do with leadership of community organizations and political structures related to political concerns and affairs of the locality.  Gender Gap A condition wherein men and women in a particular culture and society have unequal access to and control of resources and benefits, and thus have an unequal status or are give unequal value in that culture or society.  Gender Socialization The process by which the individuals are informed about norms, traditions, behaviors and attitudes associated in the assigned sex usually during childhood development. Socializing Agents Any person or social institution that shapes a person’s values, attitude, behavior, beliefs, etc.  Agents of Gender Socialization Family Workplace School Church Media  Family VERBAL Feminine Masculine APPELLATION Submissive Dominant Telling Gentle Aggressive children what Emotional Adventurer they are and what Talkative Not emotional is expected of Passive Assertive them.  CANALIZATION People direct children’s attention to gender appropriate objects. MANIPULATION People handle girls and girls differently even as infants.  Agents of Gender Socialization School Gendered lessons Unequal treatment of teachers to female and male students Textbooks, computer softwares, and teaching styles perpetuate gender bias  Agents of Gender Socialization Media Reinforces gender stereotypes and sex-based discrimination through media portrayal of men and women  Agents of Gender Socialization Church There are texts and verses that glorify sufferings, oppression and subordination. Gender differentiation and inequality between women and men is preached and conveyed in religious doctrines and symbols.  Agents of Gender Socialization Workplace Unequal pay Conflict between family life and work Power relations as well as access to and control over resources Sexual harassment and other forms of discrimination persist Thank you! Presented by: Wilhelmina P. Masinsin, Ph.D., RPm Associate Prof. V, University of Rizal System (URS) Head, URS GAD Center Coordinator, CALABARZON GAD Resource Center Certified Member, National GAD Resource Pool Philippine Commission on Women