Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease: Foundations for the Health Professions PDF

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, & DISEASE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS DEBORAH ROIGER NIA BULLOCK © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or fur...

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, & DISEASE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE HEALTH PROFESSIONS DEBORAH ROIGER NIA BULLOCK © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  2 Chapter 1 The Basics © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  3 Learning Outcomes 1 1.1 Define anatomy, physiology, and pathology. 1.2 Describe the location of structures in the human body using anatomical terms of direction, regions, planes, positions, and cavities. 1.3 Locate serous membranes by their individual names and relative location to organs. 1.4 Define homeostasis and explain why it is so important in human physiology. 1.5 Define negative feedback and positive feedback and explain their importance to homeostasis. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  4 Learning Outcomes 2 1.6 Define disease and describe the relationship between disease and homeostasis. 1.7 Define predisposing factors of disease and explain how specific predisposing factors affect disease. 1.8 Differentiate between signs and symptoms of disease and give an example of each. 1.9 Explain the function of pain and inflammation. 1.10 Explain the two classifications of disease and the subcategories of each. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  5 Learning Outcomes 3 1.10 Explain the two classifications of disease and the subcategories of each. 1.11 Define diagnosis and list the steps involved in diagnosing diseases. 1.12 Define differential diagnosis and explain when it may be used. 1.13 Summarize four types of treatment plans. 1.14 Define epidemiology and explain how epidemiology affects health care. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  6 Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structures, and physiology is the study of how structures function. Pathology is the study of disease. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  7 Anatomical Terms The standard anatomical position is standing with arms at the sides and palms and head facing forward. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  8 Standard Anatomical Position © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Joe De Grandis  9 Anatomical Terms of Direction 1 Anterior or ventral means “front” or “belly side.” Posterior or dorsal means “back side”. Superior is closer to the top of the head and is used for the axial region only. Inferior is farther away from the top of the head and is used for the axial region only. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  10 Sagittal View of the Head Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (b) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray  11 Anatomical Terms of Direction 2 Medial is toward the midline of the body. Lateral is away from the midline of the body. Proximal is closer to the connection to the body and is used for the appendicular region only. Distal is farther from the connection to the body and is used for the appendicular region only. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  12 Chest and Abdominal Organs Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  13 Anatomical Terms of Direction 3 Superficial is closer to the surface. Deep is farther from the surface. Right is on the body’s right side. Left is on the body’s left side. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  14 Layers of the Skin © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  15 Anatomical Regions 1 Axial region is the head, neck, and trunk. Abdominal is belly. Axillary is armpit. Cranial or cephalic is head. Cervical is neck. Facial is face. Inguinal is groin. Pelvic is lower trunk. Thoracic is chest. Umbilical is navel. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  16 Anatomical Regions 2 The Appendicular region includes arms and legs. Brachial is arm. Carpal is wrist. Cubital is elbow. Femoral is thigh. Palmar is palms of the hands. Patellar is knee. Plantar is soles of the feet. Tarsal is ankle. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  17 Anatomical Regions (Anterior View) Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Joe De Grandis  Abdominal Quadrants and Nine 18 Regions of the Abdomen Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  19 Anatomical Planes 1 The sagittal plane separates right from left. The transverse or horizontal plane separates top from bottom. The frontal or coronal plane separates front from back. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Anatomical 20 Planes 2 (a) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Joe De Grandis; (b) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray; (c) ©McGraw- Hill Education/Rebecca Gray; (bottom left) ©McGraw- Hill Education/Joe De Grandis; (d) ©Medical Media Images/SPL/Science Source Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  21 Anatomical Positions Supine is anterior surface facing up. Prone is anterior surface facing down. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  22 Anatomical Cavities 1 The dorsal cavity. Cranial cavity. Lined by the meninges. Vertebral cavity. Lined by the meninges. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  23 Body Cavities (Lateral View) © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  24 Anatomical Cavities 2 The thoracic cavity. Two pleural cavities. Lined by pleural membranes. The pericardial cavity. Lined by the pericardial membranes. The mediastinum. Space between the pleural cavities. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  25 Anatomical Cavities 3 The abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominal cavity. Lined by the peritoneum. The pelvic cavity. Lined by the peritoneum. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  26 Body Cavities (Anterior View) Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  27 Serous Membranes 1 Serous membranes form two layers when surrounding an organ, similar to a water balloon surrounding a fist. The pericardial membranes surround the heart. The pleural membranes surround the lungs. The peritoneal membranes surround many of the abdominopelvic organs. The area posterior to the peritoneal membranes is the retroperitoneal space. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  28 Water Balloon Analogy Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  29 Serous Membranes 2 The portion of the serous membrane in contact with the organ is the visceral pericardium, visceral pleura, or visceral peritoneum. The portion of the serous membrane not in contact with the organ is the parietal pericardium, parietal pleura, or parietal peritoneum. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  30 Pericardial and Pleural Membranes Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  31 Serous Membranes 3 The mesenteries are sections of the peritoneum that neatly arrange blood vessels and nerves to organs. The greater and lesser omentums are extensions of the peritoneal membrane. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  32 Peritoneal Membrane Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  33 Abdominopelvic Organs (Anterior View) Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray  Omentums and Mesenteries 34 (Anterior View) Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  35 Homeostasis 1 Homeostasis is a steady internal environment in which the body works best. If the body detects a change away from homeostasis, it will use either of two feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback. Positive feedback. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  36 Homeostasis 2 Negative Feedback. Negative feedback is the process the body uses to reverse the direction of movement away from homeostasis. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  37 Negative-Feedback Mechanisms Jump to long description © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education Black balance scale: ©Don Farrall/Getty Images  38 Homeostasis 3 Positive Feedback. Positive feedback is the process the body uses to increase the movement away from homeostasis. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  39 Terms of Pathology Pathology is the study of disease. Disease. Abnormally functioning organs or organ systems resulting from a disruption in the normal state of the body’s internal environment (homeostasis). © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  40 Predisposing Factors of Disease 1 Predisposing factors are risk factors or activities that people participate in that can affect their health. Ones that cannot be controlled: 1. Age. 2. Gender. 3. Heredity. Ones that can be controlled: 4. Lifestyle. 5. Environment. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  41 Predisposing Factors of Disease 2 1. Age More susceptible to disease: Elderly: as the body gets older, organ systems can become less efficient. Children: babies are born with partially developed immune systems. More susceptible to infectious disease. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  42 Infectious Disease: Chicken Pox © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Mieke Dalle/Getty Images  43 Predisposing Factors of Disease 3 Children may also suffer from: Congenital disorders: present at birth. Genetic disorders: caused by inherited genes, which are passed to children by their parents. Developmental disorders: occur while the child is developing in the womb, at birth, or after birth; may interrupt normal development. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  44 Congenital Disorder – Cleft Lip © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (b) ©Medicshots/Alamy Stock Photo  45 Predisposing Factors of Disease 4 The Elderly As the body ages, there is a general reduction in function. There is an inability of certain organs such as the brain and heart to regenerate. Overall, women live longer than men. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  46 Predisposing Factors of Disease 5 2. Gender Gender refers to the sex of an individual— male or female. Some diseases affect only males or females due to the differences in anatomy. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  47 Predisposing Factors of Disease 6 3. Heredity There is a combination of the genetic codes from both parents. There are genetic links to certain diseases and pathological conditions— predisposition. Many times, predisposition combined with the presence of certain lifestyle risk factors make a person more prone to a particular disease or condition. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  48 Predisposing Factors of Disease 7 4. Lifestyle Bad lifestyle choices can contribute to disease. Lifestyle risk factors can be controlled and altered by the individual. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  49 Predisposing Factors of Disease 8 5. Environment Environmental stressors that can contribute to poor health: Polluted air/water. Chronic stress. Loud noise. Poor and unsanitary living conditions. Contaminated food. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  50 Signs and Symptoms of Disease 1 Signs Objective signals: can be measured. For example, fever. Symptoms Subjective signals relative to the patient: cannot be measured. For example, headache or nausea. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  51 Signs and Symptoms of Disease 2 Pain Serves as a defense mechanism to warn the person that there is a problem. Prevents further injury. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  52 Signs and Symptoms of Disease 3 Pain Scale: enables patients to rank their degree of pain and discomfort. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©1983, Wong-Baker FACES Foundation, www.WongBakerFACES.org. Used with permission. Originally published in Whaley & Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children. ©Elsevier Inc.  53 Signs and Symptoms of Disease 4 Inflammation is the body’s normal immune response to injury and disease. Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs and symptoms of inflammation. Mediators: chemicals released by damaged tissue that dilate blood vessels. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  54 Signs and Symptoms of Disease 5 Inflammatory Response © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  55 Classification of Disease 1 Diseases can be classified as: 1. Infectious diseases. 2. Cancers. 3. Immune disorders. 4. Genetic disorders. 5. Mental disorders. 6. Conditions caused by trauma or injury. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  56 Classification of Disease 2 1. Infectious Disease Caused by pathogens. Damage local tissue. Produce substances that are toxic to the infected individual. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  57 Classification of Disease 3 2. Cancers Uncontrollable cell growth and proliferation. Mostly caused from mutations. Form tumors, or neoplasms, that compete with healthy tissue for nutrients. Angiogenesis. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  58 Classification of Disease 4 3. Immune Disorders 3 Types. Hypersensitivities. Immunodeficiency disorders. Autoimmune disorders. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  59 Classification of Disease 5 3. Immune Disorders Hypersensitivities. An overreaction of the immune system to an allergen. Anaphylaxis: a severe, systemic reaction that can cause tightening of the airway. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  60 Classification of Disease 6 3. Immune Disorders Immunodeficiency disorders. Deficiency in the immune system’s ability to defend the body. Body is left vulnerable to pathological conditions. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  61 Classification of Disease 7 3. Immune Disorders Autoimmune disorders. Inability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self. The body’s immune system attacks its own cells. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  62 Classification of Disease 8 4. Genetic Disorders Characterized as abnormalities caused by: A mutation in the genetic code. Presence of abnormal chromosomes. The alteration of chromosomal structure. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  63 Classification of Disease 9 5. Mental Disorders A class of conditions of the mind and include disorders associated with behavior or psychological well-being. Various etiologies. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  64 Classification of Disease 10 6. Trauma / Injury Trauma can be defined as a wound or shock produced by an injury. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©Terje Rakke/Getty Images  65 Diagnosing Disease 1 Diagnosis is the interpretation of all the data collected or the process of determining the cause or nature of the problem. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  66 Diagnosing Disease 2 Diseases are found by either a routine screening or a patient experiencing signs and symptoms. The medical professional evaluates the chief complaint, by performing a history and physical exam. Diagnostic tests and laboratory screenings are performed. Based on the history, physical exam, diagnostic and lab tests, the differential diagnosis is made. Treatment is then planned. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  67 Differential Diagnosis A differential diagnosis is used when there is more than one disease that might be responsible for the patient’s condition. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  68 Treatment of the Disease 4 Types of Treatment Plans: 1. Palliative treatment: make patient comfortable when there is no cure. 2. Curative treatment: to cure disease. 3. Therapeutic treatment: to restore normal function. 4. Preventive treatment: steps can be taken to prevent disease from happening. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  69 Introduction to Epidemiology 1 Epidemiology is the study of how disease affects the overall health and well-being of a population. Incidence of disease refers to the rate and range of the occurrence of the disease. Prevalence of disease refers to how widespread the occurrence of the disease may be. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  70 Introduction to Epidemiology 2 Trends in Epidemiology: 1. Determine the direction of pharmaceutical research. 2. Determine the direction of treatment by health care professionals. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education