Topic-1-Introduction.pptx

ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY  Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 2 types of Anatomy – Gross or macroscopic anatomy = the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye – Microscopic anatomy = studies structures too small to be seen with the naked eye...

ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY  Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 2 types of Anatomy – Gross or macroscopic anatomy = the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye – Microscopic anatomy = studies structures too small to be seen with the naked eye ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Gross Anatomy 3 types of Gross Anatomy – Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) – Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system – Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Microscopic Anatomy 2 types of Microscopic Anatomy – Cytology – study of the cell – Histology – study of tissues ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Specialized Branches of Anatomy Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by X ray Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  PHYSIOLO GY Considers the operation of specific organ systems – Renal – kidney function – Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system – Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood vessels ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Physiolo gy Physiology focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Physiolo gy Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION  Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules Cellular – cells are made of molecules Tissue – consists of similar types of cells Organ – made up of different types of tissues Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together Organismal – made up of the organ system ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to Smooth form molecules muscle tissue Heart 3 Tissue level Cardiovascular Tissues consist of system similar types of Blood cells vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth Blood muscle vessel tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level Connective The human organism is tissue made up of many organ 4 Organ level systems 5 Organ system level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Anatomical Position Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from the body ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Directional Terms Superior (Cranial) and Inferior (Caudal) – toward and away from the head or upper part of a structure - above and below- Anterior (Ventral) and Posterior (Dorsal) – toward the front and back of the body - in front of and behind- Medial, Lateral, and Intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T Directional Terms ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T Directional Terms ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Directional Terms Proximal and Distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb Superficial (External) and Deep (Internal) – toward and away from the body surface ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T Directional Terms ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Regional Terms Axial – head, neck, and trunk Appendicular – appendages or limbs Specific regional terminology ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T Regional Terms ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T Body Planes  Body Sagittal and Medial – divides the body into Planes right and left parts Midsagittal – sagittal plane that lies on the midline Frontal or Coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Oblique section – cuts  Body Planes Frontal or Coronal Plane ←Transverse Plane ← Sagittal Plane ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Body Cavities Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions – Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain – Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY two subdivisions: thoracic and for Allied Health Professions NEX T Body Cavities ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Body Cavities Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity – Pleural cavities – each houses a lung – Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs  Body Cavities The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm It is composed of two subdivisions – Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs – Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T Body Cavities  Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations Synovial – joint cavities ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal serosa covering the body walls Visceral serosa covering the internal organs Serous fluid separates the  Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal Pleura - pleura lining the inner chest walls and covering the diaphragm Visceral Pleura - pleura covering the lungs Peritoneum – the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering most of the viscera ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY ac for Allied Health Professions NEX T Abdominopelvic Regions ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper Left upper Right lower Left lower ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T ORGAN SYSTEMS  Organ Systems of the Bodysystem Skeletal – Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments – Protects and supports body organs – Provides the framework for muscles – Site of blood cell formation – Stores minerals ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Organ Systems of the Body Muscular system – Composed of muscles and tendons – Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression – Maintains posture and movement – Produces heat  Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary system – Forms the external body covering – Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails – Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY for Allied Health Professions NEX T  Organ Systems of the Body Cardiovascular – Circulates oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. – Provides cells with NUTRIENTS. – Contains the heart – Clotting stops bleeding after injury. Organ Systems of the Body Digestive System converts the foods we eat into their simplest forms, like glucose (sugars), amino acids (that make up protein) or fatty acids (that make up fats). The broken-down food is then absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine and the nutrients are carried to each cell in the body.  Organ Systems of the Body Endocrine -release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body. The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction. Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic / Immune - managing the fluid levels in the body. - reacting to bacteria. - dealing with cancer cells. - dealing with cell products that otherwise would result in - disease or disorders. - absorbing some of the fats in our diet from the intestine. Organ Systems of the Body Nervous System -send messages from various parts of your body to your brain, and from your brain back out to your body to tell your body what to do. These messages regulate your: Thoughts, memory, learning and feelings. Movements (balance and coordination). Organ Systems of the Body Reproductive - In women, the reproductive system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. - a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory System - The lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe. They bring oxygen into our bodies (called inspiration, or inhalation) and send carbon dioxide out (called expiration, or exhalation). This exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is called respiration. Organ Systems of the Body Urinary - Remove waste products and medicines from the body. - Balance the body's fluids, - Balance a variety of electrolytes. - Release hormones to control blood pressure. - Release a hormone to control red blood cell production. - Help with bone health by controlling calcium and phosphorus.