Topic 1: The Challenges of Global Governance

Topic 1: The challenges of global governance **The shaping of international organization process is related and has a connection to the superpower and great power** International organization process: -international law -international organizations IGO Established by states NGO Established by...

Topic 1: The challenges of global governance **The shaping of international organization process is related and has a connection to the superpower and great power** International organization process: -international law -international organizations IGO Established by states NGO Established by people (individuals) Superpower: US Great powers: China, France, Russia, UK, Germany Regular power Failed power International organization process of the prophet Mohammed when he was leading the superpower for more than a thousand years: - Between Islam and war: certain rules were set (genocide, don't kill kids or women etc\...) - Between Islam and agreements: sticking to the agreements that have been signed and agreed on Theory of political values - freedom US and Europe, liberalism, capitalism (Absolute value) - Justice Arabs and Muslims, monotheism, theism التوحيد - equality socialism, communism, nationalism (Absolute value) political values: - Absolute value - high value - Dependent value **All are connected to the organization process used as a tool of/ by the superpower** The term gg came out in the 90s its connected to the US after the decline of the souverain union The role of the United States is a tole The center of the superpower is the gg **Challenges** International problems and international cooperation: - International problems climate change, threats of global terrorism, Pandemics, resurgence of ethnonationalism, meltdown of financial markets in 2008, danger of nuclear weapons proliferations, intractable conflicts in Africa and MD, deep poverty, illegal migration, and failed states. These problems can't be saved unless international cooperation's get involved - International cooperation none of these problems can be solved by sovereign state acting alone. They all require cooperation among states and growing of nonstate actors. What is **global governance?** - **GG** is a decade has gone from unknown concept to central theme in international affairs. It is also used as a synonym for **international organization** - The **commission is global governance (1995)**, is an independent group of prominent international figures which defined governance as: [the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, people and government manage their common affairs]. It is a continuing process through which confliction or diverse interest may accommodated and cooperative action may be taken. - **James Rosenau (**1992**)** said the two concepts are not identical: "Government suggests activities that are backed by formal authority whereas governance is a more encompassing phenomenon than government. It embraces governmental institutions, but it also subsumes informal, nongovernmental mechanisms". So, global governance is not global government" - **Thomas Weiss** and **Rorden Wilkinson** (2014) said, "We understand global governance as the sum of the informal and formal ideas, values, norms, procedures, and institutions that help all actors---states, IGOs, civil society, and transnational corporations (TNCs)-- to identify, understand, and address trans-boundary problems." (Liberal capitalism ideology) - Global governance, therefore, encompasses international law and IOs created by states, but goes well beyond them, because today's world is a wide variety of actors and governance mechanisms. - Global governance is, as **Patrick** (2014) said: "The collective effort by sovereign states, IOs, and other nonstate actors to address common challenges and seized opportunities that transcend national frontiers". - Analyzing the varieties of global governance and the actors in the political processes that have shaped them is the central purpose. For understanding the collective global efforts, to solve those "problems without passports", it is no longer enough to look just at IOs created by states which still exercise coercive power. - **The essential questions to answer are: Who governs the globe? (States, super and major power) Who benefits what? (Superpowers and major powers)** - The concept of global governance is the way that it enables us to look at IO which is the long-term process of organizing collective efforts to deal with shared problems in past, present, and future. We have chosen to focus primarily on intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), while also showing where and how various types of nonstate actors (NSAs) play important role. - The emergence of the concept of global governance in the 1990s accompanied the growing awareness of systematic changes taking place in the world, as well as the rapid proliferation of issues and actors and the inadequacy of existing IOs to provide solutions to many problems. - These changes include globalization, technological advances, the Cold War's end, and the growth of transnationalism. Separately and collectively, they have contributed to the increased need for global governance. - Globalization: It witnessed proliferating networks of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and changing the significance of the borders of states and the very nature of world politics. **States no longer have a monopoly on power and authority (doesn't apply oh superpower and major powers)**. It increases the recognition of transnational problems that require global regulation in some forms. This includes expanded jurisdiction of existing IGOs. - Not all peoples or areas of the world are equally affected. Some critical charge that globalization has deepened global inequality. Undoubtedly, globalization has created winners and losers between countries and within countries. - Technological changes: globalization would not have been possible without major technological changes in transport and communications. The advances have had an enormous impact on global politics and governance. - The Cold War's end: It produced a series of new governance challenges as well as possibilities for developing new forms of governance. - Expanding Transnationalism: Processes through which individuals and nonstate actors work together across state borders (global civil society and NGOs). Actors in global governance: - States: More than 190 states are the Central actors in IGOs (sovereignty, military, peacekeeping, and funding). - IGOs: Key actors in global governance. They have activities in several states, and have headquarters, executive heads, bureaucracies, and budgets. In 2013- 2014, The Yearbook of International organizations identified about 265 IGOs ranging in size from 3 to 190 members. - NGOs (INGOs): Key actors in global governance. They are private voluntary organizations whose members are individuals or associations that come together to achieve a common purpose. Some of them are formed to advocate a particular cause such as human rights, peace, or environmental protection. - Others: are established to provide services such as disaster relief, humanitarian aid in war-torn societies, or development assistance. Some are government-organized groups. Scholars distinguish between not-for-profit groups and for-profit corporations. - In 2013-2014, The Yearbook of International organizations identified about 8,500 INGOs. - MNCs: Multinational corporations are a particular form of nonstate actor organized to conduct for-profit business transactions and operations across the borders for three or more states. MNCs are more than 10,000 companies in more than 130 countries. - Others: private foundations, experts and epistemic communities, networks and partnerships Politics and effectiveness of global governance: - Power: who gets what? who benefits? who loses? As per power of nonstate actors (transnational advocacy groups, civil society organizations, and NGOs) they can pressure multinational corporations as well as governments of targeted states to change their behavior. - Authority and legitimacy: who governs? and on what basis? States the only who have authority in international politics. IGOs delegated by states. - Accountability: global governance actors have faced growing demands for greater accountability and transparency as an important for assessing an organization's performance.